Tobacco use is a major public health issue in Egypt, where smoking rates have been increasing significantly in recent decades. Egypt has the highest rates of tobacco consumption in the Middle East/North Africa region, with around 10 million or one in eight Egyptians using tobacco. Tobacco use leads to around 170,000 deaths annually in Egypt. While cigarettes are the most common tobacco product used, cigarette consumption and smoking rates have been rising steadily for decades. This poses enormous health costs and economic burdens, demonstrating the urgent need for tobacco control policies in Egypt.
Smoking has been widespread in Britain since the 16th century, though its health risks were not firmly established until the 1950s. Currently, about 12 million British adults smoke, with rates highest among younger people and those from manual socioeconomic groups. Smoking causes over 100,000 deaths per year in the UK due to increased risks of cancer, heart disease, and respiratory illness. While some believe there are benefits to smoking like stress relief, evidence shows smokers have higher stress levels and that smoking provides only temporary relief through addiction, not actual stress reduction.
World No Tobacco Day is observed annually on May 31st to draw attention to the health hazards of tobacco use and secondhand smoke exposure. It is an initiative of the World Health Organization aimed at encouraging 24 hours of tobacco abstinence worldwide. The day highlights the over 6 million annual deaths caused by tobacco, including 600,000 from non-smokers breathing secondhand smoke. The WHO oversees the annual theme and campaign materials to promote a unified message against tobacco use. The 2016 theme focuses on plain packaging of tobacco products. Events held around the world encourage communities to celebrate in their own way through educational and activist activities.
Nicotine is a highly addictive stimulant found in tobacco. It acts on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain, releasing dopamine and causing dependence. Long term nicotine use can lead to serious health issues like cancer, cardiovascular disease, and addiction. Treatment involves nicotine replacement therapies, medications like varenicline and bupropion, and behavioral therapies to manage withdrawal symptoms and cravings. Managing nicotine dependence requires a combination of pharmacological and psychological approaches.
The document discusses smoking and its consequences. It defines smoking as inhaling the smoke of burned substances like tobacco. It then lists some common reasons why people smoke, such as following the behaviors of parents/friends or managing stress. The document outlines several potential symptoms of smoking, including bad breath, discolored teeth/fingers, and various respiratory issues. It also discusses some serious health consequences of smoking like various cancers, emphysema, and strokes. The document concludes by providing some tips for quitting smoking and sharing smoking statistics.
This document provides an overview of smoking cessation. It begins with an introduction discussing the negative health impacts of smoking and statistics on smoking rates. It then covers the chemical components in cigarettes and negative effects of smoking on various parts of the body. Benefits of smoking cessation are outlined. The document also summarizes several research studies on smoking cessation methods and their effectiveness, including enhanced motivational interviewing versus brief advice, nicotine replacement therapy, and a randomized trial of nicotine replacement therapy patches in pregnancy. Barriers to smoking cessation and electronic cigarettes are also discussed.
The document discusses the health effects of tobacco use and provides advice for quitting smoking. It notes that tobacco use is a leading cause of death globally and is linked to various cancers and respiratory and heart diseases. It then gives tips for creating a quit plan, dealing with withdrawal symptoms, using cessation products, and seeking professional help if needed. The overall document provides information on the dangers of tobacco and guidance for developing a strategy to quit smoking successfully.
World No Tobacco Day is observed annually on May 31st to raise awareness of the threats posed by tobacco consumption and the tobacco industry. The 2017 theme is "Tobacco - a threat to development" which will demonstrate how tobacco undermines public health and economic development. Tobacco is consumed in various forms in India like cigarettes, bidis, gutkha and paan masala. It poses severe health risks like cancer, heart disease, and lung disease and results in premature death. The tobacco industry targets youth and uses misleading marketing techniques to lure new users. Governments and the public must confront the tobacco epidemic through bans on advertising and health education campaigns to save lives and support national development.
1) Tobacco is a plant that releases dangerous chemicals like carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide when burned. It comes in various forms like cigarettes, chewing tobacco, pipes, and cigars.
2) Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable death worldwide and kills over 1 million people annually. It is linked to various cancers, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.
3) Children and non-smokers are negatively impacted by secondhand smoke which increases risks of lung cancer, heart disease, and respiratory illnesses. Pictorial health warnings on tobacco packaging have helped reduce consumption in some countries.
Smoking has been widespread in Britain since the 16th century, though its health risks were not firmly established until the 1950s. Currently, about 12 million British adults smoke, with rates highest among younger people and those from manual socioeconomic groups. Smoking causes over 100,000 deaths per year in the UK due to increased risks of cancer, heart disease, and respiratory illness. While some believe there are benefits to smoking like stress relief, evidence shows smokers have higher stress levels and that smoking provides only temporary relief through addiction, not actual stress reduction.
World No Tobacco Day is observed annually on May 31st to draw attention to the health hazards of tobacco use and secondhand smoke exposure. It is an initiative of the World Health Organization aimed at encouraging 24 hours of tobacco abstinence worldwide. The day highlights the over 6 million annual deaths caused by tobacco, including 600,000 from non-smokers breathing secondhand smoke. The WHO oversees the annual theme and campaign materials to promote a unified message against tobacco use. The 2016 theme focuses on plain packaging of tobacco products. Events held around the world encourage communities to celebrate in their own way through educational and activist activities.
Nicotine is a highly addictive stimulant found in tobacco. It acts on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain, releasing dopamine and causing dependence. Long term nicotine use can lead to serious health issues like cancer, cardiovascular disease, and addiction. Treatment involves nicotine replacement therapies, medications like varenicline and bupropion, and behavioral therapies to manage withdrawal symptoms and cravings. Managing nicotine dependence requires a combination of pharmacological and psychological approaches.
The document discusses smoking and its consequences. It defines smoking as inhaling the smoke of burned substances like tobacco. It then lists some common reasons why people smoke, such as following the behaviors of parents/friends or managing stress. The document outlines several potential symptoms of smoking, including bad breath, discolored teeth/fingers, and various respiratory issues. It also discusses some serious health consequences of smoking like various cancers, emphysema, and strokes. The document concludes by providing some tips for quitting smoking and sharing smoking statistics.
This document provides an overview of smoking cessation. It begins with an introduction discussing the negative health impacts of smoking and statistics on smoking rates. It then covers the chemical components in cigarettes and negative effects of smoking on various parts of the body. Benefits of smoking cessation are outlined. The document also summarizes several research studies on smoking cessation methods and their effectiveness, including enhanced motivational interviewing versus brief advice, nicotine replacement therapy, and a randomized trial of nicotine replacement therapy patches in pregnancy. Barriers to smoking cessation and electronic cigarettes are also discussed.
The document discusses the health effects of tobacco use and provides advice for quitting smoking. It notes that tobacco use is a leading cause of death globally and is linked to various cancers and respiratory and heart diseases. It then gives tips for creating a quit plan, dealing with withdrawal symptoms, using cessation products, and seeking professional help if needed. The overall document provides information on the dangers of tobacco and guidance for developing a strategy to quit smoking successfully.
World No Tobacco Day is observed annually on May 31st to raise awareness of the threats posed by tobacco consumption and the tobacco industry. The 2017 theme is "Tobacco - a threat to development" which will demonstrate how tobacco undermines public health and economic development. Tobacco is consumed in various forms in India like cigarettes, bidis, gutkha and paan masala. It poses severe health risks like cancer, heart disease, and lung disease and results in premature death. The tobacco industry targets youth and uses misleading marketing techniques to lure new users. Governments and the public must confront the tobacco epidemic through bans on advertising and health education campaigns to save lives and support national development.
1) Tobacco is a plant that releases dangerous chemicals like carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide when burned. It comes in various forms like cigarettes, chewing tobacco, pipes, and cigars.
2) Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable death worldwide and kills over 1 million people annually. It is linked to various cancers, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.
3) Children and non-smokers are negatively impacted by secondhand smoke which increases risks of lung cancer, heart disease, and respiratory illnesses. Pictorial health warnings on tobacco packaging have helped reduce consumption in some countries.
