Planning for villages-

Planning For Climate
Responsive &
Sustainable Villages
• Jit Kumar Gupta
•Jit.kumar1944@gmail.com
•Former Advisor, Town Planning
•Punjab Urban Development Authority
Jit.kumar1944@gmail.com
Mob- 90410-26414

Defining – Village- India
 India- has Two kinds of settlements;
 Urban and Rural
 Village has no definition
 Village defined by exclusion- definition speaks of urban settlements – rest are rural
 Urban settlements are defined as ;
 Statutory towns-
 includes an area having
 - municipality,
 -corporation,
 -cantonment board
 -- a notified town area committee/Nagar Panchyat
 Census Town—
 - a habitation that has;
 - a population- minimum of 5,000;
 - Avocation-at least 75% male working population engaged in non-agricultural
pursuits; and
 population-- density - minimum 400 people per sq km.
 Villages---Rest of human settlements excluding urban- -- with governing bodies
known to be panchayats
 -- which act as local decision-making entities
 - With low density/ low concentration of human beings/activities-large in number

Population Distribution- Urban/Rural-India-2011
Urban Pop. Distribution(2011)377 m (31.1 %)-
7935 towns/cities
-Mega Cities with Pop > 10m - 4% of total Country pop
- Cities with Population 5-10m- 3%
- Cities with Population 1-5m- 6%
- Cities with Population 0.1-1m- 9%
- Cities with Population < 0.1 m- 9%
** Rural Pop Distribution(2011) 833 m ( 68.9%) -------
6,40, 867 villages ( Inhabited -5,99,608)
 --236,004 Indian villages have population < 500,
-- 4,681 villages have population > 10,000
---- Very large (>10k), large villages(>5k)-17%( 23.54%)
-- Medium villages (2-5 k)— 24%( 34.63%)
--- Small villages (1-2000) — 17% (23.70%)
------Hamlets (500-1000) — 8% (12.39%)
---- Small Hamlets(<500)— -- 3% ( 5.74 %)
 2 out of 3 Indian lives in villages.
 Every 6th Indian lives in large villages
 6 out of 10 ruralites live in large and medium villages.
 Globally,- Every Ninth person lives in Indian Villages

Rural India-
Context,
Role and
importance

Rural India- Role and Importance
 “India lives in villages” -said Mahatma Gandhi – father of nation-
many decades ago
 .Even after 100 years - data does not seem to disagree
 Villages House majority of Indian population
 -69% --roughly one-eleventh of humanity on planet earth
 - almost 67% households-- still in rural areas
 - Despite decline – villages will hold large population
- more than 50% before 2050
 India- second largest urban/rural system globally after China
 - - 6.4 lakh Villages Vs 0.079 lakh towns/cities
 - 833 million pop Vs 377 million - 2011
 Villages critical to India’s growth
 Provider of food;- daily/basic needs of human living
 Provider of basic/raw material for industrial processing
 Mainstay of industry& national economy
 One of Major contributor to Indian GDP
 Offering largest consumer market
 Houses largest manpower/work force

Rural India--Contributions of Agriculture to GDP
 -Rural economy - primarily agrarian
 Large dependence of population on Agriculture
 - characterized by- Lower /limited productivity
 - leading to - Poverty.
 Agriculture contributes - 14 % of India’s GDP,
 main source of income/ sustenance for- 69 % of rural population
 Agriculture - strongly influences
 -- food security
 --prices of food
 -- monetary wages.
 -- rural income & demand
 --supply of raw materials to industrial sectors
 Rural India suffering due to--
 -- public investment-- in rural India getting diluted
 – proportion of irrigated land – remain low
 - Large land-- rainfed land
 - declining land productivity
 - Limited adoption of cash crops
 - Lack of agriculture diversification.
 - Lack of consolidated land holding
 - Low land holding
 -- slow Growth of agricultural output--only 3.2% during 2007-2011.

Rural India- Role and Importance
 - Housing Large population - Below Poverty Line (BPL)—25.7%- 2013
 About 1/3 Rural India-- survives on a family income of Rs 5000/ month – Current
income- India 1.79 lakh/capita/year
 Rural development - easy to understand – difficult to implement.
 - Rural areas face;
 - Problem of physical/ planned development
 - Villages prone to climate change and natural disasters
 -- lack of adequate infrastructures , services , amenities,,
 -Inadequate transport, Employment ,Physical development- etc.
 - Lack of adequate Credit
 - Absence of gainful alternates to occupations-- other than agriculture
 -- Low investment in skilling Human beings in rural area
Promoting Rural development essential for India;
 - to fueling overall economic growth
 - increasing income opportunities
 -- curbing poverty .
 1% decline in agricultural growth– can pull back industrial/ GDP growth by 0.52%
 For Achieving target of 9% GDP growth- Agricultural sector must grow
annually@ 4%

