The document provides an overview of the agrarian society in Bihar, India. It describes Bihar's geography in the fertile Indo-Gangetic plain and key details about its population, economy centered around agriculture, and social stratification system divided along caste lines. The dominant castes include Brahmans, Bhumihars, Rajputs, Kayasthas and Banias, while the lower castes such as Ahirs, Kurmis, Koiris, and Chamars, Dusadhs, and Musahars work as laborers and live in poorer conditions. Religion, kinship groups, and the political system also play important roles in the agrarian society.
The Impact of Dual Citizenship on Poverty Reduction in ArmeniaCRRC-Armenia
The document summarizes research on the potential impact of dual citizenship on poverty reduction in Armenia. It discusses definitions, methodology, literature review findings on diasporas and economic growth. A survey found the Armenian diaspora would be open to dual citizenship and participating in poverty reduction through business and charity. The research recommends Armenia implement a strategic governmental approach to foster diaspora involvement, including a separate coordinating body and legal changes, to potentially boost economic growth factors like remittances and investment.
The document proposes solutions to realize the growth potential of India's North-East region. It identifies key challenges facing the region such as lack of infrastructure, illegal border trade, and underdeveloped agriculture. Solutions proposed include establishing border trade with Bangladesh, providing transit routes, developing hydropower through cooperation on water sharing, improving agriculture through collective farming and access to loans, and setting up skills institutes. The solutions aim to boost connectivity, trade, energy and skills development to help the North-East region achieve its economic potential. Challenges to implementation like insurgency and local opposition are also discussed along with mitigation strategies.
The document discusses the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) of Pakistan. It notes that FATA covers 27,224 square kilometers and is home to around 3.17 million people. The region consists of 7 tribal agencies administered by political agents under the British-era Frontier Crimes Regulation, which excludes the people of FATA from Pakistan's normal legal and political systems. This has allowed the region to remain isolated and underdeveloped, serving as a haven for militants and criminal groups. The document argues that establishing the rule of law in FATA through integrating it into Pakistan's legal framework is essential to promote peace and counter radicalization.
Srivatsa Krishna Presentation at Thinkers50 IndiaDr. Amit Kapoor
Thinkers50 India is a joint initiative of Institute for Competitiveness, India and Thinkers50.
Institute for Competitiveness, India is an international initiative centred in India, dedicated to enlarging and purposeful disseminating of the body of research and knowledge on competition and strategy. Institute for Competitiveness, India conducts and supports indigenous research, offers academic and executive courses, and provides advisory services to the Corporate and the Governments. The institute studies competition and its implications for company strategy; the competitiveness of nations, regions & cities and thus generates guidelines for businesses and those in governance; and suggests and provides solutions for socio-economic problems.
Created in 2001 by Stuart Crainer and Des Dearlove, the Thinkers50 was the first-ever global ranking of management thinkers. In the intervening decade, the scope of Thinkers50 has broadened to include a range of activities that support its mission of identifying, ranking and sharing the best management thinking in the world. Today, Thinkers50 is widely recognized as the world’s definitive ranking of the top 50 business thinkers, and the T50 Distinguished Achievement Awards are widely regarded as the “Oscars of management thinking.”
India has a mixed economy that is the 11th largest in the world. Its GDP grew by 6.5% in 2012 and it has a lower-middle income economy. The services sector contributes the largest share to GDP at 55.6%, followed by industry at 26.3% and agriculture at 18.1%. Major sectors of the Indian economy include manufacturing, services, agriculture, infrastructure, banking and finance, tourism and external trade. The economy has grown substantially since the economic reforms in 1991 that liberalized markets and reduced government control.
1. Agriculture was once the mainstay of Nigeria's economy, but the discovery of oil led to agriculture being neglected and replaced as the main industry. Young people abandoned farms for cities.
2. Oil wealth created a new corrupt political class that appropriated wealth for themselves while most Nigerians lived in poverty. Infrastructure and social services declined while corruption increased.
3. The document calls for restarting Nigeria's agricultural sector to diversify its economy away from oil. It recommends government support for farmers through loans, improved transportation, and freeing up land. Reviving agriculture could make Nigeria self-sufficient in foods like rice, fish, and sugar.
The Impact of Dual Citizenship on Poverty Reduction in ArmeniaCRRC-Armenia
The document summarizes research on the potential impact of dual citizenship on poverty reduction in Armenia. It discusses definitions, methodology, literature review findings on diasporas and economic growth. A survey found the Armenian diaspora would be open to dual citizenship and participating in poverty reduction through business and charity. The research recommends Armenia implement a strategic governmental approach to foster diaspora involvement, including a separate coordinating body and legal changes, to potentially boost economic growth factors like remittances and investment.
The document proposes solutions to realize the growth potential of India's North-East region. It identifies key challenges facing the region such as lack of infrastructure, illegal border trade, and underdeveloped agriculture. Solutions proposed include establishing border trade with Bangladesh, providing transit routes, developing hydropower through cooperation on water sharing, improving agriculture through collective farming and access to loans, and setting up skills institutes. The solutions aim to boost connectivity, trade, energy and skills development to help the North-East region achieve its economic potential. Challenges to implementation like insurgency and local opposition are also discussed along with mitigation strategies.
The document discusses the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) of Pakistan. It notes that FATA covers 27,224 square kilometers and is home to around 3.17 million people. The region consists of 7 tribal agencies administered by political agents under the British-era Frontier Crimes Regulation, which excludes the people of FATA from Pakistan's normal legal and political systems. This has allowed the region to remain isolated and underdeveloped, serving as a haven for militants and criminal groups. The document argues that establishing the rule of law in FATA through integrating it into Pakistan's legal framework is essential to promote peace and counter radicalization.
Srivatsa Krishna Presentation at Thinkers50 IndiaDr. Amit Kapoor
Thinkers50 India is a joint initiative of Institute for Competitiveness, India and Thinkers50.
Institute for Competitiveness, India is an international initiative centred in India, dedicated to enlarging and purposeful disseminating of the body of research and knowledge on competition and strategy. Institute for Competitiveness, India conducts and supports indigenous research, offers academic and executive courses, and provides advisory services to the Corporate and the Governments. The institute studies competition and its implications for company strategy; the competitiveness of nations, regions & cities and thus generates guidelines for businesses and those in governance; and suggests and provides solutions for socio-economic problems.
Created in 2001 by Stuart Crainer and Des Dearlove, the Thinkers50 was the first-ever global ranking of management thinkers. In the intervening decade, the scope of Thinkers50 has broadened to include a range of activities that support its mission of identifying, ranking and sharing the best management thinking in the world. Today, Thinkers50 is widely recognized as the world’s definitive ranking of the top 50 business thinkers, and the T50 Distinguished Achievement Awards are widely regarded as the “Oscars of management thinking.”