This document discusses the dangers of tobacco use and provides information about World No Tobacco Day on May 31st. It notes that tobacco is the single largest preventable cause of death and disability globally. The document then provides details on the history and spread of tobacco use, the various forms of smoking and smokeless tobacco products consumed in India, health effects of tobacco including increased cancer and heart disease risks, and statistics on tobacco use and related deaths in India.
Smoking is now recognized as a chronic, relapsing disorder caused by addiction to nicotine. It has become the leading preventable cause of mortality and morbidity over the years. Tobacco smoking kills approximately 50 lakh (5 million) people in India every year, with 1 death occurring every 6 seconds. Smoking causes numerous life-threatening health issues like cancer, heart disease, strokes, lung disease, premature birth and low birth weight babies, tuberculosis, and vision and bone loss. Quitting smoking significantly reduces health risks over time.
Smoking is highly addictive and causes many serious health risks and diseases. Nicotine is the addictive substance in cigarettes that is as addictive as heroin or cocaine. Teenagers often start smoking due to peer pressure or mistaken beliefs that it makes them look cool or slim. However, smoking can cause cancer, heart disease, COPD and many other illnesses. It is the largest cause of preventable death worldwide. There are many resources available to help people quit smoking such as nicotine replacement therapies and lifestyle changes. Quitting smoking has significant health benefits and is important for both individual and public health.
Tobacco contains highly addictive nicotine and other dangerous chemicals. It is promoted by tobacco companies to get people, especially teens, addicted for profit despite the severe health risks. Smoking causes cancer, heart and lung disease, costs smokers thousands of dollars per year, and leads teens to other risky behaviors. The younger one starts smoking, the more severe and costly the long-term health problems.
This document discusses smoking, including what it is, reasons people start smoking, health effects and consequences of smoking, how nicotine leads to addiction, solutions to reduce smoking rates, and benefits of quitting smoking. It notes that smoking is the practice of inhaling smoke from burned tobacco or other substances, and the most common method is through cigarettes. Smoking can cause various health diseases and is costly. Nicotine is highly addictive and triggers dopamine release, leading to withdrawal symptoms when not smoking. Suggested solutions include increasing cigarette prices, limiting youth access, and raising awareness of health risks through warnings and campaigns. Benefits of quitting include improved health, more energy, savings of money, and better taste/smell.
A presentation created for Pulmonary Rehab to help patients with smoking cessation. Overview of cigarettes, e-cigarettes, triggers, withdrawals, and nicotine replacement therapies.
The document discusses World No Tobacco Day, which is observed annually on May 31st to discourage tobacco use and its health hazards. It aims to help users refrain from tobacco for 24 hours. The summary highlights the negative health impacts of tobacco, including that it kills over 800,000 people yearly in India from diseases like cancer. It also notes that tobacco consumption disproportionately affects the poor and that increased taxes could generate billions for public health programs while reducing use.
This document provides information on a presentation about tobacco. Some key points:
- Smoking remains a leading cause of preventable illness and death in Canada. Saskatchewan has high smoking rates, especially among youth.
- Secondhand and thirdhand smoke harm others exposed to tobacco smoke. Quitting tobacco can be challenging due to nicotine addiction and behavioral factors.
- Healthcare providers should use the 5 A's approach (Ask, Advise, Assess, Assist, Arrange) to counsel patients on quitting smoking. This involves discussing reasons to quit, barriers to quitting, and treatment options like nicotine replacement therapy.
- While some providers may hesitate to counsel patients due to their own smoking status,
World No Tobacco Day is celebrated annually on May 31st to raise awareness about the health risks of tobacco use and advocate for policies to reduce consumption. Tobacco use is the second leading cause of preventable death globally and is projected to kill over 8 million people annually by 2030 if urgent action is not taken. On World No Tobacco Day in 2011, a walk and seminar were held at K E Medical University in Lahore to educate students and doctors about the dangers of tobacco and advocate for smoking bans in medical facilities.
Tobacco is a plant grown for its leaves, which are dried, fermented, and used in various smoked and smokeless tobacco products. Tobacco contains nicotine, an addictive substance. People use tobacco by smoking cigarettes, cigars, pipes, hookahs, or bidis, or by chewing or sniffing smokeless tobacco products. Tobacco smoking causes over 3 million premature deaths per year worldwide. While smoking shortens life and increases health risks, quitting smoking allows the body to begin recovering and reduces risks over time, with cancer risk reduced after 10 years and heart disease risk of a nonsmoker after 15 years without smoking.
world no tabacco day may 31 2019
the meaning, types, causes, variety, health effects, type of diseases, adverse effect, prevention and control , laws and regulation effect towards the tobacco day related awareness to the family, group, community , society etc.
This document discusses drug abuse among military personnel and recommendations for addressing the problem. It defines key terms, examines epidemiology and common drugs abused. Predisposing factors include combat stress, PTSD, and military culture where drinking is accepted. Effects of drug abuse negatively impact duties, family, finances, and health. Treatment involves counseling, rehabilitation, and random drug testing. Prevention prioritizes early mental health support and avoiding lengthy deployments.
Tobacco use is a major public health problem that kills over 5 million people worldwide each year. In Sudan, smoking prevalence among males is around 24% compared to only 2% among females. There are effective tobacco control strategies available through the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) including tax increases, advertising bans, smoke-free laws, health warnings on packages, and cessation support. Quitting tobacco has significant health, economic, and social benefits for individuals and their families.
This document provides information about the negative health effects of smoking through statistics and facts. It notes that over 1.3 billion people worldwide smoke, resulting in nearly 5 million deaths per year globally from tobacco-related illnesses. In India specifically, it is estimated that 635,000 people die from tobacco each year, with smoking causing cancers, heart disease, and other serious health issues. The document also outlines the over 4,000 chemicals found in cigarette smoke, many of which are carcinogenic, and explains the increased risks of various cancers and diseases that smoking poses. It provides advice on ways to quit smoking and the health benefits of doing so.
Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of death in the United States, killing over 400,000 Americans each year from diseases like lung cancer, heart disease, and stroke. Tobacco contains over 7,000 chemicals, including nicotine, tar, carbon monoxide, ammonia, and arsenic. While tobacco companies promote myths that some tobacco products like cigars, hookahs, and cloves are safer, all tobacco products are addictive and cause serious health issues. Quitting smoking can significantly reduce health risks, and medications and support groups can help in quitting.
GPCS organised a short awareness programme on World No Tobacco Day on 31st May 2021. Apart from 31 NCC Cadets, more than 50 senior students were also present. The programme was concluded with Pledge taking movement.
Tobacco contains over 4000 chemicals, including 63 known carcinogens. Smoking is highly addictive due to nicotine and kills more people worldwide than AIDS, automobile accidents, alcohol, fires, homicides, suicides, and drug overdoses combined. Starting at a young age puts one at high risk of lifelong addiction and negative health consequences, including various cancers and premature death. Secondhand smoke also endangers others, especially infants and children. Quitting smoking has significant health benefits.
This document discusses tobacco control efforts in the Bankura district of West Bengal, India. It outlines the formation of coordination committees at the district and block levels to implement smoke-free policies. Activities completed so far include establishing the District Level Coordination Committee and Monitoring Committee, as well as an enforcement squad. Block level coordination committees have also been formed. The goal is to declare all establishments smoke-free through formal notifications, install signage, and conduct regular raids through enforcement squads. Support from the state health department will help strengthen tobacco control programs going forward.
1. Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of death worldwide, killing over 6 million people annually. This number is projected to rise to over 8 million deaths by 2030.
2. Cigarettes contain over 4,800 chemicals, including 69 that cause cancer. Smoking causes diseases like lung cancer, emphysema, and heart disease and reduces life expectancy by 10-14 years on average.
3. Secondhand smoke kills over 600,000 non-smokers annually through diseases like lung cancer and heart disease. Children exposed to secondhand smoke are also at risk for health issues.