Problem of--Declining share in GDP
Contribution of agriculture to GDP reduced from 51.88% in1950 to 13.94% in
2013.
 Share of service sector increased > 200% from 29.54% to 59.93%
 Industry contribution increased by 60%; from 16.19% to 26.15%
 --almost 69 % of population lives in rural areas 50% labour force still
dependant on agriculture, --Situation definitely not sustainable for Rural
India/India
 Share of Agriculture sector in GDP --must go up considerably

Problem of--Livelihood & Employment
 Almost ¾ of rural households—-- live with monthly income -- less than Rs
5000.
 More than 50% rural households-- do not own land
 More than half Ruralites work as casual labour- unemployment/disguised
employment
 - Rural India suffers from-- low employment /low wages & perpetual
poverty..
 source--Socio- Economic and Caste Census


Problem of--Poverty
 Poverty reduction in urban areas higher than rural
areas
 -- nearly 25.7 % of rural India is poor, compared to
13.7% in urban areas. Rural poverty placed at double
that of urban poverty- Every 4th Ruralite remains poor.

Problem of Low level of Skilling

Low Literacy Levels
Literacy levels increasing since independence.
- Still Rural literacy lower than urban - both in males/ females
 Large gender disparity -- both in males/females
 -- urban female literacy rate-- almost higher by more than 20% than
rural female.
 -Urban Male Literacy rate – 11.61% higher than Rural Male

Net Attendance –Rural Vs Urban- Low
 Net attendance --insight into education dynamics of India- Higher in
Urban compared to Rural.
 Rate of fall of net attendance -from primary to secondary-- much steeper
in rural areas.
 Reasons- lack of family commitment, migration, climate induced
disasters, famine and poverty.

Health Indicators- Poor Health
 Health - Known to be wealth of a society--best indicators
of well-being of population /human resources
development.
 Rural India lags behind Urban India-- in all indicators
including Infant Mortality- Steady declining mortality
 Rural infant mortality 20% higher than urban mortality

Access to basic services- Poor

Widening gap between Rural & Urban
 India Vs Bharat debate is not new.
 Urban –Rural divide debated for years
 Little progress--in bridging gap between rural-urban- over last
seven decades
 Gap ever widening - when looking at;
 --physical,
 --socio-economic,
 --healthcare,
 --education indicators
 No city exists in isolation
 - invariably supported by large number of villages for
 -- sustaining urban activities/population
 -- meeting daily urban needs
 Cities/villages- cannot be seen in isolation
 - Cities/villages
 -two sides of same coin
 -need integration, collaboration,
 co-operation and mutual support

Challenges of Rural Indian
Agriculture
 Indian agriculture - undergoing heavy stress
 - average land holdings decreasing day by day.
 - Agriculture acreage static- 140 million hect-. For last 40
years
 - number of farmers increased from 7 to 14 crore.
 - adding one crore farmers every five years.
 Over 80 % rural households –landholdings - less
than one hectare (10,000 square metres)
 landholdings decreased in size- almost 50%- last
20 years;
 just 7% per cent farmers-- own more than 2
hectares,
 over 75 % urban migrants-- come from marginal

Major Problems- Rural India
 India- Ranks among countries having Low land man ratio-2.4 Vs 17.7
 Large population base -69%
 High degree of Poverty ( Majority of rural India lives on Rs 35 per day)
 Lack of sanitation and cleanliness- adverse impact on health;
 Low level of skill &literacy -- Low level of gainful employment
 Inadequate level of basic infrastructure /services /amenities- water supply,
sanitation, drainage, power, SWM- Poor Quality of life
 Agriculture largely Rainfed--Low level of irrigation facilities
 Large number of Poor quality Housing- Katcha, temporary- Poor human
Living
 Haphazard and unplanned development- Poor Quality of life
 Low level of Healthcare & Educational facilities- Low Human Quality Index
 Poor quality of living environment-Poor Quality of life
 Poor accessibility/connectivity- to urban markets-Absence of efficient
marketing of agrictural produce -Low prices for agricultural produce
 -Low order of Agro-based industries
 - Low income/low employment opportunities
 -High water pollution- Large diseases- Poor Health- High mortality
 Loss of Fertile soil /desertification-- due to erosion, Overgrazing /
deforestation- Low agricultural productivity- poverty
 - Large number of Villages Prone to Natural Hazards- Repeated
destruction of human/animal life/property- leading to perpetual poverty