India has a mixed economy that is the 11th largest in the world. Its GDP grew by 6.5% in 2012 and it has a lower-middle income economy. The services sector contributes the largest share to GDP at 55.6%, followed by industry at 26.3% and agriculture at 18.1%. Major sectors of the Indian economy include manufacturing, services, agriculture, infrastructure, banking and finance, tourism and external trade. The economy has grown substantially since the economic reforms in 1991 that liberalized markets and reduced government control.
1. Agriculture was once the mainstay of Nigeria's economy, but the discovery of oil led to agriculture being neglected and replaced as the main industry. Young people abandoned farms for cities.
2. Oil wealth created a new corrupt political class that appropriated wealth for themselves while most Nigerians lived in poverty. Infrastructure and social services declined while corruption increased.
3. The document calls for restarting Nigeria's agricultural sector to diversify its economy away from oil. It recommends government support for farmers through loans, improved transportation, and freeing up land. Reviving agriculture could make Nigeria self-sufficient in foods like rice, fish, and sugar.
This document discusses poverty alleviation programs in India including the Integrated Rural Development Program (IRDP), Training of Rural Youth For Self Employment (TRYSEM), and Development of Women And Children In Rural Areas (DWCRA).
The IRDP aims to enable families below the poverty line to generate income and cross the poverty threshold through self-employment opportunities. TRYSEM provides vocational skills training to rural youth aged 18-35 from poor families to seek jobs in agriculture, industry, services or business. DWCRA specifically targets development of women and children in rural areas through self-help groups.
The document discusses tribal development in India and the impact of the current development model. It notes that tribes historically had control over land and forest resources but were dispossessed under British rule. Post-independence, development policies often conflicted with tribal interests, exploiting mineral and forest wealth. While measures were meant to integrate tribes, the experience has been one of conflict, destruction of lifestyle, and lack of benefits. The present scenario sees growing extremism as tribes feel alienated from resources and development. The model has shifted from one of equality to prioritizing the rich at the cost of the poor.
2. MNC Corpocracy and Geo-Politics: Detailed study of MNC corporations with their origin country politics, ways and means of their business and impact on third world resources are studied. Also the ways and means MNCs encourage corruption in third world and the techniques used in manipulating local, central, state governments to push their products/process/ideas and the impact of such on native population is studied. Medical MNCs, Agri MNCs, Oil MNCs, Banking Insurance MNCs, Gold, Diamond and Metals MNCs, Defense MNCs contractors, their exploitative manipulative practices in extraction of natural resources for their benefit and the losses to the concerned nations is studied. The FIIs, FDIs and how they are manipulated to skim wealth from susceptible unsuspecting stock markets via policies of kiting, skimming and inside trading which is the cause of current economic debacles.
Poverty is defined as the inability to meet basic needs like food, clothing, housing, and healthcare. It affects over 300 million people worldwide who cannot afford these necessities. In India, the poor include landless laborers and small farmers in rural areas, and casual workers in urban settings like vendors and beggars. Poverty is measured as either absolute (lack of basic needs) or relative (in comparison to others). India uses a poverty line of monthly expenditures (currently Rs. 816/1000 in rural/urban areas) to define and track poverty levels, though this method has limitations. While poverty has declined overall, it remains a significant problem, with causes like population growth, unemployment, and lack of
The document compares poor and rich countries, arguing that the difference is not due to age, natural resources, or intellectual ability. Rather, the key difference lies in the attitudes and principles followed by most people in each society. Rich countries became wealthy because their people generally embrace ethics, integrity, responsibility, punctuality, respecting laws/others, productivity, and saving/investing. In poor countries, only a minority follow these basic principles in their daily lives. The document claims that countries will remain poor if their people lack these functional attitudes that are hallmarks of developed societies.
Constituting the second largest rural system in the world,with number of villages placed at 6.4 lakh accounting for 68.8% of national population,Planning of villages pose greatest challenege to the planners, professionals and authorities involved in the planning and develeopment of these villages to make them vibrant, productive, generator of wealth and provider of employment and shelter. Presentataion tries to showcase the strategies, which can put in place to make village more productive.
India is the world's second most populous country with over 1.1 billion people, and is projected to surpass China's population by 2032. It has a long and diverse history, and is majority Hindu with many other religious minorities. The caste system, while outlawed, still impacts society. India gained independence from Britain in 1947 after a long non-violent movement led by Gandhi. It is now the largest democracy and faces challenges related to its massive population, including poverty, education, and tensions between religious groups.
This document provides an overview of rural development in Odisha, India. It includes statistics on Odisha's demographics, with over 90% of the population and land area classified as rural. It describes the socioeconomic structure of rural Odisha, marked by divides in caste and class between landlords, rich peasants, small peasants, sharecroppers, and landless farm workers. It also discusses the semi-feudal nature of Odisha's agrarian society and outlines government initiatives aimed at poverty alleviation, though their impact has been limited. Overall, the document presents key facts about rural life in Odisha and the persisting challenges of development and poverty reduction.
The book reviews B.D. Sharma's work "Globalisation The Tribal Encounter" which examines the impact of globalization on tribal communities in Bastar district, Chhattisgarh. It discusses three case studies: 1) how tribal people were deceived and exploited by outsiders for their land and resources, 2) the negative effects of a proposed hydropower dam project on local livelihoods without sufficient rehabilitation plans, and 3) a declaration by the Dandami Marias tribe asserting their rights and opposing the establishment of a private steel plant on their land without community consent. The review concludes that weaknesses in government failed to consider tribal needs and that globalization has significantly disrupted tribal life and livelihoods
This document discusses tribal development administration and management in India. It provides an overview of the major objectives of tribal development which include understanding tribal society and culture, assessing tribal development approaches and strategies, ensuring stakeholder mobilization and capacity building, and developing skills in project management and implementation. It also discusses understanding tribal development administration with a focus on ethics and values. The document outlines some key commissions and committees related to tribal development in India and sources of funding for tribal development programs. It discusses concepts like participatory development, the role of community based organizations and non-governmental organizations in tribal development.
Social inequality exists when there is unequal access to resources like wealth, power and prestige across different sections of society. This document discusses the various bases of social inequality like caste, gender, unequal distribution of wealth. It provides details on caste-based discrimination and inequality faced by scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in India. The document also discusses gender inequality and issues faced by women in India. It summarizes the government's efforts towards uplifting scheduled castes through various plans and policies of protective discrimination.
IEE AND ITBG PRESENTATION - Read-Only.pptxmitalikabra22
Here it is about international economic environment Of Brazil and South America and IT intervention in Fishing and forestry industry. Comparison of India and Brazil.
The document discusses the history, culture, society, and diversity of India. It notes that the Indus Valley Civilization was one of the earliest civilizations and the Vedic period saw the rise of Hinduism and the caste system. India's population is comprised of various ethnic groups including Proto-Austroloids, Indo-Aryans, Dravidians, and Indo-Mongolians. The country also has religious, linguistic, and regional diversity and variations in development levels between states.