Tobacco use is a major global health challenge and the leading preventable cause of death worldwide. Smoking causes many diseases and is responsible for over 5 million deaths annually, a number that is projected to rise to over 8 million by 2030. The burden of tobacco-related deaths is shifting from developed to developing countries, where over 80% of the world's smokers will soon reside.
The document summarizes the WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2008. It outlines that tobacco use kills over 5 million people per year and could kill over 1 billion people this century if urgent action is not taken. It presents MPOWER, a package of 6 policies recommended by the WHO to help countries implement the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: Monitor tobacco use; Protect from secondhand smoke; Offer help to quit; Warn about dangers; Enforce advertising bans; and Raise taxes. However, implementation of these policies remains limited, with only 5% of the global population currently protected by comprehensive smoke-free laws and advertising bans. Increased efforts are needed to curb the tobacco epidemic.
This document discusses the dangers of tobacco use and provides information about World No Tobacco Day on May 31st. It notes that tobacco is the single largest preventable cause of death and disability globally. The document then provides details on the history and spread of tobacco use, the various forms of smoking and smokeless tobacco products consumed in India, health effects of tobacco including increased cancer and heart disease risks, and statistics on tobacco use and related deaths in India.
Smoking is now recognized as a chronic, relapsing disorder caused by addiction to nicotine. It has become the leading preventable cause of mortality and morbidity over the years. Tobacco smoking kills approximately 50 lakh (5 million) people in India every year, with 1 death occurring every 6 seconds. Smoking causes numerous life-threatening health issues like cancer, heart disease, strokes, lung disease, premature birth and low birth weight babies, tuberculosis, and vision and bone loss. Quitting smoking significantly reduces health risks over time.
Smoking is highly addictive and causes many serious health risks and diseases. Nicotine is the addictive substance in cigarettes that is as addictive as heroin or cocaine. Teenagers often start smoking due to peer pressure or mistaken beliefs that it makes them look cool or slim. However, smoking can cause cancer, heart disease, COPD and many other illnesses. It is the largest cause of preventable death worldwide. There are many resources available to help people quit smoking such as nicotine replacement therapies and lifestyle changes. Quitting smoking has significant health benefits and is important for both individual and public health.
Tobacco contains highly addictive nicotine and other dangerous chemicals. It is promoted by tobacco companies to get people, especially teens, addicted for profit despite the severe health risks. Smoking causes cancer, heart and lung disease, costs smokers thousands of dollars per year, and leads teens to other risky behaviors. The younger one starts smoking, the more severe and costly the long-term health problems.
This document discusses smoking, including what it is, reasons people start smoking, health effects and consequences of smoking, how nicotine leads to addiction, solutions to reduce smoking rates, and benefits of quitting smoking. It notes that smoking is the practice of inhaling smoke from burned tobacco or other substances, and the most common method is through cigarettes. Smoking can cause various health diseases and is costly. Nicotine is highly addictive and triggers dopamine release, leading to withdrawal symptoms when not smoking. Suggested solutions include increasing cigarette prices, limiting youth access, and raising awareness of health risks through warnings and campaigns. Benefits of quitting include improved health, more energy, savings of money, and better taste/smell.
A presentation created for Pulmonary Rehab to help patients with smoking cessation. Overview of cigarettes, e-cigarettes, triggers, withdrawals, and nicotine replacement therapies.
The document discusses World No Tobacco Day, which is observed annually on May 31st to discourage tobacco use and its health hazards. It aims to help users refrain from tobacco for 24 hours. The summary highlights the negative health impacts of tobacco, including that it kills over 800,000 people yearly in India from diseases like cancer. It also notes that tobacco consumption disproportionately affects the poor and that increased taxes could generate billions for public health programs while reducing use.
This document provides information on a presentation about tobacco. Some key points:
- Smoking remains a leading cause of preventable illness and death in Canada. Saskatchewan has high smoking rates, especially among youth.
- Secondhand and thirdhand smoke harm others exposed to tobacco smoke. Quitting tobacco can be challenging due to nicotine addiction and behavioral factors.
- Healthcare providers should use the 5 A's approach (Ask, Advise, Assess, Assist, Arrange) to counsel patients on quitting smoking. This involves discussing reasons to quit, barriers to quitting, and treatment options like nicotine replacement therapy.
- While some providers may hesitate to counsel patients due to their own smoking status,
World No Tobacco Day is celebrated annually on May 31st to raise awareness about the health risks of tobacco use and advocate for policies to reduce consumption. Tobacco use is the second leading cause of preventable death globally and is projected to kill over 8 million people annually by 2030 if urgent action is not taken. On World No Tobacco Day in 2011, a walk and seminar were held at K E Medical University in Lahore to educate students and doctors about the dangers of tobacco and advocate for smoking bans in medical facilities.
Tobacco is a plant grown for its leaves, which are dried, fermented, and used in various smoked and smokeless tobacco products. Tobacco contains nicotine, an addictive substance. People use tobacco by smoking cigarettes, cigars, pipes, hookahs, or bidis, or by chewing or sniffing smokeless tobacco products. Tobacco smoking causes over 3 million premature deaths per year worldwide. While smoking shortens life and increases health risks, quitting smoking allows the body to begin recovering and reduces risks over time, with cancer risk reduced after 10 years and heart disease risk of a nonsmoker after 15 years without smoking.
world no tabacco day may 31 2019
the meaning, types, causes, variety, health effects, type of diseases, adverse effect, prevention and control , laws and regulation effect towards the tobacco day related awareness to the family, group, community , society etc.
This document discusses drug abuse among military personnel and recommendations for addressing the problem. It defines key terms, examines epidemiology and common drugs abused. Predisposing factors include combat stress, PTSD, and military culture where drinking is accepted. Effects of drug abuse negatively impact duties, family, finances, and health. Treatment involves counseling, rehabilitation, and random drug testing. Prevention prioritizes early mental health support and avoiding lengthy deployments.
Tobacco use is a major public health problem that kills over 5 million people worldwide each year. In Sudan, smoking prevalence among males is around 24% compared to only 2% among females. There are effective tobacco control strategies available through the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) including tax increases, advertising bans, smoke-free laws, health warnings on packages, and cessation support. Quitting tobacco has significant health, economic, and social benefits for individuals and their families.
This document provides information about the negative health effects of smoking through statistics and facts. It notes that over 1.3 billion people worldwide smoke, resulting in nearly 5 million deaths per year globally from tobacco-related illnesses. In India specifically, it is estimated that 635,000 people die from tobacco each year, with smoking causing cancers, heart disease, and other serious health issues. The document also outlines the over 4,000 chemicals found in cigarette smoke, many of which are carcinogenic, and explains the increased risks of various cancers and diseases that smoking poses. It provides advice on ways to quit smoking and the health benefits of doing so.
Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of death in the United States, killing over 400,000 Americans each year from diseases like lung cancer, heart disease, and stroke. Tobacco contains over 7,000 chemicals, including nicotine, tar, carbon monoxide, ammonia, and arsenic. While tobacco companies promote myths that some tobacco products like cigars, hookahs, and cloves are safer, all tobacco products are addictive and cause serious health issues. Quitting smoking can significantly reduce health risks, and medications and support groups can help in quitting.
GPCS organised a short awareness programme on World No Tobacco Day on 31st May 2021. Apart from 31 NCC Cadets, more than 50 senior students were also present. The programme was concluded with Pledge taking movement.
Tobacco contains over 4000 chemicals, including 63 known carcinogens. Smoking is highly addictive due to nicotine and kills more people worldwide than AIDS, automobile accidents, alcohol, fires, homicides, suicides, and drug overdoses combined. Starting at a young age puts one at high risk of lifelong addiction and negative health consequences, including various cancers and premature death. Secondhand smoke also endangers others, especially infants and children. Quitting smoking has significant health benefits.
This document discusses tobacco control efforts in the Bankura district of West Bengal, India. It outlines the formation of coordination committees at the district and block levels to implement smoke-free policies. Activities completed so far include establishing the District Level Coordination Committee and Monitoring Committee, as well as an enforcement squad. Block level coordination committees have also been formed. The goal is to declare all establishments smoke-free through formal notifications, install signage, and conduct regular raids through enforcement squads. Support from the state health department will help strengthen tobacco control programs going forward.
1. Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of death worldwide, killing over 6 million people annually. This number is projected to rise to over 8 million deaths by 2030.
2. Cigarettes contain over 4,800 chemicals, including 69 that cause cancer. Smoking causes diseases like lung cancer, emphysema, and heart disease and reduces life expectancy by 10-14 years on average.
3. Secondhand smoke kills over 600,000 non-smokers annually through diseases like lung cancer and heart disease. Children exposed to secondhand smoke are also at risk for health issues.
Tobacco use is a major global health challenge and the leading preventable cause of death worldwide. Smoking causes many diseases and is responsible for over 5 million deaths annually, a number that is projected to rise to over 8 million by 2030. The burden of tobacco-related deaths is shifting from developed to developing countries, where over 80% of the world's smokers will soon reside.
The document summarizes the WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2008. It outlines that tobacco use kills over 5 million people per year and could kill over 1 billion people this century if urgent action is not taken. It presents MPOWER, a package of 6 policies recommended by the WHO to help countries implement the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: Monitor tobacco use; Protect from secondhand smoke; Offer help to quit; Warn about dangers; Enforce advertising bans; and Raise taxes. However, implementation of these policies remains limited, with only 5% of the global population currently protected by comprehensive smoke-free laws and advertising bans. Increased efforts are needed to curb the tobacco epidemic.
This document discusses global health problems, with a focus on non-communicable diseases (NCDs). It notes that NCDs account for 60% of deaths worldwide and this proportion is projected to rise to 73% by 2020. The four main NCDs are cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases, and diabetes. Tobacco use is a major risk factor and the burden of tobacco-related deaths is shifting to developing countries. Chronic respiratory diseases affect over 1 billion people and 4 million people die from them each year. Most NCDs can be prevented or treated by reducing the shared risk factors of tobacco use, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and harmful alcohol use.
1. Tobacco use causes over 10 million deaths annually worldwide and is projected to cause over 10 million deaths by 2030 according to WHO estimates. Tobacco use is responsible for various cancers as well as cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.
2. The Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act of 2003 in India includes provisions that ban smoking in public places, prohibit tobacco advertisements and sale to minors, and mandate health warnings on tobacco packaging. These types of tobacco control policies have been shown to effectively reduce tobacco consumption and smoking rates.
3. Increasing taxes and prices on tobacco products is an important demand-reduction strategy as it can lead to over a 40 million reduction in smokers and over 10 million fewer tobacco-related deaths globally according to
The document discusses the growing global tobacco epidemic and the international response. It outlines how tobacco companies have expanded globally through free trade policies and marketing. The tobacco industry lobbies governments to protect profits. Tobacco use impoverishes individuals, families and countries by reducing spending on necessities, increasing healthcare costs, and lowering productivity. The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) was established as the first international public health treaty to address these issues. Civil society organizations play a key role in supporting FCTC ratification and implementation.
The document discusses the growing global tobacco epidemic and the international response. It outlines how tobacco companies have expanded globally through free trade policies and marketing. The tobacco industry lobbies governments to protect profits. Tobacco use impoverishes individuals, families and countries by reducing spending on necessities, increasing healthcare costs, and lowering productivity. The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) was established as the first international public health treaty to address these issues. Civil society organizations play a key role in supporting FCTC ratification and implementation.
Tobacco use causes over 6 million preventable deaths annually worldwide. Tobacco accounts for more than 16% of male and 7% of female deaths globally each year. If efforts to reduce noncommunicable diseases are a priority, then reducing tobacco use must also be a priority given its devastating health impacts and that it remains the leading cause of preventable death. Evidence-based solutions outlined in international agreements and reports, such as tax increases, clean indoor air laws, advertising bans and graphic health warnings, are necessary to address the enormous global public health challenge posed by tobacco.
Globally, tobacco use causes over 6 million preventable deaths annually, with over 80% of these deaths occurring in low and middle income countries. Tobacco smoking harms nearly every organ in the body and causes more cancer deaths than any other single cause. Secondhand smoke exposure also kills over 600,000 people per year, mostly women and children. While tobacco use was once primarily a problem in high-income countries, consumption is now shifting to low and middle income regions, driven in large part by the tobacco industry's aggressive marketing practices in Asia and Africa. Strong evidence-based solutions outlined by the WHO FCTC are needed to curb the devastating global health and economic impacts of the tobacco epidemic.
Global Effects of Smoking, of Quitting,
and of Taxing Tobacco
Prabhat Jha, M.D., D.Phil., and Richard Peto, F.R.S.
From the Center for Global Health Research,
St. Michael’s Hospital and Dalla
Lana School of Public Health, University
of Toronto, Toronto (P.J.); and the Clinical
Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological
Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population
Health, Richard Doll Building, University
of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
(R.P.). Address reprint requests to Dr. Jha
at prabhat.jha@utoronto.ca.
Health effects of Smoking and tobacco use.pptxidris977926
Smoking causes cancer, heart disease, stroke, lung diseases, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Smoking also increases risk for tuberculosis, certain eye diseases, and problems of the immune system, including rheumatoid arthritis
Hp1 1 the tobacco altas 10th anniversay Alexander Li
The document summarizes a presentation about the 10th anniversary of the Tobacco Atlas. It discusses the global tobacco epidemic from public health, economic, and political perspectives. Some key points include that tobacco causes over 6 million deaths per year, with over 80% of deaths occurring in low and middle income countries. It also discusses trends in tobacco consumption, production, and control policies around the world. The Tobacco Atlas is presented as a tool to empower advocates and inspire policymakers to take action against the tobacco epidemic.
The document discusses the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in tobacco control. It notes that tobacco kills over 4 million people per year worldwide and discusses factors that influence tobacco use. It emphasizes that NGOs have an important role to play in tobacco control efforts through advocacy, education, and policy work to reduce tobacco use and its health impacts.
The document discusses the global impact of tobacco use on health and the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in tobacco control. Tobacco kills over 4 million people per year worldwide and smoking-related deaths are projected to rise significantly if trends continue. NGOs play an important role in raising awareness about the health risks of tobacco, advocating for tobacco control policies, and helping to reduce tobacco use.
The document discusses the global tobacco epidemic, noting that tobacco use causes over 6 million preventable deaths annually, with over 80% of these deaths occurring in low and middle income countries. It provides statistics on smoking rates and deaths caused by smoking globally and in Brazil, as well as information about tobacco production, the tobacco industry's profits, and evidence-based solutions for tobacco control. Brazil is highlighted as a leader in implementing policies like graphic health warnings and restrictions on flavorings to reduce tobacco use.
The indiantobaccocontrolact a-publichealthimperativeAkash Varaiya
The document discusses the global toll of tobacco, which is projected to rise from 5 million deaths in 2002 to 10 million deaths by 2030 according to the WHO. Key points include: cigarette smoke contains over 4000 poisons; tobacco is linked to various cancers as well as cardiovascular and respiratory diseases; secondhand smoke increases cancer and heart disease risks; and tobacco control policies like price increases and public smoking bans have been shown to effectively reduce tobacco consumption and associated health risks.
Bekir Keskinkılıç- NCDs – A Global ChallengeExpo2020izmir
This document discusses non-communicable diseases (NCDs) as a global challenge. Some key points:
- NCDs such as heart disease, cancer, diabetes and respiratory diseases cause over 36 million deaths annually, more than 63% of all deaths globally.
- Risk factors for NCDs like tobacco use, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity and alcohol are largely preventable through effective interventions.
- Physical inactivity alone causes over 6% of deaths worldwide and contributes to many forms of cancer and heart disease. Obesity rates have also nearly doubled globally since 1980.
Tobacco smoking has been practiced for thousands of years and involves burning tobacco leaves and inhaling the smoke. While tobacco originated in the Americas, it spread to Europe and Asia in the 17th century. Tobacco smoking can cause various diseases such as lung cancer, heart disease, and chronic bronchitis. Over 25 diseases are caused or exacerbated by smoking. The World Health Organization works to implement tobacco control policies through the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control to reduce both the supply and demand of tobacco products globally.