Issues Facing Rural Economy-India
 Large population- depending on agriculture
 Agriculture responsible for - 6.7 GW of GHG emissions annually
 Low level- of literacy
 High degree- of unemployment/disguised unemployment
 Lack of -female empowerment
 Poor capacity- to combat disasters- natural/manmade
 Poor infrastructure/skill to combat disasters
 Absence of sustainable agriculture –leading to GHG
 Inadequate Land reforms-Declining- agricultural productivity
 High degree of indebtedness
 Large wastage of agricultural produce
 Poor solid waste management- men/animal
 Poor skilling -Large scale loss of agricultural produce
 Increasing social/economic/physical/ cultural divide-
 Highly stratified/ divided rural society- based on caste/economy/
traditions/avocations
 Absence of any planning/development Agency

Opportunities
Weakness
 Rich in natural resources- compact
development- small area- limited
population-
 Good Natural attributes; Cultural
strength; Low mechanical travel
 Provider of food/basic human needs
 Producer of raw material for industries
 Sustainer of economy
 Considerable contribution to GDP
 Lack of infrastructure/services
 Poor accessibility/Areas of neglect
 Low land holding/ high social divide
 Lower order of literacy/ low level of skill
 Poor educational /healthcare facilities
 -outdated agricultural practices- causing
GHG emissions
 Poor housing/ Poor quality of life
 Poor capacity to plan/ develop
 Poor financial health/low wages
 High degree of poverty/unemployment
Strength
For making agriculture more productive
Skilling India, Promoting higher growth
rate-- making India economically vibrant
•Providing gainful employment for all
•Promoting economical/cost-effective
development- Minimizing GHG emission
•Eradicating poverty
• Improving connectivity between urban /
rural areas-synergizing urban-rural growth
• Making growth of urban Centers rational
• Promoting operational efficiency of
urban /rural settlements- making India
Threats--Neglect will lead to—Global
warming; GHG emissions;
unsustainability; Chaos, unemployment,
poverty, poor health, lower quality of
life,
development paralysis, haphazard
/unplanned urban development, large
scale migration, neglect of agriculture,
food scarcity, food insecurity declining
industrial productivity, loss of large rural

Options for making
Rural India- livable,
sustainable, green,
inclusive and safe

Ministry of Rural
Development- Major
Rural Development
Schemes –
Objectives/Coverage

Ministry of Rural Development-
GOI
 Involves-- two departments
 1. Department of Rural Development
 2. Department of Land Resource.
 Vision—Promote sustainable / inclusive
growth of rural India through;
 - a multipronged strategy focusing on--
 -- eradicating poverty ;
 --increasing livelihood opportunities
 -- providing social safety net
 -- developing infrastructure for growth.
 --improving quality of life
 --correcting developmental imbalances,
 --reaching most disadvantaged
 -- Need to add SDGs as part of agenda

Ministry of Rural Development
 Major programs operated by Ministry in rural areas;-
 Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee
Act
 National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM—
 Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana - Grameen (PMAY-G)—
 Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGY)
 Shyama Prasad Mukherjee RURBAN Mission
 Integrated Watershed Management Programme.
 Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY); --
 Samagra Siksha Abhiyan;
 Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana (SAGY);
 National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP);
 Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY); .
 Provision of Urban Amenities In Rural Areas (PURA)
 Mission Amrit Sarovar
 Jal Jeevan Mission-
 Swatch Bharat Mission-
.

Planning Villages
-Need and Scope

Need for Village Planning
 Villages Critical for scripting growth/ development of India
 In the words of Mahatma Gandhi- father of nation-
‘ India lives in villages -India will prosper if villages prosper,
--if villages perish India will perish too”
 Villages can help in-
 Making India Achieve SDGs; Reduce GHG emissions;
Minimise Global warming ; Reduce carbon footprints - Ushering
new era of-- India regeneration-Making India vibrant -
Physically, socially, environmentally /economically
 Villages would need; -Empowering people --
Physically/socially/ economically-- by
skilling/education/healthcare/ employment
 -- Promoting promoting planned development/ management;
 -- ensuring basic amenities/ services essential for human
living

Need for Village Planning
Villages have great potential for ;
 -providing simple/healthy/cost-effective living
 - Leveraging national Economy
 -Providing food security to nation/ globally
 Generating Employment- gainful employment > 2/3rd work
force
 - Making national growth rational
 Eradicating poverty- 365 million
 Providing quality of life- to majority of Indians
 Minimizing migration–
 minimizing haphazard urban development
 Minimizing slums/houselessness -- in urban India
 Ensuring-- housing for all --Rationalizing urban growth-
 Promoting-- planned development in India
 Eliminating majority of urban ills - having genesis in neglect
of rural India