SC ST (schedule caste ,Schedule Tribe)welfareRahul Mahida
The document discusses the caste system and issues facing scheduled castes (SC) and scheduled tribes (ST) in India. It begins by explaining the origins and role of the caste system in Hinduism. It then defines SC as economically and socially backward castes treated as "untouchable", and ST as indigenous tribal groups. The document outlines many problems faced by SC and ST communities, such as poverty, lack of education, land alienation, and health issues. It also discusses constitutional protections and government programs for their welfare and upliftment.
The document discusses consumer spending in India and strategies for capturing the growing market. It finds that consumer spending is projected to nearly quadruple from 2010 to 2020, driven by rising incomes, urbanization, and a new generation of consumers. The population is segmented into affluent, aspirers, next billion, and strugglers based on income levels. Companies need to understand consumption patterns, lifestyles, attitudes and the evolution of trends to succeed in India. Children, internet, trading up brands, and healthy living are shaping consumption.
The document discusses consumer spending in India and strategies for capturing the growing market. It finds that consumer spending is projected to nearly quadruple from 2010 to 2020, driven by rising incomes, urbanization, and a new generation of consumers. The population is segmented into affluent, aspirers, next billion, and strugglers based on income levels. Companies need to understand consumption patterns, lifestyles, attitudes and the evolution of trends to succeed in India. Children, internet, trading up brands, and healthy living are shaping consumption.
The Sahariya tribe lives in forests in Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan, depending on forest resources and minor jobs for survival. However, declining forests and exploitation have impoverished the tribe. The Sahariyas face issues like malnutrition, lack of healthcare and education, land disputes, debt bondage, and migration that separates families and subjects women to sexual exploitation. Comprehensive measures are needed to address their issues, ensure security, and support education, livelihoods, and access to services.
India lives in villages” -said Mahatma Gandhi – father of nation-many decades ago-
Even after 100 years - data does not seem to disagree
Villages House majority of Indian population
-69% --roughly one-eleventh of humanity on planet earth
- almost 67% households-- still in rural areas
- Despite decline – villages will hold large population
- more than 50% before 2050
India- second largest urban/rural system globally after China
- - 6.4 lakh Villages Vs 0.079 lakh towns/cities
- 833 million pop Vs 377 million - 2011
Villages critical to India’s growth
Provider of food;- daily/basic needs of human living
Provider of basic/raw material for industrial processing
Mainstay of industry& national economy
One of Major contributor to Indian GDP
Offering largest consumer market
Houses largest manpower/work force
-Rural economy - primarily agrarian
Large dependence of population on Agriculture
- characterized by- Lower /limited productivity
- leading to - Poverty.
Agriculture contributes - 14 % of India’s GDP,
main source of income/ sustenance for- 69 % of rural population
Agriculture - strongly influences
-- food security
--prices of food
-- monetary wages.
-- rural income & demand
--supply of raw materials to industrial sectors
Rural India suffering due to--
-- public investment-- in rural India getting diluted
– proportion of irrigated land – remain low
- Large land-- rainfed land
- declining land productivity
- Limited adoption of cash crops
- Lack of agriculture diversification.
- Lack of consolidated land holding
- Low land holding
-- slow Growth of agricultural output--only 3.2% during 2007-2011.
- Housing Large population - Below Poverty Line (BPL)—25.7%- 2013
About 1/3 Rural India-- survives on a family income of Rs 5000/ month – Current income- India 1.79 lakh/capita/year
Rural development - easy to understand – difficult to implement.
- Rural areas face;
- Problem of physical/ planned development
- Villages prone to climate change and natural disasters
-- lack of adequate infrastructures , services , amenities,,
-Inadequate transport, Employment ,Physical development- etc.
- Lack of adequate Credit
- Absence of gainful alternates to occupations-- other than agriculture
-- Low investment in skilling Human beings in rural area
Promoting Rural development essential for India;
- to fueling overall economic growth
- increasing income opportunities
-- curbing poverty .
1% decline in agricultural growth– can pull back industrial/ GDP growth by 0.52%
For Achieving target of 9% GDP growth- Agricultural sector must grow annually@ 4%
Rural India- Offers comparatively better options than Urban India -to overcome challenges posed by;
- climate change,
- global warming,
-reducing carbon footprints and
- managing Green House gas emissions
India has a diverse population with 29 states, over 1600 languages, and 6 major religions. It is a country of contrasts, with both the world's poorest and richest people. India has the second largest population after China, with a growing youth population and middle class.
The Indian economy has grown at over 5% annually and is expected to reach 7.5% growth. Agriculture remains important but industry is developing. Rural markets are also changing with more opportunities. There are negatives like unemployment, inflation, and infrastructure issues, but India is emerging as a global economic power despite constraints.
The document discusses village planning for sustainable development in India. It provides background on India's growing population, with a large majority living in rural areas. Rural areas face many issues like poverty, lack of infrastructure and services, and dependence on agriculture. The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992 established Panchayati Raj, a 3-tier rural local government system, to empower and involve local communities in planning and development. This was aimed at more effective implementation of programs and decentralization.
This document discusses poverty alleviation programs in India including the Integrated Rural Development Program (IRDP), Training of Rural Youth For Self Employment (TRYSEM), and Development of Women And Children In Rural Areas (DWCRA).
The IRDP aims to enable families below the poverty line to generate income and cross the poverty threshold through self-employment opportunities. TRYSEM provides vocational skills training to rural youth aged 18-35 from poor families to seek jobs in agriculture, industry, services or business. DWCRA specifically targets development of women and children in rural areas through self-help groups.
The document discusses tribal development in India and the impact of the current development model. It notes that tribes historically had control over land and forest resources but were dispossessed under British rule. Post-independence, development policies often conflicted with tribal interests, exploiting mineral and forest wealth. While measures were meant to integrate tribes, the experience has been one of conflict, destruction of lifestyle, and lack of benefits. The present scenario sees growing extremism as tribes feel alienated from resources and development. The model has shifted from one of equality to prioritizing the rich at the cost of the poor.
2. MNC Corpocracy and Geo-Politics: Detailed study of MNC corporations with their origin country politics, ways and means of their business and impact on third world resources are studied. Also the ways and means MNCs encourage corruption in third world and the techniques used in manipulating local, central, state governments to push their products/process/ideas and the impact of such on native population is studied. Medical MNCs, Agri MNCs, Oil MNCs, Banking Insurance MNCs, Gold, Diamond and Metals MNCs, Defense MNCs contractors, their exploitative manipulative practices in extraction of natural resources for their benefit and the losses to the concerned nations is studied. The FIIs, FDIs and how they are manipulated to skim wealth from susceptible unsuspecting stock markets via policies of kiting, skimming and inside trading which is the cause of current economic debacles.