The document discusses facts about gender and tobacco use. It notes that approximately 200 million of the world's one billion smokers are women, and the tobacco industry aggressively markets to women. Tobacco use harms women and men differently, with approximately 1.5 million women dying each year from tobacco use. Understanding and controlling tobacco use among women is an important part of effective tobacco control strategies.
1) Smoking is linked to tobacco and was originally used by Native Americans, but spread worldwide during imperialism as many governments relied on tobacco tax revenue.
2) Tobacco smoking causes numerous health issues like lung cancer, heart disease, and other cancers due to chemicals like tar and nicotine. It increases blood pressure and negatively impacts fetal development.
3) Tobacco kills over 6 million people worldwide annually, draining $500 billion from the global economy. Banning tobacco advertisements and prohibiting smoking in public places in many countries has helped reduce smoking, but stronger implementation of laws is still needed.
The document provides 20 facts about smoking and its harmful effects:
1) The number of smokers worldwide is expected to increase to 1.9 billion by 3144 if current trends continue.
2) China has 300 billion smokers who consume 367 trillion cigarettes per second.
3) Worldwide, 5 trillion cigarettes are produced annually, many of which end up as toxic litter. Smoking contains chemicals like benzene, hydrogen cyanide, radioactive lead and polonium, and "whale vomit".
How to get your taste and smell back after covid-19?Ashraf ElAdawy
- 30-80% of COVID patients experience loss of smell (anosmia) and taste, which usually recover within 1-4 weeks as the virus damages supporting cells in the nose rather than sensory neurons directly.
- For most, smell and taste return fully within 6 months but 5-10% experience long-term issues. Olfactory training over 12 weeks can help 30-50% of these patients and is recommended.
- The loss of smell is generally milder in patients with mild COVID cases versus moderate-severe cases and anosmia is often the first symptom, with smell usually returning as the infection clears.
This document discusses several topics related to influenza vaccination:
1. It explains that even healthy individuals who have avoided the flu in the past are still at risk each year and should get vaccinated, as flu strains evolve over time.
2. It describes the difference between trivalent and quadrivalent flu vaccines, with quadrivalent vaccines protecting against two influenza A strains and two B strains.
3. It notes that yearly flu vaccines are needed because immunity decreases over time and flu viruses can drift, requiring reformulation of the vaccine each season to match circulating strains.
Brain fog, insomnia, and stress: Coping after COVIDAshraf ElAdawy
Brain fog is difficulty thinking and concentrating that can worsen with fatigue. It's important to recognize these issues and manage them through pacing activities, minimizing distractions, and using memory aids and reminders. Relaxation techniques can help control anxiety from brain fog and conserve limited energy during recovery.
1. The document discusses fatigue experienced by some COVID patients, known as "Long COVID". It describes physical and mental fatigue and strategies to manage it.
2. It recommends activity pacing and graded exercise therapy. Activity pacing involves structuring activities with rest periods to avoid excessive mental or physical fatigue. Graded exercise therapy slowly increases the amount or intensity of exercise over time.
3. The strategies aim to help patients pace themselves and prioritize tasks based on their energy levels, taking rest breaks as needed to avoid running their "battery" flat and worsening their symptoms.
1. The document provides guidance for managing breathlessness after recovering from COVID-19, including breathing techniques and exercises to build strength gradually.
2. It recommends starting physical activity slowly and pacing oneself to avoid exacerbating breathlessness. Specific positions, breathing exercises, and home exercises are outlined.
3. Pacing activities by breaking them into smaller, achievable parts and alternating with rest is emphasized as an effective strategy for managing breathlessness and making steady progress.
Long COVID, also known as post-COVID syndrome, refers to symptoms that persist for weeks or months after the initial COVID-19 infection. It is estimated that 10-30% of COVID patients experience long COVID symptoms even if their initial infection was mild. Anyone who has had COVID, regardless of severity, can potentially develop long COVID. Symptoms may include fatigue, brain fog, muscle pain and other issues affecting multiple systems. The exact causes are unknown but may involve direct organ damage from the initial infection or an immune response. There are currently no treatments, only management of symptoms, and vaccination may help prevent long COVID by preventing initial COVID infection.
This document discusses the link between COVID-19 and tuberculosis (TB). It notes that COVID-19 disruptions have severely impacted TB treatment and care. It discusses whether TB increases risk for COVID-19 or vice versa, and notes that lung damage from TB may increase COVID-19 risk. The use of corticosteroids for COVID-19 could increase risk of reactivating latent TB infections. Screening for both diseases is recommended. Managing both diseases simultaneously may require continued TB treatment. Vaccines for both are generally safe and should not be delayed. Certain drug interactions between TB and COVID-19 treatments are also discussed.
COVID-19 : A look at possible future Scenarios? Ashraf ElAdawy
This document outlines 3 possible scenarios for the future course of the COVID-19 pandemic over the next 18-24 months according to medical experts: 1) alternating smaller peaks and valleys gradually diminishing over time, 2) a large second wave in fall/winter followed by smaller waves in 2021 similar to the 1918 flu, or 3) a "slow burn" of ongoing low-level transmission. The worst case scenario is a massive second wave exceeding the initial outbreak, overwhelming healthcare systems. Ongoing social distancing measures may be needed intermittently into 2022. Lifting lockdowns does not mean the end of COVID-19, which could remain for months or years until a vaccine is developed.
Asthma, COPD with COVID-19: What should HCPs need to know?Ashraf ElAdawy
People with asthma and lung conditions are at higher risk for severe illness from COVID-19. While asthma alone may not increase risk of contracting the virus, poorly controlled asthma can lead to worse outcomes. It is important for those with asthma to continue controller medications like inhaled corticosteroids and use oral steroids for exacerbations. Nebulizers should be avoided outside the home due to increased risk of transmission. Symptoms of asthma exacerbation can mimic COVID-19, but fever is more indicative of the virus. Face masks may be difficult for some with severe asthma but provide protection if able to be tolerated.
Novel coronavirus (COVID-2019) What we need to know?Ashraf ElAdawy
By February 11, 2020, there were over 44,000 confirmed cases of the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) globally, with the vast majority in China. Coronaviruses are a group of viruses that can infect humans and animals and cause respiratory illnesses. This particular strain was first identified in Wuhan, China in late 2019 and is believed to have originated in bats. Researchers recommend collecting respiratory samples like sputum, as well as serum samples, from suspected cases to test for the virus. As of February 15, 2020, over 1,400 people had died from the virus.
The document provides background information on coronaviruses and the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak that began in Wuhan, China in late 2019. It discusses coronaviruses in general, describing their structure and how some have evolved to infect humans. It then summarizes details about the initial 2019-nCoV outbreak cases linked to a seafood market, the virus's origins in bats and possible intermediate hosts, its spread between humans, and global responses to the outbreak.
The document discusses reasons for poor asthma control and strategies for improving inhaler technique and medication adherence. Some key points include:
- Poor asthma control can be due to incorrect diagnosis, improper inhaler technique, smoking, comorbid rhinitis, nonadherence to treatment, or inadequate treatment.
- Healthcare providers need proper training to effectively educate patients on correct inhaler use.
- Factors like particle size, inspiratory flow, and inhaler technique affect lung deposition and treatment effectiveness.
- Common inhaler devices include pressurized metered dose inhalers, dry powder inhalers, and soft mist inhalers. Proper priming, shaking, exhal
Asthma Medications in Clinical Practice - Part 2Ashraf ElAdawy
1. Montelukast (Singulair) is a leukotriene receptor antagonist used as a maintenance treatment for asthma. It comes in several formulations including chewable tablets and oral granules.
2. It should be taken once daily in the evening with or without food. Clinical trials show efficacy when taken in the evening, and morning dosing has not been evaluated.
3. The recommended pediatric dose is one 5mg chewable tablet daily for children aged 6-14. Higher doses have not been evaluated for safety in children and are not recommended.