Objectives- Making Villages Climate Smart
Village Planning to revolve around/aim at-
-Promoting sustainability, liveability, good health, skilling, education,
food, shelter, providing basic infrastructure, services; accessibility
:Empowerment, enablement, accountability of Panchayati Raj
Institutions – for inclusive development with social justice
 Promoting-- holistic development of Villages
 Minimising Rural- urban divide
 -Creating Urban opportunities for rural residents- to Create a level
ground for income options.
 Preventing -- distress migration from Rural areas to urban areas--
 Guaranteeing -- a decent standard of living.
 Providing -- basic amenities/facilities- essential for good living
 Providing easier, faster/ cheaper-- access to institutions/urban
markets-
 Offering Remunerative price of agricultural produce/ commodities
 Introducing modern techniques/ sustainable /affordable technology for
agriculture - to promote increased productivity
 Improving standard of living of underprivileged population
 Providing basic needs: education, healthcare, clean drinking water
etc.

Objectives- Making Villages Climate Smart
 Changing cropping pattern- adopting crops –using less water/ less
GHG emission/ growing more vegetables/ adopting climate resistant
crops
 Making optimum use of local resources
 Making villages self- sufficient-- in day- to- day needs
 Making villages- carbon neutral / zero-energy
 Economic empowerment- sharing of resources;
 Generating- appropriate employment
 Social empowerment -- engaging entire community in village
development/ Rural sustainability
 - Creating a Co-operative culture of living/working
 Promoting inclusive development.
 Improving Village environment/ Ecology
 Making Villages- Green, Clean, Zero-waste
 Promoting Planned Physical Development
 Promoting integrated urban –rural growth
 Involving local community –for decision making
 Minimising social stratification
 Promoting Agro-based industry
 Promoting alternate source of employment /income

Understanding, Appreciating,
Implementation of - 73rd CAA,
1992-Promoting Good Governance
- Adopting Regional Planning
- Adopting District Planning
-Adopting Metropolitan Area
Planning
- Empowering Aspirational Districts
-Implementing Ru-Urban Mission

73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992-Rural
-Made India from 2 tier-federal- to 3 tier system of
Governance – by including Panchayats
Gave constitutional recognition to Rural institutions of
governance -- Converted Panchayati raj system into ;
--3-tier system with- elected bodies at
--village -taluk/ block- district levels.
--System based on ;
--traditional {Panchayati raj. Panchayat governance}
for
-- Decentralisation/empowering local institutions
-- with a degree of local autonomy.
-- larger people participation at local level for more
-effective implementation of rural development
programs. --
73RD amendment calls for
- having a duly elected -
- gram panchayat -- for each village/ group of villages,
-- Block level council—Block Samiti

ELEVNTH SCHEDULE
1. Agriculture, including agricultural extension.
2. Land improvement, implementation of land reforms, land consolidation
3. Minor irrigation, water management and watershed development
4. Animal husbandry, dairying and poultry.
5. Fisheries
6. Social forestry and farm forestry
7. Minor forest produce.
8. Small scale industries, including food processing industries
9. Khadi, village and cottage industries. 10. Rural housing.
11. Drinking water 12. Fuel and fodder.
13. Roads, culverts, bridges, ferries, waterways/other means of communication
14. Rural electrification
15- Education including primary and secondary schools
16 Non- conventional sources of energy 17. Technical Training and vocational
education 18. Public distribution system
19. Adult and non-formal education. 20 Maintenance of public assets
21. Cultural activities 22. Markets and fairs
23. Health and sanitation, including hospitals, primary health centers &
dispensaries
24. Family welfare. 25. Women and child development.
26. Social welfare, including welfare of the handicapped and mentally retarded.
27. Welfare of the weaker section
28 Public distribution system

Regional Planning
Globally--Most progressive countries/states/ cities
- adopted Regional perspective for :
---Integrating urban and rural settlements
--for Minimizing migration
--Making urban development-- more rational / sustainable
--Promoting co-operation & collaboration; between urban-rural areas
- Minimizing local competition /conflicts- urban/rural
- Infrastructure optimization between neighboring cities/rural
settlements,
-- Preventing disasters,
-- Promoting / protecting regional ecology / bio-diversity,
-- Providing recreational activities
-- Overcoming confusion over role / responsibilities of various agencies.
-- Achieving integration and decentralized planning--
• Regional Planning optimizes Regional resources
by--
-- promoting synergy between rural & urban areas
-- connecting villages/cities-- through a well defined settlement hierarchy
-- using developmental potential of each settlement
-- making them sustainable