Poverty is defined as the inability to meet basic needs like food, clothing, housing, and healthcare. It affects over 300 million people worldwide who cannot afford these necessities. In India, the poor include landless laborers and small farmers in rural areas, and casual workers in urban settings like vendors and beggars. Poverty is measured as either absolute (lack of basic needs) or relative (in comparison to others). India uses a poverty line of monthly expenditures (currently Rs. 816/1000 in rural/urban areas) to define and track poverty levels, though this method has limitations. While poverty has declined overall, it remains a significant problem, with causes like population growth, unemployment, and lack of
The document compares poor and rich countries, arguing that the difference is not due to age, natural resources, or intellectual ability. Rather, the key difference lies in the attitudes and principles followed by most people in each society. Rich countries became wealthy because their people generally embrace ethics, integrity, responsibility, punctuality, respecting laws/others, productivity, and saving/investing. In poor countries, only a minority follow these basic principles in their daily lives. The document claims that countries will remain poor if their people lack these functional attitudes that are hallmarks of developed societies.
Constituting the second largest rural system in the world,with number of villages placed at 6.4 lakh accounting for 68.8% of national population,Planning of villages pose greatest challenege to the planners, professionals and authorities involved in the planning and develeopment of these villages to make them vibrant, productive, generator of wealth and provider of employment and shelter. Presentataion tries to showcase the strategies, which can put in place to make village more productive.
India is the world's second most populous country with over 1.1 billion people, and is projected to surpass China's population by 2032. It has a long and diverse history, and is majority Hindu with many other religious minorities. The caste system, while outlawed, still impacts society. India gained independence from Britain in 1947 after a long non-violent movement led by Gandhi. It is now the largest democracy and faces challenges related to its massive population, including poverty, education, and tensions between religious groups.
This document provides an overview of rural development in Odisha, India. It includes statistics on Odisha's demographics, with over 90% of the population and land area classified as rural. It describes the socioeconomic structure of rural Odisha, marked by divides in caste and class between landlords, rich peasants, small peasants, sharecroppers, and landless farm workers. It also discusses the semi-feudal nature of Odisha's agrarian society and outlines government initiatives aimed at poverty alleviation, though their impact has been limited. Overall, the document presents key facts about rural life in Odisha and the persisting challenges of development and poverty reduction.
The book reviews B.D. Sharma's work "Globalisation The Tribal Encounter" which examines the impact of globalization on tribal communities in Bastar district, Chhattisgarh. It discusses three case studies: 1) how tribal people were deceived and exploited by outsiders for their land and resources, 2) the negative effects of a proposed hydropower dam project on local livelihoods without sufficient rehabilitation plans, and 3) a declaration by the Dandami Marias tribe asserting their rights and opposing the establishment of a private steel plant on their land without community consent. The review concludes that weaknesses in government failed to consider tribal needs and that globalization has significantly disrupted tribal life and livelihoods
This document discusses tribal development administration and management in India. It provides an overview of the major objectives of tribal development which include understanding tribal society and culture, assessing tribal development approaches and strategies, ensuring stakeholder mobilization and capacity building, and developing skills in project management and implementation. It also discusses understanding tribal development administration with a focus on ethics and values. The document outlines some key commissions and committees related to tribal development in India and sources of funding for tribal development programs. It discusses concepts like participatory development, the role of community based organizations and non-governmental organizations in tribal development.
Social inequality exists when there is unequal access to resources like wealth, power and prestige across different sections of society. This document discusses the various bases of social inequality like caste, gender, unequal distribution of wealth. It provides details on caste-based discrimination and inequality faced by scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in India. The document also discusses gender inequality and issues faced by women in India. It summarizes the government's efforts towards uplifting scheduled castes through various plans and policies of protective discrimination.
IEE AND ITBG PRESENTATION - Read-Only.pptxmitalikabra22
Here it is about international economic environment Of Brazil and South America and IT intervention in Fishing and forestry industry. Comparison of India and Brazil.
The document discusses the history, culture, society, and diversity of India. It notes that the Indus Valley Civilization was one of the earliest civilizations and the Vedic period saw the rise of Hinduism and the caste system. India's population is comprised of various ethnic groups including Proto-Austroloids, Indo-Aryans, Dravidians, and Indo-Mongolians. The country also has religious, linguistic, and regional diversity and variations in development levels between states.
SC ST (schedule caste ,Schedule Tribe)welfareRahul Mahida
The document discusses the caste system and issues facing scheduled castes (SC) and scheduled tribes (ST) in India. It begins by explaining the origins and role of the caste system in Hinduism. It then defines SC as economically and socially backward castes treated as "untouchable", and ST as indigenous tribal groups. The document outlines many problems faced by SC and ST communities, such as poverty, lack of education, land alienation, and health issues. It also discusses constitutional protections and government programs for their welfare and upliftment.
The document discusses consumer spending in India and strategies for capturing the growing market. It finds that consumer spending is projected to nearly quadruple from 2010 to 2020, driven by rising incomes, urbanization, and a new generation of consumers. The population is segmented into affluent, aspirers, next billion, and strugglers based on income levels. Companies need to understand consumption patterns, lifestyles, attitudes and the evolution of trends to succeed in India. Children, internet, trading up brands, and healthy living are shaping consumption.
The document discusses consumer spending in India and strategies for capturing the growing market. It finds that consumer spending is projected to nearly quadruple from 2010 to 2020, driven by rising incomes, urbanization, and a new generation of consumers. The population is segmented into affluent, aspirers, next billion, and strugglers based on income levels. Companies need to understand consumption patterns, lifestyles, attitudes and the evolution of trends to succeed in India. Children, internet, trading up brands, and healthy living are shaping consumption.
The Sahariya tribe lives in forests in Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan, depending on forest resources and minor jobs for survival. However, declining forests and exploitation have impoverished the tribe. The Sahariyas face issues like malnutrition, lack of healthcare and education, land disputes, debt bondage, and migration that separates families and subjects women to sexual exploitation. Comprehensive measures are needed to address their issues, ensure security, and support education, livelihoods, and access to services.
India lives in villages” -said Mahatma Gandhi – father of nation-many decades ago-
Even after 100 years - data does not seem to disagree
Villages House majority of Indian population
-69% --roughly one-eleventh of humanity on planet earth
- almost 67% households-- still in rural areas
- Despite decline – villages will hold large population
- more than 50% before 2050
India- second largest urban/rural system globally after China
- - 6.4 lakh Villages Vs 0.079 lakh towns/cities
- 833 million pop Vs 377 million - 2011
Villages critical to India’s growth
Provider of food;- daily/basic needs of human living
Provider of basic/raw material for industrial processing
Mainstay of industry& national economy
One of Major contributor to Indian GDP
Offering largest consumer market
Houses largest manpower/work force
-Rural economy - primarily agrarian
Large dependence of population on Agriculture
- characterized by- Lower /limited productivity
- leading to - Poverty.
Agriculture contributes - 14 % of India’s GDP,
main source of income/ sustenance for- 69 % of rural population
Agriculture - strongly influences
-- food security
--prices of food
-- monetary wages.