1. The document outlines the GINA treatment steps for asthma management, which involve a stepwise approach to treatment based on asthma severity and control.
2. It begins with Step 1 involving use of a short-acting beta 2 agonist as needed and considers adding regular low-dose inhaled corticosteroids.
3. Steps then involve adding controllers as symptoms are not well controlled, such as low-dose inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting beta 2 agonists in Step 2, and medium-dose controllers in Steps 3 and 4. Step 5 involves referral to specialist care for add-on treatments.
Updates on pharmacological management of COPD 2020Ashraf ElAdawy
The document summarizes guidelines from the 2019 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) report on the diagnosis and management of COPD. It outlines recommendations for initial pharmacological treatment based on a patient's classification into GOLD groups A-D. It also describes a new management cycle approach for follow-up treatment based on symptoms and exacerbations rather than GOLD group. Blood eosinophil counts are also introduced to help guide treatment choices, particularly the use of inhaled corticosteroids.
Asthma Medications in Clinical Practice - Part 1Ashraf ElAdawy
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways that cannot be cured but can be controlled. While medications are available to manage asthma, over half of patients still have poor control of their symptoms. Asthma deaths are preventable but still occur due to inappropriate management such as overreliance on reliever medications instead of preventer medications. The goal of asthma treatment is to control the disease through the stepwise use of controller medications such as inhaled corticosteroids in combination with reliever medications as needed. Proper inhaler technique and medication adherence are important for achieving optimal asthma control.
The document discusses metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs). It describes how pMDIs work by mixing active ingredients with propellants in a pressurized canister. When the actuator is pressed, a dose is released into the mouthpiece for inhalation. Key components include the canister, propellants, metering valve, and actuator. The document also covers priming pMDIs, proper inhaler technique, storage, advantages and limitations.
Pneumococcal vaccine in adults “Clinical Scenarios”Ashraf ElAdawy
This document provides information about Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus), including its transmission, colonization, clinical syndromes, risk groups, and vaccines for prevention. Some key points:
- Pneumococcus is a gram-positive bacterium commonly found in the respiratory tract. It has a polysaccharide capsule that helps it evade the immune system.
- Transmission occurs via respiratory droplets from carriers or those infected. Colonization often occurs without symptoms.
- It can cause pneumonia, bacteremia, and meningitis with varying case fatality rates. Those at highest risk are young children, older adults, and those with underlying conditions.
- The vaccines are PCV13
Pneumococcal vaccine in adults with CKD “Clinical Scenarios”Ashraf ElAdawy
The patient is a 50-year-old man with stage 5 chronic kidney disease who is interested in kidney replacement therapy options. His preference is preemptive kidney transplantation as he has a potential donor undergoing evaluation. If transplantation is not an option, he has decided on peritoneal dialysis. Given his symptoms and worsening kidney function, the doctor recommends starting kidney replacement therapy and referring him for peritoneal dialysis catheter insertion pending the donor's evaluation. The doctor should recommend pneumococcal and influenza vaccines given the patient's risk factors of chronic kidney disease and potential immunosuppression from transplantation or dialysis.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
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Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
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3. ByBy
Dr . Ashraf El-AdawyDr . Ashraf El-Adawy
Consultant Chest PhyscianConsultant Chest Physcian
TB TEAM Expert - WHOTB TEAM Expert - WHO
EgyptEgypt
4.
5. Tobacco is one of the greatestTobacco is one of the greatest
emerging health disasters inemerging health disasters in
human historyhuman history
Harlem Brundtland, former Director- General , World Health Organization (1998) Dr Gro
8. Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause
of death in the world today, killing around
six million people a year- an average of one
person every six seconds
World Health Organization
9. In the 20th
century, smoking caused an estimated
100 million deaths worldwide.
In the 21st
century, if current usage patterns persist,
smoking will cause approximately 1 billion deaths
Peto R, Lopez AD. Future worldwide health effects of current smoking patterns.
In: Koop CD, Pearson C, Schwarz MR, eds. Critical issues in global health.
New York, NY: Jossey-Bass; 2001.
11. Global cigarette consumptionGlobal cigarette consumption
Billions of sticks, 1880-2000Billions of sticks, 1880-2000
10 20 50 100
300
600
1,000
1,686
2,150
3,112
4,388
5,419 5,500
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Billionsofcigarettes
1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Year
Source: The Tobacco Atlas, World Health Organization 2002.
12. WHO World Health Report .Tobacco Atlas .2008.
Global Cigarette ConsumptionGlobal Cigarette Consumption
13. The number of smokers in the world, estimated at 1.3
billion, about one in three adults,in the world smoke
regularly.
It is estimated to rise to 1.7 billion by 2025 if the global
prevalence of tobacco use remains unchanged
Of these current smokers , about 80 percent live in
low- or middle income countries.
WHO World Health Report, 2003
GLOBAL TRENDS INGLOBAL TRENDS IN
TOBACCO USETOBACCO USE
14. AdolescentsAdolescents
Tobacco fact sheet. August 2000 http://tobaccofreekids.org/campaign/global/docs/facts.pdf
Every day, up to 100,000 young people globally
become addicted to tobacco
50%
of young people who
continue to smoke will
die from smoking
World Health Organization. The Tobacco Atlas. http://www.who.int/tobacco/statistics/tobacco_atlas/en
16. 82.8
809.7
114.8
24.2
114.7
75.9
0 200 400 600 800 1,000
Smokers (millions)
Women
Men
Most smokers in 2000 lived in economicallyMost smokers in 2000 lived in economically
developing countriesdeveloping countries
Guindon GE, Boisclar D. Past, Current and Future Trends in Tobacco use. HNP discussion paper: Economics of Tobacco Control Paper No. 6; March 2003
Developed countries
Japan, Canada, US, Australia,
New Zealand, Western Europe
(24 countries)
Transitional
countries
Former Soviet bloc / Eastern
Europe (23 countries)
Developing
countries
(84 countries)
17. Past and Future Annual Deaths due toPast and Future Annual Deaths due to
Tobacco UseTobacco Use
0.3 0 0.3
1.3
0.2
1.5
2.12.1
4.2
3
7
10
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1950 1975 2000 2025-2030
Developed
Developing
World
18. By 2030, 7 of every 10 tobacco attributable deaths
projected to be in developing countries
Tobacco deaths 2000
Developed 2million
Developing 2million
The global burden of deaths from tobaccoThe global burden of deaths from tobacco
is shifting from developed tois shifting from developed to
developing countriesdeveloping countries
Tobacco deaths 2030
3million
7million
World Health Organization. 1999. Making a Difference. World Health Report. 1999.
Geneva, Switzerland
19. Where is the burden increasing the fastest,
1990 to 2020?
India
+1400%Middle
Eastern
Crescent
+700%
India
+1400%Middle
Eastern
Crescent
+700%
Latin
American
and
Caribbean
+300%
India
+1400%
India
+1400%Middle
Eastern
Crescent
+700%
Latin
American
and
Caribbean
+300%
Other Asia
and Islands
+250%
India
+1400%Middle
Eastern
Crescent
+700%
Latin
American
and
Caribbean
+300%
Sub-
Saharan
Africa
+200%
Other Asia
and Islands
+250%
India
+1400%Middle
Eastern
Crescent
+700%
Latin
American
and
Caribbean
+300%
Sub-
Saharan
Africa
+200%
Other Asia
and Islands
+250%
China
+175%
India
+1400%Middle
Eastern
Crescent
+700%
Latin
American
and
Caribbean
+300%
Sub-
Saharan
Africa
+200%
Other Asia
and Islands
+250%
China
+175%
Formerly Socialist
Economies of Europe
+120%
India
+1400%Middle
Eastern
Crescent
+700%
Latin
American
and
Caribbean
+300%
Sub-
Saharan
Africa
+200%
Other Asia
and Islands
+250%
China
+175%
Formerly Socialist
Economies of Europe
+120%
Established Market
Economies
+18%
20. Deaths attributed to tobacco use in 1990Deaths attributed to tobacco use in 1990
& 2020 by region& 2020 by region
Deaths (millions( Change
Region 1990 2020 absolute %
China 0.8 2.2 +1.4 +175%
India 0.1 1.5 +1.4 +1400%
Middle Eastern Crescent 0.1 0.8 +0.7 +700%
Formerly Socialist Economies of Europe 0.5 1.1 +0.6 +120%
Other Asia and Islands 0.2 0.7 +0.5 +250%
Latin America and Caribbean 0.1 0.4 +0.3 +300%
Sub-Saharan Africa 0.1 0.3 +0.2 +200%
Established Market Economies 1.1 1.3 +0.2 +18%
World 3.0 8.4 +5.4 +180%
Murray CJL, Lopez AD. Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990-2020: Global Burden of Disease Study
21. Middle East
Australia & New Zealand
Africa (mainly south Africa)
South America
Southeast Asia & Japan
South Asia
China
Central & eastern Europe
Western Europe
North America
45.5%
44.8%
38.9%
38.3%
37.4%
36.2%
35.9%
30.2%
29.3%
26.1%
Population attributable risks associated with smoking by geographic region
INTERHEART ; Lancet 2004;364:937-52
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
22.