District Planning - DPC
• 73rd/74th CAA,1992- Landmark legislation- Rural/Urban
Empowerment- promoting Decentralization- Setting of
DPC/MAPC
•District Planning vital for growth of Rural India
•- Creating synergies between villages/ cities at district level
•Creating Committee for District planning
•- Consisting of elected representatives
•- Taking District as Regional Planning Unit
-- Consolidating plans of Panchayats/ Municipalities
-- Prepare draft development plan for district
- Villages lack manpower/knowledge/ resources to prepare
village development plans
-DPC has no manpower for planning at distinct level
-- DPC needs strengthening/empowerment
-- Besides preparing Draft District Development Plan ;
-Should also be involved in implementation
-District Town Planning office to provide assistance/ support

Metropolitan Planning- MPC
243ZE. Metropolitan Planning Committee
-Constituted for Metro Area
– to prepare Draft development plan for Metropolitan area –
- ------------Consolidating plans of both rural- urban
settlements
(a) Metropolitan Planning Committees consists of:
-- not less than two-thirds of members elected
from Municipalities/ Chairpersons of Panchayats in
Metropolitan area--
-(d) functions relating to planning / coordination
--- MPC has no manpower for planning at Metropolitan level
-- MPC -- needs strengthening/ empowerment
-- prepares only Draft Metropolitan Development Plan
-- to be actively involved in-- finalization/ implementation of
MPC
-- Conflict between District Planning & Metro Planning need
Resolution

Development of Aspirational Districts-
options
 117 out of 742 districts—identified as Aspirational district by NITI
Aayog—640(2001) & 593(1991)
 -- based upon indicators -having impact on Human development
 Health & Nutrition, Education, ;Agriculture & Water Resources,
Financial Inclusion/Skill Development/ Basic Infrastructure --.
 Treating backward districts -- not a physical problem
but human problem
 People suffering for centuries -- due to exclusion ,
poverty, acute deficiency of basic amenities/ neglect
 States – should rationalize - structure, plan, develop /
manage backward districts
 -- based on a detailed study & analysis
 Program extended from District to Block level for
 -- Empowering Villages- socially/physically/
economically

Ru-urban mission- Vision
 National Rurban Mission (NRuM)
follows vision of;
 -- "Development of a cluster of villages
 -- that preserve and nurture
 -- essence of rural community life
 -- with focus on equity and
inclusiveness
 -- without compromising with facilities
 -- perceived essentially urban in nature,
 -- creating a cluster of "Rurban Villages

RU-URBAN MISSION- COMPONENTS
 Skill Development --training Linked to Economic
Activities
 Agri- Services and Processing Support-- to
Agriculture /Allied Activity
 Digital Literacy --(access to digital resources for all
citizens
 24 x 7 Piped-- Water Supply
 Sanitation
 Solid waste / liquid management / Vermi-compost Pit
 Metalling Village Streets with Drains
 Creating Fully equipped Mobile Health Unit
 Up- gradation of primary/secondary /higher
secondary schools
 Promoting Inter- village roads connectivity/ Public
transport
 Creating Citizen Service Centres- for electronic

Methodology for
Village Planning

Key Elements of Model Village Plannin

Methodology for village Development
planning---- Must be different in approach/ intent
/contents- to urban planning. Each Village unique/distinct-
requires different approach
-Village planning based on;
-Empowering people, communities / local institutions
--based on local initiative consultative/ participatory
mechanism- -- involving all stakeholders.
-- using simple/direct technique,
-- making - time bound, quick/simple decisions/actions
i. Involving Panchayats--Holding Exploratory meeting with
for:
-- briefing about project ,
-- Defining aim/ objectives /scope,
-- value to be added to village -- planning & development,
--processes / methodology to be followed
-- for implementation and obtaining
--consent for going ahead with project.

Methodology for village Planning
Ii. Approval from Panchayat
Iii. Calling meeting of Gram Sabha involving all residents
for:
-- explaining project,
-- benefits,
-- understanding problems,
--identifying needs/ priorities
--understanding vision,
-- promoting participatory mechanism,
-- sourcing suggestions
obtaining approval
- defining role of residents,
iv. Creating a Think Tank comprising --elders, NGO,
Panchayat for aiding/advising about plan preparation and
implementation.
---Carrying out a SWOT Analysis

V Carrying out a;
-- socio-economic, demographic survey
-- asking for priorities of development/infrastructure .
VI Creating a physical map of village defining --
-- location/conditions of houses
-- community buildings,
-- public buildings
-- Mapping services--sewerage, roads,
--- sanitation/ storm/waste water drainage, network
-- street lights(if any) etc
vii. Preparing inventory of:
-- problems,
--deficiency in infrastructure,
---amenities,
-- additional facilities needed etc
viii. Making projections/forecast for next 5 years for
population, housing /other infrastructure, services etc

x Preparing Draft Development Plan of Village based
on:
-- studies made
-- analysis carried out,
--vision and priorities defined ,
-- problems identified,
--Understanding needs/ requirements of village
-projections made for -- development / amenities /
services
--rough estimates / cost of development.
x. Sharing Draft Development Plan with:
-- Think Tank and
-- Panchayat
-- for approval in principal
for placing before Gram Sabha.