-- rural income & demand
--supply of raw materials to industrial sectors
Rural India suffering due to--
-- public investment-- in rural India getting diluted
– proportion of irrigated land – remain low
- Large land-- rainfed land
- declining land productivity
- Limited adoption of cash crops
- Lack of agriculture diversification.
- Lack of consolidated land holding
- Low land holding
-- slow Growth of agricultural output--only 3.2% during 2007-2011.
- Housing Large population - Below Poverty Line (BPL)—25.7%- 2013
About 1/3 Rural India-- survives on a family income of Rs 5000/ month – Current income- India 1.79 lakh/capita/year
Rural development - easy to understand – difficult to implement.
- Rural areas face;
- Problem of physical/ planned development
- Villages prone to climate change and natural disasters
-- lack of adequate infrastructures , services , amenities,,
-Inadequate transport, Employment ,Physical development- etc.
- Lack of adequate Credit
- Absence of gainful alternates to occupations-- other than agriculture
-- Low investment in skilling Human beings in rural area
Promoting Rural development essential for India;
- to fueling overall economic growth
- increasing income opportunities
-- curbing poverty .
1% decline in agricultural growth– can pull back industrial/ GDP growth by 0.52%
For Achieving target of 9% GDP growth- Agricultural sector must grow annually@ 4%
Rural India- Offers comparatively better options than Urban India -to overcome challenges posed by;
- climate change,
- global warming,
-reducing carbon footprints and
- managing Green House gas emissions
India has a diverse population with 29 states, over 1600 languages, and 6 major religions. It is a country of contrasts, with both the world's poorest and richest people. India has the second largest population after China, with a growing youth population and middle class.
The Indian economy has grown at over 5% annually and is expected to reach 7.5% growth. Agriculture remains important but industry is developing. Rural markets are also changing with more opportunities. There are negatives like unemployment, inflation, and infrastructure issues, but India is emerging as a global economic power despite constraints.
The document discusses village planning for sustainable development in India. It provides background on India's growing population, with a large majority living in rural areas. Rural areas face many issues like poverty, lack of infrastructure and services, and dependence on agriculture. The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992 established Panchayati Raj, a 3-tier rural local government system, to empower and involve local communities in planning and development. This was aimed at more effective implementation of programs and decentralization.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Download the Latest OSHA 10 Answers PDF : oyetrade.comNarendra Jayas
Latest OSHA 10 Test Question and Answers PDF for Construction and General Industry Exam.
Download the full set of 390 MCQ type question and answers - https://www.oyetrade.com/OSHA-10-Answers-2021.php
To Help OSHA 10 trainees to pass their pre-test and post-test we have prepared set of 390 question and answers called OSHA 10 Answers in downloadable PDF format. The OSHA 10 Answers question bank is prepared by our in-house highly experienced safety professionals and trainers. The OSHA 10 Answers document consists of 390 MCQ type question and answers updated for year 2024 exams.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Monitor indicators of genetic diversity from space using Earth Observation dataSpatial Genetics
Genetic diversity within and among populations is essential for species persistence. While targets and indicators for genetic diversity are captured in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, assessing genetic diversity across many species at national and regional scales remains challenging. Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) need accessible tools for reliable and efficient monitoring at relevant scales. Here, we describe how Earth Observation satellites (EO) make essential contributions to enable, accelerate, and improve genetic diversity monitoring and preservation. Specifically, we introduce a workflow integrating EO into existing genetic diversity monitoring strategies and present a set of examples where EO data is or can be integrated to improve assessment, monitoring, and conservation. We describe how available EO data can be integrated in innovative ways to support calculation of the genetic diversity indicators of the GBF monitoring framework and to inform management and monitoring decisions, especially in areas with limited research infrastructure or access. We also describe novel, integrative approaches to improve the indicators that can be implemented with the coming generation of EO data, and new capabilities that will provide unprecedented detail to characterize the changes to Earth’s surface and their implications for biodiversity, on a global scale.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
The modification of an existing product or the formulation of a new product to fill a newly identified market niche or customer need are both examples of product development. This study generally developed and conducted the formulation of aramang baked products enriched with malunggay conducted by the researchers. Specifically, it answered the acceptability level in terms of taste, texture, flavor, odor, and color also the overall acceptability of enriched aramang baked products. The study used the frequency distribution for evaluators to determine the acceptability of enriched aramang baked products enriched with malunggay. As per sensory evaluation conducted by the researchers, it was proven that aramang baked products enriched with malunggay was acceptable in terms of Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color, and Texture. Based on the results of sensory evaluation of enriched aramang baked products proven that three (3) treatments were all highly acceptable in terms of variable Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color and Textures conducted by the researchers.
1. Agrarian Society:Agrarian Society:
Bihar, IndiaBihar, India
Rabiya Jawahir, Nikita Peoples,
Frederick Cave, Nicole McClain,
John Rigdon, Kathy Herington, Stephanie
Murad,
2. Agrarian Societies OverviewAgrarian Societies Overview
Based on farming as main method ofBased on farming as main method of
subsistencesubsistence
Use of the plow distinguishes this typeUse of the plow distinguishes this type
from horticultural societiesfrom horticultural societies
Advanced agrarian societies haveAdvanced agrarian societies have
widespread access to iron/steel toolswidespread access to iron/steel tools
There is significant specialization of laborThere is significant specialization of labor
in both regions and communitiesin both regions and communities
3. Agrarian Societies Cont.Agrarian Societies Cont.
There is often a governing elite thatThere is often a governing elite that
controls both the political and thecontrols both the political and the
economic aspects of lifeeconomic aspects of life
Trade is increasingly importantTrade is increasingly important
Nearly every society was once ruled by aNearly every society was once ruled by a
king or other monarchking or other monarch
Military conflict is much more commonMilitary conflict is much more common
4. Agrarian Societies Cont.Agrarian Societies Cont.
Religion also plays a much more importantReligion also plays a much more important
rolerole
Construction of major architectural worksConstruction of major architectural works
is more common—specifically templesis more common—specifically temples
and shrinesand shrines
Advancement of leisure and artsAdvancement of leisure and arts
Further stratification of the social classesFurther stratification of the social classes
5. GeographyGeography
Upper northeast corner ofUpper northeast corner of
India, right before it getsIndia, right before it gets
squeezed between Bhutansqueezed between Bhutan
and Bangladesh.and Bangladesh.
Many important rivers passMany important rivers pass
through Bihar.through Bihar.
In the southern foothills ofIn the southern foothills of
the Himalaya Mountainthe Himalaya Mountain
Range, touching Nepal.Range, touching Nepal.
Bihar is the tan state within
the red shape.
6. Indo-Gangetic PlainIndo-Gangetic Plain
One of the mostOne of the most
notable features ofnotable features of
Bihar is its location inBihar is its location in
the Indo-Gangeticthe Indo-Gangetic
Plain.Plain.