23. Globally, 60% of all deaths are due to NCDsGlobally, 60% of all deaths are due to NCDs
24. Noncommunicable Diseases
4 Diseases, 4 Modifiable Shared Risk Factors
Tobacco
Use
Unhealthy
diets
Physical
Inactivity
Harmful
Use of
Alcohol
Cardio-
vascular
Diabetes
Cancer
Chronic
Respiratory
25. 2005 2006-2015 (cumulative)
Geographical
regions (WHO
classification(
Total
deaths
(millions(
NCD
deaths
(millions(
NCD
deaths
(millions(
Trend: Death
from infectious
disease
Trend: Death
from NCD
Africa 10.8 2.5 28 +6% +27%
Americas 6.2 4.8 53 -8% +17%
Eastern
Mediterranean 4.3 2.2 25 -10% +25%
Europe 9.8 8.5 88 +7% +4%
South-East Asia 14.7 8.0 89 -16% +21%
Western Pacific 12.4 9.7 105 +1 +20%
Total 58.2 35.7 388 -3% +17%
Noncommunicable Diseases (2006-2015)
Death trends (2006-2015)
WHO projects that over the next 10 years, the largest increase in
deaths from cardiovascular disease, cancer, respiratory disease and
diabetes will occur in developing countries.
26. Noncommunicable diseases in developing countries
are a major public health and socio-economic problem
The major challenge to development
in the 21st
century
27. WHO Report 2005, Preventing chronic diseases: a vital investment
The failure to use available knowledge about
chronic disease prevention and control
endangers future generations
29. Reducing NCD risk factors
•Bangladesh
•Brazil
•China
•Egypt
•India
•Indonesia
•Mexico
•Pakistan
Reducing the level of exposure of
individuals and populations to tobacco
use
Technical assistance package to implement
the WHO FCTC demand reduction
measures
–Monitoring (surveillance and
evaluation(
–Protect (second hand smoke(
–Offer help
–Warn against dangers
–Enforce legislation against tobacco
promotion
–Raise taxes
•Philippines
•Russia
•Thailand
•Turkey
•Ukraine
•Vietnam
•Uruguay
33. Decrease in smoking prevalence
In 1950, about 80%
of UK men smoked
United Kingdom, 1950-2002
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
0
20
40
60
80
%
at ages
35-59
70%
50%
28%
26%
%smoked
%smoked
In 1970, UK male death
rates from smoking were
the worst in the world
1970-2000,decrease in
male death rates from
smoking was the
best in the world
34. The Decline in US Smoking PrevalenceThe Decline in US Smoking Prevalence
39. Egypt is one of the top fifteen countries with smoking
problems
Egypt has the highest consumption of tobacco in the Middle
East and North African Region , accounting for nearly one
fourth of total consumption in the region.
Egypt has the largest population of tobacco users in the Arab
world
41. For Egypt, the Arab world's most populous country,The
country is ranked one of the top 10 per capita tobacco
consumers by the World Lung Foundation
The ministry of Health estimates that 20% of adult
Egyptians smoke, consuming about 80 billion cigarettes
a year
42. Smoking in Egypt is very common, unfortunately Out of
every 10 men, four smoke and more and more women
are smoking now.
It's a big public health problem.
For many Egyptians, smoking is a way of life and a
pleasure
43. The Economics of Tobacco andTobacco Taxation in Egypt 2010
International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease
44. smoking prevalence and per capita cigarette
consumption have been generally rising over time
Smoking prevalence has been rising in Egypt, with the
number of smokers increasing at about twice the
rate of population growth over the past few decades
45. Cigarettes are the most widely consumed tobacco product in
Egypt, and cigarette consumption has been rising more or
less steadily since the 1970s.
Overall cigarette consumption more than doubled between
1990 and 2007, rising from 39.2 billion cigarettes in 1990 to
84.6 billion cigarettes in 2007
Per capita cigarette consumption rose by over 50% during this
period, to over 1,050 cigarettes annually
Male cigarette smokers consume an average of one pack of
cigarettes per day, while females smokers average about half
a pack per day
46.
47. Around 10 million Egyptians – approximately one in eight of
the total population – use some form of tobacco, said the
Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics
(CAPMAS).
The average monthly expenditure of smokers on cigarettes
is 110 EGP (U.S. $19) totalling up to LE11 billion per year
Smokers in Egypt increases by 6 to 9 percent every year as
compared to 1 percent in the West
48. The study by CAPMAS also found that more than 5
percent of an Egyptian family’s income is spent on
cigarettes versus 2 percent of the income which is
spent on health.
49. Health cost of tobacco-related disease
In 2005, estimates indicated that about 3.4 billion EGP
(US$ 616 million) were spent annually in Egypt to
treat the diseases caused by tobacco use
50. In addition to the sizable health care costs resulting
from tobacco use, the premature deaths and disability
caused by smoking result in significant lost
productivity.
In high-income countries, these costs are about the same
as or exceed the health care costs caused by smoking.
To date, no estimates exist for the lost productivity
costs in Egypt that result from tobacco use
51. In Egypt, tobacco-attributable deaths were estimated to be
nearly 170,000 in 2004.
Reflecting the gender-specific patterns of tobacco use, over
90% of these are among men
As in other countries, the majority of these deaths
result from lung and other cancers, strokes, ischemic
heart and other cardiovascular diseases, and chronic
respiratory diseases.
52.
53. A brief history of smoking
Tobacco has been growing wild in Central Americas
for nearly 8000 years.
Around 2,000 years ago tobacco began to be chewed and
smoked during cultural or religious ceremonies and
events.
54. Christopher Columbus was a great
explorer and probably the first
European to see the tobacco plant.
In 1492 he arrived in ‘San Salvador’
where the natives thought that he
and his men were divine beings sent
by the Gods.
They presented Columbus with gifts
including wooden spears, wild fruits
and dried leaves.
Columbus did not smoke; indeed he
threw the leaves
57. The word “Nicotine” was named
after a French ambassador called
JeanNicot.
The latter used to ship tobacco
seeds from the new world to Paris in
the 16th
century for medical
purposes.
In 1828, a scientist discovered the
seeds contained a poisonous
substance and he decided to call it
“Nicotine” after Jean Nicot
62. The development of a major cigarette industry
in Egypt in the late nineteenth century
One reason for the development of the industry was the
imposition of a state tobacco monopoly in the Ottoman Empire,
a measure designed to increase Ottoman government revenue.
This resulted in the movement of many Ottoman tobacco
merchants, usually ethnic Greeks, to Egypt, a country which was
culturally similar to the Ottoman Empire but outside the tobacco
monopoly as a result of its occupation by Great Britain.
63. The founder of the industry was Nestor Gianaclis, a Greek who
arrived in Egypt in 1864 and in 1871 established a factory in the
Khairy Pasha palace in Cairo which, after Gianaclis moved to
larger premises in 1907, became the home first of Cairo
University and then of the American University in Cairo.