•xii. Development works to comprise --
*Water Supply
*Sewerage
* Streets
*Drainage
* Street Lighting
Toilets in houses/ community latrines
* Water Bodies
*Afforestation, Landscaping of open spaces--Plantation of Trees
*Construction of Panchayat Ghar / Community Centre
*Providing dispensary for Residents/ animals
*School &Library
* Creating Vocational Centre/ Anganwari/ adult education centre
*Krishi Vigyan Kendra – -for sale of essential agricultural inputs, seeds,
--latest information about prices/marketing options of agricultural
produce,
--new options for crop/agriculture diversification, weather forecast and
--innovations in agriculture,
* Co-operative Banking &
E-Samparak Kendra

XIV Village development Plan shall essentially be taken up as a joint
venture of all :
-- stakeholders involving residents,
-- Panchayat,/ Panchayat officials
--Think Tank,
-- NGOs,
--state/ local rural development agencies
--corporate agencies etc
-- for formulation / implementation of Plan --Plan is reviewed
periodically to meet emerging village demand
XV Methodology for Financing
Funding of development works to be through:
--Funds made available by state
- Income of Panchayat from its own resources
-- Grant- in- aid by state,
--funds made available by MPLAD/MLA
-- funds available under different state/ local level rural development schemes,
-- contribution by villagers ,
- Funds from Self- Help Groups
-- Individual Donations/contributions
-- international agencies – Funding viability gap

Village Dharnai –Bihar- Solar Power
Once struggling- to get basic electricity - Dharnai-- first village in India to
completely run on solar power. Used diesel-based generators / cow dung to meet
electricity requirement -- costly and unhealthy.
Launched solar-powered 100 kilowatt micro-grid in 2014, quality electricity
provided to more than 2,400 people living .

Payvihir– Maharashtra-Organic Forest ,
Fruits
Turning a barren, 182-hectare land under community forest right, into a
forest.— village started growing & selling organic Sitafals (custard
apples) and Mangoes in Mumbai under their brand Naturals Melghat!

Hiware Bazaar, Maharashtra- Water management
.Facing water shortage village decided to shun water-intensive crops
opted for horticulture / dairy farming. Consistent water conservation--- rising
groundwater levels -- village started to prosper. Today, village has 294 open wells-
- brimming with water / prosperity. -never called a single water tanker since 1995.
village has 60 millionaires& highest per-capita income in India

Odanthurai, Tamil Nadu-Solar/Wind Energy
Panchayat generating electricity for own use
--sold surplus energy to Tamil Nadu Electricity Board
--- Village created corpus of Rs 5 crores
-- to install wind /solar energy farms
--enable free supply of electricity to over 8,000 residents.

Khonoma, Nagaland-First Green Villag
India’s first green village.--perfectly terraced fields,
--self-sustaining village- Protects / conserves natural habitat.
-- Hunting banned -- Village practices its own eco-friendly version
of jhum agriculture that enriches the soil.

Punsari, Gujarat- Technology driven Villag
Punsari village,-- Closed-circuit cameras, water purifying plants, biogas
plants, air-conditioned schools, Wi-Fi, biometric machines – done in
eight years- cost of Rs. 16 crore.--Transformation made possible by
young tech-savvy sarpanch – 33-year-old Himanshu Patel
--village offers amenities of a city but the spirit of a village.”

Mawlynnong, Meghalaya- Cleanest
village
 plastic is banned--paths lined with flowers-- bamboo
dustbins stand at every corner, --volunteers sweep
streets -- signboards warn visitors against littering. --
Cleanliness a ritual for all old/young –
 --village Known as cleanest village in India /Asia.

Piplantri, Rajasthan- Saving girls&
Trees
Village Panchyat saving girl children & increasing green cover
---planting 111 trees when a girl is born –ensuring survival of trees --
attaining fruitation as girls grow up. - set up a fixed deposit for girls -
parents sign an affidavit ensuring their education
.-During last nine years,- planted over a quarter million trees on village’s
grazing land—Preventing trees from termite,
-planted over 2.5 million aloe-vera plants around them.
Trees/aloe-vera,-- a source of livelihood for several residents.