This plain is veryThis plain is very
fertile, making it idealfertile, making it ideal
for an agrarianfor an agrarian
society.society.
7. Population and LandPopulation and Land
Bihar has a population of 82,878,796Bihar has a population of 82,878,796
It is a majority male population(52.6%)It is a majority male population(52.6%)
The total area of land is 94,163 sq. kmThe total area of land is 94,163 sq. km
This is divided into two main regions: theThis is divided into two main regions: the
North Ganga Plain and the South GangaNorth Ganga Plain and the South Ganga
PlainPlain
Further divided there are 37 districtsFurther divided there are 37 districts
Capital city is PatnaCapital city is Patna
8. Population and OtherPopulation and Other
StatisticsStatistics
Per capita income is Rs 21,696—this isPer capita income is Rs 21,696—this is
$538.50$538.50
Density: 880 people per sq. mileDensity: 880 people per sq. mile
Birth rate: 30.9 per 1000Birth rate: 30.9 per 1000
Death rate: 7.9 per 1000Death rate: 7.9 per 1000
Population grew 28.4% from 1991-2001Population grew 28.4% from 1991-2001
9. EconomyEconomy
Bihar lags behind in the overall progress of India.Bihar lags behind in the overall progress of India.
Per capita GDP: Rs. 4000 per month in Bihar vs.Per capita GDP: Rs. 4000 per month in Bihar vs.
national average of Rs.12000 per month.national average of Rs.12000 per month.
Nearly 10% more people living below theNearly 10% more people living below the
poverty line than the average for Indiapoverty line than the average for India
Reasons for slow developmentReasons for slow development
Inadequate investment in infrastructure,Inadequate investment in infrastructure,
irrigation, and technologyirrigation, and technology
Caste dominated politicsCaste dominated politics
12. Economy: Mineral ProductionEconomy: Mineral Production
Very little due to the division of southernVery little due to the division of southern
Bihar into the separate state of JharkhandBihar into the separate state of Jharkhand
Most mineral production takes place inMost mineral production takes place in
JharkhandJharkhand
Some Minerals ProducedSome Minerals Produced
– CoalCoal
– BauxiteBauxite
– DolomiteDolomite
14. Economy: Attempts atEconomy: Attempts at
IndustrializationIndustrialization
Oil refinery in BarauniOil refinery in Barauni
Motor scooter plant atMotor scooter plant at
FatuhaFatuha
Power plant atPower plant at
MuzaffarpurMuzaffarpur
No sustained effortsNo sustained efforts
15. PolityPolity
Bicameral LegislatureBicameral Legislature
– Upper-house Legislative CouncilUpper-house Legislative Council
– Lower-house Legislative AssemblyLower-house Legislative Assembly
Governor appointed by president of IndiaGovernor appointed by president of India
– Head of stateHead of state
Real executive power rests with Chief MinisterReal executive power rests with Chief Minister
7 administrative divisions and 39 divisions7 administrative divisions and 39 divisions
Each division has a divisional commissionerEach division has a divisional commissioner
District magistrate and collector in eachDistrict magistrate and collector in each
divisiondivision
Sub divisional officer in each of the 76Sub divisional officer in each of the 76
subdivisionssubdivisions
16. Polity (cont’d)Polity (cont’d)
High court at PatnaHigh court at Patna
– Chief justice and several other justicesChief justice and several other justices
– District courts and sub divisional courts, and villageDistrict courts and sub divisional courts, and village
councilscouncils
Currently 2 main political formationsCurrently 2 main political formations
– NDANDA
Janata Dal and Bharatiya Janata PartyJanata Dal and Bharatiya Janata Party
– Rashtriya Janata DalRashtriya Janata Dal
Indian National CongressIndian National Congress
17. Past PolityPast Polity
1995 – Lalu Prasad Yadav became chief1995 – Lalu Prasad Yadav became chief
ministerminister
– Corruption charges forced his resignation butCorruption charges forced his resignation but
anointed his wife CM through proxyanointed his wife CM through proxy
– Led to deterioration of administrationLed to deterioration of administration
– Voted out of power in 2005Voted out of power in 2005
Recent electionsRecent elections
– Have witnessed unprecedented deployment ofHave witnessed unprecedented deployment of
security forcessecurity forces
– Varying views on success of such forceVarying views on success of such force
18. Kinship: 3 Kinship GroupsKinship: 3 Kinship Groups
AhirsAhirs
Endogamous/ exogamous clansEndogamous/ exogamous clans
Marriages arrangedMarriages arranged
Marriage of first cousins prohibitedMarriage of first cousins prohibited
Wed at time of marriageWed at time of marriage
Bride moves into household of husband’s familyBride moves into household of husband’s family
Extended familyExtended family
Divorce allowed but requires approval of theDivorce allowed but requires approval of the
caste’s councilcaste’s council
19. MundasMundas
Endogamous/ExogamousEndogamous/Exogamous
Don’t marry before the boy can build aDon’t marry before the boy can build a
plow and the girl can weave and spinplow and the girl can weave and spin
Marriages negotiated and depend onMarriages negotiated and depend on
consent of involved partiesconsent of involved parties
Bride-price paid in both cash and goodsBride-price paid in both cash and goods
Take up residence in husband’s fathersTake up residence in husband’s fathers
househouse
Nuclear family preferredNuclear family preferred
20. OraonsOraons
Village and clan exogamyVillage and clan exogamy
Patrilineal extended familyPatrilineal extended family
5-7 members5-7 members
Arranged marriages most commonArranged marriages most common
Bride price paidBride price paid
Divorce rare as marriage is seen asDivorce rare as marriage is seen as
lifelong undertakinglifelong undertaking
21. Social Stratification: Bihar’s CasteSocial Stratification: Bihar’s Caste
SystemSystem
India’s Caste System: describes the social stratification and socialIndia’s Caste System: describes the social stratification and social
restrictions in society, “in which social classes are defined byrestrictions in society, “in which social classes are defined by
thousands of endogamous hereditary groups, often termed asthousands of endogamous hereditary groups, often termed as jātisjātis
or castes”.or castes”.
““The Indian Constitution has outlawed caste-based discrimination,The Indian Constitution has outlawed caste-based discrimination,
and caste barriers have mostly broken down in large cities.and caste barriers have mostly broken down in large cities.
However, it still persist in rural areas of the country, and in variousHowever, it still persist in rural areas of the country, and in various
forms, does continue to play a major role in Indian society andforms, does continue to play a major role in Indian society and
politics”.politics”.
22. Dominant Castes of BiharDominant Castes of Bihar
Different Castes: Brahman, Bhumihar, Rajput,Different Castes: Brahman, Bhumihar, Rajput,
Banias and Kayastha are the dominant castesBanias and Kayastha are the dominant castes
Kayasthas and Banias are the two importantKayasthas and Banias are the two important
caste groups in the cities and towns.caste groups in the cities and towns.