Global Warming- GHG
Emissions
1.World is warming --faster than recorded history
-already 1.2°C warmer than pre-industrial times
2. If heating continues,- with 2degree global warming - devastating impact on planet
earth - causing—
-- hunger-- flooded homes along coasts--- more wildfire-- hurricanes -- droughts..
4. For Ensuring - safe future-- below 1.5°C mark-- requires –
--Cutting 30 GT greenhouse gas emissions annually by 2030-by
-- rationalizing --Transport & industry
-- Managing our land and resources more efficiently,
-- Making building green & Cities smart
--curbing deforestation and food waste.
5. Six key sectors hold key-- to reduce 29-32 GT CO2 & limit temperature rise to 1.5˚--
include--.
- Energy;
- Industry;
- Transport;
- Building &Cities;
- Agriculture & food-Waste;
- Nature Based solution
https://www.unep.org/interactive/six-sector-solution-climate-change/

Conclusions
 Rural India- Offers comparatively better options than
Urban India -to overcome challenges posed by;
 - climate change,
 - global warming,
 -reducing carbon footprints and
 - managing Green House gas emissions
 - Achieving sustainable Development Goals
Because Villages provide options due to ;
- Having Smaller population base
- Being Physically Compact
- - Having Limited daily needs
- Having Limited mobility/ Travel
- Shorter Travel distance/limited travel demand
- Having Sustainability- in daily needs
- -Availability of Natural resources – land sun, air, flora,
fauna
- - Limited pollution - large Open space

• Conclusions
 Urgent Need for Making Climate Smart villages- by;
 Making climate change/sustainability integral part of all
missions – PMAY; NULM; MNREGA, PMGSY;
 Evolving/ adopting a policy of Regionalisation-using
Regional Planning –for Creating synergy / making
Urban & Rural areas mutually supportive - Physically,
socially, economically , environmentally, structurally,
culturally and financially
 Prioritizing Planned development-
 Making agriculture – More climate responsive,
diverse, rational , resource/water- efficient; land –
efficient, environmental friendly; disaster resistant;
productive; ensuring food security
 Providing basic amenities / facilities to all-
 Empowering/ Skilling rural India for Removing
poverty-- Creating multiple options for universal
employment

Conclusions
 Promoting culture of co-operation/ sharing in
villages- for doing all activities
 Making villages self-sufficient -- in all day-to-day
requirements
 Promoting education / literacy-- for all
 Making rural planning/development/sustainability--
integral part of academics-- at all level in urban/rural
areas
 Running specialized dedicated courses --for rural
Sustainability/ development- Masters in Rural
Development
 Involving all educational institutions-- in process of
rural emancipation – making village life qualitative
 Adopting villages -- by academic Institutions
imparting architecture/Engineering educations-- for
promoting sustainable development-

Conclusions
 Promoting – art/science of water conservation /preservation-
RWH
 Adopting green practices-- for nature development
 Promoting solar/gas based energy-- for lighting and cooking
 Promoting Agro-based industries-- for making value addition/
generating employment
 Implementing 73 rd CAA in letters & spirits
 Empowering village panchayats/ involving communities
 Involving professionals/Academic institutions -- in framing
District/ Metropolitan plans-
 – Creating bare- foot professionals
 Creating self- help groups-- for planning /implementation of
projects
 Mapping all Villages-Creating physical maps for planned
development
 Creating safe/ qualitative model housing design
 Making Villages Zero-energy, Zero-waste, Zero- Carbon
 Leveraging non-conventional sources of Energy

Conclusion
• Reversing Climate change & Restoring land / oceans,;
protecting biodiversity, rebuilding ecosystems by;
• Launching drive to halt degrading- and for
compensating - forest destroyed/ creating land for
agriculture / urban development/ change of land use
change ( 25 % GHG.)
• - Planting large number of trees
• - Joining Plant-for-the-Planet initiative
• -Using common/public vacant land for plantation
• Involving communities in greening villages
• -Restoring water bodies
• - Promoting Rain water harvesting
• - Allowing people to sponsor tree-plantation
• - Creating options for planting trees
• -Adopting plant based food- rather than animal meat
based

Consultation; Collaboration, Co-Operation

WAY FORWARD--Making Affordable
Rural Housing A Distinct Reality
 Reviewing, Revising and Redefining National Housing Policy
 Creating a dedicated Rural Housing Policy on pattern followed in Urban
Housing
 Ensuring Adequate funds for housing- easy availability of funds to individuals
 Promoting Cost-Management
 Creating Land Bank;
 Creating Innovative Architectural Design
 Using Cost/Energy Efficient Building Technologies- Green Housing-Promoting
Affordable living
 Inventing new Building Materials- based on Agro /industrial waste based
 Adopting Co-operative Based Approach
 Shifting from Construction to Manufacturing
 Making Housing- Beneficiary- led Program
 Bringing Vacant Houses into market
 Skilling Manpower-
 - Promoting R& D---
 Rationalizing Government Charges

Way-forward to Approach Rural Housing
- Considering context, nature, complexities, culture of rural
housing
- - rural housing dealt on different footing- from urban housing.
-Rural housing - simple, economical / rooted to local culture
- Rural housing- linked to larger economic/ social context -- ---
generating employment/ resources/ empowering rural poor- to
ensure better living.
- Creating dedicated rural- focused financial institutions
- - for easier/ minimum documentation /affordable and low-
cost funds.
- Allocating higher percentage of GDP for housing sector, .
-- Skilling rural India --for time-efficient -sustainable / cost-
effective housing

 Involving IITs/NITs/reputed institutions in R&D- in building materials / /
cost- effective / time-efficient construction technologies
 Promoting industries- for large scale production of building materials
from agricultural / industrial waste.
 Viewing housing in larger context- with physical/ social infrastructure
 Planning rural housing - with basic amenities- following a cluster
approach- for optimizing land/ensuring planned/ creating self-contained
/cost-effective shelter
 Planning /designing rural houses for- optimum utilization of available
space/ putting them to multiple uses / moving from formal to informal living.
 Engaging/ involving-- , Architects, Planners/ Engineers- in aiding/ advising/
assisting in - planning, designing /construction of houses
 Making housing –integral part of village planning/ development - with
basic amenities/ services-making villages self-reliant /self-sustaining habitat.
 Adopting Co-operative mode--- for planning, designing / construction-
rather than an individual activity-- for bringing operational efficiency
/promoting overall development of rural settlements

 Skilling villagers – in construction / operation / maintenance
 Promoting Building Centres-for skilling rural India in
producing goods/ products used in construction / aiding /
advising beneficiaries
 Rural houses -- planned, designed / constructed- for safety,
against natural / manmade disasters.
  Reinventing/ improving/ upgrading Local materials- in
construction –for longevity/ minimum maintenance .
  Houses viewed in life- cycle cost- rather than initial- cost - for
affordable living.
  New housing- planned/ designed / constructed- in proximity
to existing rural settlement-- making them integral part of social
fabric of existing rural settlement.
  Area allocation to household-- seen in larger context of
living /working- with Cultural habits before designing-
Evaluation made of animals/birds as part of rural living

Way-forward to Approach Rural Houses
Houses designed –to create healthy homes/living- providing adequate air,
light, ventilation, privacy and security..
  Adopting innovations made by Lauri Baker;
 -- combining traditional construction- with modern architecture-
 -Creating cost- effective, environment friendly/structurally sound housing
 -Promoting rat- trap bond-- for bricks walls;
 - minimizing doors; --using/ frameless doors on pivots/
 -- replacing large windows with jaali
 --using corbels or arches / brick on edges instead of beams / lintels
 -sharing common walls/ using lime - for promoting cost -effectiveness.
  Synergizing rural /urban housing -to make optimum use of innovations
made--in design, structures, construction materials, building technologies, ----
---safety of structure – to promote quality housing.
  Creating good quality rural housing stock on continued basis-- to meet
shortage / additional need of housing arising-- due to increased rural
population
 --Using Multiple options for shelter- based on-- affordability,-- family
size,-- shelter requirements-- marital status,-- type of avocation, -- skill, tenure
etc.,

 Retrofitting of existing housing- saving existing stock from dilapidation,
damage and obsolescence. .
 Taking up Regional Planning, District Planning and Metropolitan Planning,
on priority to ensure rural- urban continuum .
 Empowering Panchayati Raj institutions, for land mobilization, selection of
beneficiaries, ensuring quality construction, proper implementation /
monitoring
 Reinventing construction sector-- by creating easy-to-use construction
machinery, pre-fabricated components, using agricultural and industrial by-
product-based construction materials
 Promoting Quality construction involving locally sourced materials/
building techniques -- generating employment
 Involving BMTPC / NBCCL -- made partner in
 - sustainable housing- through technology dissemination; -sourcing /
distribution of cost-effective / sustainable construction materials.
 - Creating state level R&D Agencies in materials, construction, technologies

Way Forward
Evolving Innovative / state of art architectural designs based on :
i. Providing high building/space efficiency,
ii. Optimum utilization of land resource,
iii. Optimising structural design,
iv Using cost-effective building technologies/services,
v Using large prefabricated components
vi Minimising maintenance and upkeep.
• Using locally available building materials
--Promoting cost-effectiveness based on mass producing materials - utilizing
waste.
--Encouraging research /development
- promote industries producing materials from industrial / agricultural waste
-- Using cost-effective materials/ reducing depletion of non-renewable resources
• Adopting co-operative based approach
-- Involving Beneficiaries-Creating co-operative societies of beneficiaries
- for involving stakeholders/ sourcing their support /resources for
- -- creating adequate housing stock,- minimising transfer of units
- - procuring easy loans from financial institutions.

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