The Brahmans and Kshatriyas belong to theThe Brahmans and Kshatriyas belong to the
same racial stock, but the Kshatriyas “are moresame racial stock, but the Kshatriyas “are more
mixed because of their marriage with variousmixed because of their marriage with various
stocks of people”.stocks of people”.
23. The Kayasthas are prominent in all modern professionalThe Kayasthas are prominent in all modern professional
occupations and are generally given the status of eliteoccupations and are generally given the status of elite
castes.castes.
The Banias predominate in trade and commerce.The Banias predominate in trade and commerce.
Bhumihars are regarded as a caste different from theBhumihars are regarded as a caste different from the
Brahmans and Rajputs. However members of all theseBrahmans and Rajputs. However members of all these
caste groups have occupied prominent positions in thecaste groups have occupied prominent positions in the
educational and political life of the state.educational and political life of the state.
Kayasthas Banias
Bhumihars, Rajputs or
Brahmans
24. Lower Castes of BiharLower Castes of Bihar
The lower castes consist of the Koiri,The lower castes consist of the Koiri,
Kurmi, Kahar, and the AhirKurmi, Kahar, and the Ahir
There are many Caste rivalries andThere are many Caste rivalries and
prejudices because of narrow-prejudices because of narrow-
mindedness; however, modern daymindedness; however, modern day
education systems and efforts theeducation systems and efforts the
enlightened youth, “are gradually doingenlightened youth, “are gradually doing
away with the prejudices”.away with the prejudices”.
25. The Ahirs (Yadavas), Kurmis and Koiris are land-owning castes,The Ahirs (Yadavas), Kurmis and Koiris are land-owning castes,
and they live in the plains of Bihar.and they live in the plains of Bihar.
The Ahirs or Yadavas are agricultural caste. Cattle-raising is theirThe Ahirs or Yadavas are agricultural caste. Cattle-raising is their
hereditary occupation, and most are settled cultivators. Some stillhereditary occupation, and most are settled cultivators. Some still
roam about selling milk and ghee.roam about selling milk and ghee.
Koiris are agriculturists. They are distinguished from Kurmis andKoiris are agriculturists. They are distinguished from Kurmis and
other purely cultivating castes by their skill in growing vegetablesother purely cultivating castes by their skill in growing vegetables
and other special cash crops. They work as market-gardeners in theand other special cash crops. They work as market-gardeners in the
neighborhoods of the big towns. Many Koiris are rich land ownersneighborhoods of the big towns. Many Koiris are rich land owners
that still hold occupancy rights.that still hold occupancy rights.
Ahirs = raise cattle Koiris
26. Most notable castes of BiharMost notable castes of Bihar
The most notable castes are Bhumij, Chamar (Mochi),The most notable castes are Bhumij, Chamar (Mochi),
Dhobi, Dom, Dusadh, Musahar, Nat and Pasi.Dhobi, Dom, Dusadh, Musahar, Nat and Pasi.
Their means of livelihood is hard manual labor or menialTheir means of livelihood is hard manual labor or menial
labor.labor.
About 92 percent of the total population of these castesAbout 92 percent of the total population of these castes
lives in the village while those in the towns and cities arelives in the village while those in the towns and cities are
slum-dwellers who work on pavements (much like ourslum-dwellers who work on pavements (much like our
homeless). Although education is free for them, the vasthomeless). Although education is free for them, the vast
majority of them still illiterate. majority of them still illiterate.
27. The Musahars are field laborers whose wages are paidThe Musahars are field laborers whose wages are paid
in cash or in kind according to the traditional custom inin cash or in kind according to the traditional custom in
the villages.the villages.
The Dusadhs are of aboriginal descent. A large numberThe Dusadhs are of aboriginal descent. A large number
of them serve as watchmen. They are also employed asof them serve as watchmen. They are also employed as
village messengers, grooms, elephant drivers and woodvillage messengers, grooms, elephant drivers and wood
cutters and porters. cutters and porters.
The Dhanuks are servant class found in every placeThe Dhanuks are servant class found in every place
where there are high caste Hindus. They perform menialwhere there are high caste Hindus. They perform menial
household duties along with their family. Some Dhanukshousehold duties along with their family. Some Dhanuks
are alsoare also cultivators while the females act as maidcultivators while the females act as maid
servants.servants.
Musahars Dusadhs Dhanuks
28. Caste System TodayCaste System Today
Prejudice against the lower castes is graduallyPrejudice against the lower castes is gradually
disappearing in Bihar.disappearing in Bihar.
In the country districts, the influence of Zamindar (landIn the country districts, the influence of Zamindar (land
lords) families is still considerable, but their influence islords) families is still considerable, but their influence is
based more on their position as landlords than asbased more on their position as landlords than as
persons of title.persons of title.
The middle class is made up of professionals that for theThe middle class is made up of professionals that for the
most part have done away with caste prejudices.most part have done away with caste prejudices.
Marriage is somewhat different: though inter-casteMarriage is somewhat different: though inter-caste
marriages are now relatively common in India, manymarriages are now relatively common in India, many
Indians still consider caste a major criterion forIndians still consider caste a major criterion for
matrimonial choices.matrimonial choices.
Biharis still prefer to go in for arranged marriages in theirBiharis still prefer to go in for arranged marriages in their
own community and caste.own community and caste.
29. Ideology: Three MainIdeology: Three Main
Religions in BiharReligions in Bihar
HinduismHinduism
BuddhismBuddhism
JainismJainism
30. Ideology: HinduismIdeology: Hinduism
The third largest religion in the world withThe third largest religion in the world with
diverse sects.diverse sects.
Five Basic Tenets:Five Basic Tenets:
– Dharma (ethics or duties)Dharma (ethics or duties)
– Samsara (the continuing cycle of rebirth)Samsara (the continuing cycle of rebirth)
– Karma (action and reaction)Karma (action and reaction)
– Moksha (liberation from samsara)Moksha (liberation from samsara)
– Yogas (paths or practices)Yogas (paths or practices)
31. Ideology: BuddhismIdeology: Buddhism
Governed by the teachings of SiddharthaGoverned by the teachings of Siddhartha
Gautama known as BuddhaGautama known as Buddha
– RebirthRebirth
– KarmaKarma
– The Four Noble TruthsThe Four Noble Truths
There is sufferingThere is suffering
There is a cause of sufferingThere is a cause of suffering
There is the cessation of sufferingThere is the cessation of suffering
There is a way leading to the cessation of sufferingThere is a way leading to the cessation of suffering
Often described as a way of life instead of aOften described as a way of life instead of a
religion.religion.
32. Ideology: JainismIdeology: Jainism
Founded in the 6Founded in the 6thth
century B.C. in ancientcentury B.C. in ancient
Bihar.Bihar.
Three main tenets:Three main tenets:
– Ahimsa (non- violence): Towards both humans andAhimsa (non- violence): Towards both humans and
animals. Leads to the propagation of vegetarianismanimals. Leads to the propagation of vegetarianism
– Aparigraha (non- attachment): Freeing the soulAparigraha (non- attachment): Freeing the soul
through the disregard of material objects.through the disregard of material objects.
– Anekantwad (relativity): No absolute truth. EverythingAnekantwad (relativity): No absolute truth. Everything
is possible.is possible.
33. Education: HistoryEducation: History
Historically Bihar has been a major centerHistorically Bihar has been a major center
of learningof learning
Originated from the time of Buddha orOriginated from the time of Buddha or
even earliereven earlier
Home of one of the earliest universities,Home of one of the earliest universities,
Nalanda, which dates back to the 5Nalanda, which dates back to the 5thth
centurycentury
Vikramshia, which is another university isVikramshia, which is another university is
located there as welllocated there as well
34. Education: HistoryEducation: History
During medieval period, educationDuring medieval period, education
was lostwas lost
Believed that marauding armies ofBelieved that marauding armies of
the invaders destroyed thethe invaders destroyed the
centers of learningcenters of learning
35. EducationEducation
DuDuring 1970s and 1980s governmentring 1970s and 1980s government
took control over private schoolstook control over private schools
Because government was ill-equippedBecause government was ill-equipped
the standards of the schools began to fallthe standards of the schools began to fall
However, government did not take overHowever, government did not take over
schools ran by Christian missionaries,schools ran by Christian missionaries,
and these schools still provided qualityand these schools still provided quality
educationeducation
36. EducationEducation
Central government runs aCentral government runs a
number of Kendriyanumber of Kendriya
Vidyalayas (Central Schools)Vidyalayas (Central Schools)
Jawahar Navodaya SchoolsJawahar Navodaya Schools
were made by the late Primewere made by the late Prime
Minister Rajiv Gandhi forMinister Rajiv Gandhi for
rural childrenrural children
Have been successful inHave been successful in
providing quality education toproviding quality education to
the weaker sections of thethe weaker sections of the
societysociety
37. EducationEducation
Modern Bihar has an inadequate educationalModern Bihar has an inadequate educational
infrastructure which places a huge impactinfrastructure which places a huge impact
between supply and demandbetween supply and demand
The growing population has made the situationThe growing population has made the situation
even worse, and has led to a “flooding” of theeven worse, and has led to a “flooding” of the
student population to other states in order tostudent population to other states in order to
obtain a better educationobtain a better education
Only 51% of the children enrolled in primaryOnly 51% of the children enrolled in primary
school actually attend, 59% of those who doschool actually attend, 59% of those who do
attend do not have textbooks, and 13% of theattend do not have textbooks, and 13% of the
children in Bihar are not enrolled at all.children in Bihar are not enrolled at all.
38. EducationEducation
Has an overall literacy of 47.53%Has an overall literacy of 47.53%
Male literacy rate of 60.32%Male literacy rate of 60.32%
Female literacy rate of 33.57%Female literacy rate of 33.57%
Only 21% of all primary school teachers haveOnly 21% of all primary school teachers have
completed the matriculationcompleted the matriculation
Because of the law of affirmative action thatBecause of the law of affirmative action that
reserves jobs and education for people ofreserves jobs and education for people of
backward classes, students from Bihar arebackward classes, students from Bihar are
performing well in respect to better economicallyperforming well in respect to better economically
well off states in Indiawell off states in India
39. Status of WomenStatus of Women
Women in Bihar are subjected to followingWomen in Bihar are subjected to following
a system called Purdah, and it is almosta system called Purdah, and it is almost
as oppressive as the Taliban era inas oppressive as the Taliban era in
Afghanistan.Afghanistan.
88% of girls marry before age 17 - despite88% of girls marry before age 17 - despite
the fact that national law says womenthe fact that national law says women
cannot marry before the age 18.cannot marry before the age 18.
40. Purdah SystemPurdah System
Purdah literally means "curtain"Purdah literally means "curtain"
Reaches across Hindu and Muslim lines.Reaches across Hindu and Muslim lines.
Women must be covered in public.Women must be covered in public.
Women cannot travel without theirWomen cannot travel without their
husbands' permission.husbands' permission.
Most women can only associate withMost women can only associate with
family members, or those approved by thefamily members, or those approved by the
family.family.
Often, men even do the shopping so thatOften, men even do the shopping so that
women do not need to go out in publicwomen do not need to go out in public
unaccompanied.unaccompanied.
41. Status of WomenStatus of Women
Women mustWomen must
have a dowryhave a dowry
before they getbefore they get
married.married.
A woman'sA woman's
possessions gopossessions go
to her husband,to her husband,
and then uponand then upon
her death, to herher death, to her
children.children.
•A woman in Bihar
has very few
possessions, usually
no education, and
very little autonomy.
42. Culture of Bihar: FestivalsCulture of Bihar: Festivals
ChhathChhath
– Worship of the SunWorship of the Sun
GodGod
TeejTeej
– Worship of GoddessWorship of Goddess
ParvatiParvati
43. Bihar: MusicBihar: Music
Folksongs dealingFolksongs dealing
with everyday lifewith everyday life
– sohar - performedsohar - performed
during childbirthduring childbirth
– sumangali -sumangali -
associated withassociated with
weddingwedding
– ropnigeet - performedropnigeet - performed
during the season ofduring the season of
sowing paddysowing paddy
– katnigeet - performedkatnigeet - performed
during the paddyduring the paddy
harvesting seasonharvesting season
44. Question 1Question 1
What does the word purdah mean?What does the word purdah mean?
a) closeda) closed
b) curtainb) curtain
c) cut-offc) cut-off
d) womand) woman
e) wickede) wicked
45. Question 2Question 2
Although India is making all efforts to doAlthough India is making all efforts to do
away with caste-discriminations, in whichaway with caste-discriminations, in which
parts of India does caste discriminationparts of India does caste discrimination
still play a major role in society andstill play a major role in society and
politics?politics?
a)a) TownsTowns
b)b) citiescities
c)c) urban areasurban areas
d)d) rural areasrural areas
46. Question 3Question 3
Compared to the rest of IndiaCompared to the rest of India
economically, Bihar iseconomically, Bihar is
a)a) Progressing at the same rateProgressing at the same rate
b)b) Lagging behindLagging behind
c)c) Advancing more quicklyAdvancing more quickly
47. Question 4Question 4
Which of the following religions originatedWhich of the following religions originated
in ancient Bihar 6in ancient Bihar 6thth
Century BC?Century BC?
a)a) HinduismHinduism
b)b) JainismJainism
c)c) IslamIslam
48. Question 5Question 5
What is the festival of Chhath for?What is the festival of Chhath for?
a)a) Worship of Goddess ParvatiWorship of Goddess Parvati
b)b) Worship of the God of the SunWorship of the God of the Sun
c)c) Celebration of a good harvestCelebration of a good harvest