Gianaclis and other Greek industrialists such as Ioannis
Kyriazis of Kyriazi frères successfully produced and exported
cigarettes using imported Turkish tobacco to meet the growing
world demand for cigarettes in the closing decades of the
nineteenth century.
The development of a major cigarette industry
in Egypt in the late nineteenth century
80. For many years, cigarette production and distribution in
Egypt was monopolized by the government-owned Eastern
Tobacco Company (ETC(.
In recent years, as Egypt has moved from a ,centralized to
a market-oriented economy, the government has sold off part
of its stake in ETC; however, it still retains a majority
ownership share
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99. Shisha is less hazardous than
cigarette is a misconception
100. In Egypt, use of shisha is the second most common type of
tobacco consumed.
In the Region, the use of shisha is an old tradition that
goes back centuries.
In the past, shisha smoking was generally limited to older
males, usually of low socioeconomic level, in rural areas
and in the older parts of cities.
However, since the early 1990s there has been an
increase in shisha use in cities and among new groups
such as females, young people and those from high
socioeconomic levels
136. Egypt is a signatory to the World Health Organization (WHO)
Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), signing
this global public health treaty in June 2003 and ratifying it in
February, 2005
While Egypt’s tobacco control policies fall short of those called
for by the FCTC, as with many low-to- middle income
countries, they have become increasingly comprehensive.
.
137.
138.
139.
140. Tobacco Control EffortsTobacco Control Efforts
To help countries fulfill their WHO FCTC obligations, in 2008,
WHO unveiled MPOWER, a package of six proven tobacco-
control measures that urge nations to:
Monitor tobacco use and prevention policies
Protect people from tobacco smoke
Offer help to quit tobacco use
Warn about the dangers of tobacco
Enforce bans on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship
Raise taxes on tobacco.
141. BANS ON ADVERTISING, PROMOTION AND SPONSORSHIPBANS ON ADVERTISING, PROMOTION AND SPONSORSHIP::..
Egypt partially restricts tobacco company marketing efforts,
banning advertising on national and international television
and radio, in national and international magazines and
newspapers, and on billboards and other outdoor channels.
Enforcement of these restrictions is generally strong.
142. Some other forms of tobacco marketing are generally allowed,
including product placement in movies and television programs
144. SMOKE-FREE ENVIRONMENTSSMOKE-FREE ENVIRONMENTS::
Law 154/2007 and its bylaw 2010 prohibit smoking
indoors in government facilities, educational
institutions , health facilities and sporting and social
clubs and youth centers
Smoking is prohibited in domestic and international
flights, in airports, cinemas and theatres
145. SMOKE-FREE ENVIRONMENTS:
Smoking has been banned in public transport , In addition,
local decrees exist, like regulations prohibiting
smoking on the Metro public transport system
146.
147. SMOKE-FREE ENVIRONMENTS:
Smoke-Free Environments Enforcement of bans on
smoking in public places is lax.
There is no current national restriction to smoking in
hotels, restaurants, cafes or bars and similar locations
148. Many laws are present in Egypt to prevent smoking and
reduce the exposure to environmental tobacco smoke.
But the reality is that none of these are enforced.
All these laws are concerned mainly about cigarette
smoking and did not consider water pipe smoking.
Although it is spreading at an alaming rate
Progress in tobacco control in Egypt - World Health Organization 2010
149.
150. Despite the fact that anti-tobacco laws in Egypt strictly
prohibit smoking in public places, adherence is weak.
Implementation, enforcement and compliance with these
laws are important issues that need to be addressed at
national level to reduce exposure to second-hand smoke
EMRO 28 January 2010, WHO
Recommendations
151. The right to clean air, free from tobaccoThe right to clean air, free from tobacco
smoke, is a human rightsmoke, is a human right
152.
153.
154.
155. The World Bank has concluded that smoking restrictions
can reduce overall tobacco consumption by 4 –10% ,this
impact is greatly attenuated when smoking is allowed in
designated rooms or areas
Smoke-free workplaces reduce youth smoking initiation
Smoke-free homes are also associated with reduced
tobacco use among teenagers
WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2009
156. Comprehensive smoke-free legislation with
strong enforcement is the best strategy
for reducing exposure to second-hand
tobacco smoke.
WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2009
157. HEALTH WARNINGS ON TOBACCO PACKAGESHEALTH WARNINGS ON TOBACCO PACKAGES::
Egypt is one of five countries that adopted graphic health
warnings for tobacco products in 2008.
Egypt’s law requires all tobacco products to have a graphic
warning cover 50% of the front and 50% of the pack
In Egypt, as of August 2008, cigarette packs have featured
graphic images about the dangers of smoking (covering 50
percent of the front and 50% of the pack(.
.
160. Four pictorial warnings are currently used in rotation in
Egypt, an improvement on the previous text warning
(with the message “Smoking is destroying health and
causes death”(.
Four newer pictorial warnings have been approved by
the Ministry of Health to be used after the current
rotation.
161.
162. A study by the Central Agency for Public Mobilization and
Statistic (CAPMAS( found that pictures on cigarette packs
has not affected the number of smokers, nor cigarette
sales.
Warnings linking tobacco with death were not particularly
effective with Egyptians, since dying is perceived as
inevitable anyway.
163.
164. Law 154/2007 prevent the use of misleading and deceptive
packaging terms such as “light” “ultra-light”, and “low-
tar” - none of which actually signify any reduction in
health risk
165. The 2007 law specified pictorial health warnings to be
placed on all tobacco products , yet we did not address
shisha or other tobacco packaging
Formulate and enact effective pictorial health warnings on
other types of tobacco products (shisha, shisha
instruments and smokeless tobacco( as well as
on cigarette packaging.
Recommendations
168. TOBACCO TAXATION AND PRICESTOBACCO TAXATION AND PRICES
Tobacco products are very affordable in Egypt, compared
with many countries in the Region
Cigarettes are priced low making them widely accessible
Tobacco taxes in Egypt fall below the World Bank’s
recommendations.
169. Tobacco taxes are widely considered the single most
effective policy option for reducing tobacco use.
Significant increases in taxes that raise the prices of
tobacco products will reduce their consumption, while
at the same time generating substantial increases in
revenues
Between 2003 and 2007, rising inflation and stable taxes
resulted in a more than 20% decline in real cigarette
prices and, as a result ,rising consumption
170.
171. On July 1,2010 the Egyptian government passed a new
national tobacco tax that increase the retail price of all
cigarette brands by 40% and of Shisha (waterpipe(
tobacco and smokeless tobacco by 100%.
Progress in tobacco control in Egypt - World Health Organization 2010
172. Compared to other countries in the Eastern Mediterranean
region, Egyptian cigarette prices are among the lowest,
even though tax as a percentage of price may seem
relatively high.
The July 2010 tax increases ... will help slow or reverse
the recent growth in cigarette consumption in Egypt.
173. Egypt is one of the cheapest countries in the world to purchase
cigarettes.
Raising prices are believed to be one of the main ways of
decreasing new smokers.
While prices have risen as a result of the recent tax increase in
July 2010, there is still room for raising tobacco product
prices in Egypt, through additional tax increases
174. One of the most effective ways to reduce tobacco use in
Egypt is to continue to raise the price of tobacco products
through tax increases
International evidence has shown that increasing taxation
on tobacco products is one of the most significant
measures to boost tobacco control, increase
revenues and save lives.
175.
176. RecommendationsRecommendations
Increase cigarette taxes to the level at which they account for
at least 70% of the average retail price of cigarettes
Increase taxes on water pipe tobacco and other
smokeless tobacco products to reduce their use.
Implement annual adjustments to tobacco tax rates
so that they result in increases in tobacco product
prices that are at least as large as increases in
incomes.
177. Prices and warning signs alone will not affect cigarette
sales; there needs to be a change in the society’s
perception of the smoker.
increasing non-smoking areas as well as anti-
smoking campaigns is recommended
179. Treatment of Tobacco DependenceTreatment of Tobacco Dependence
There are few resources available to smokers who want
to quit.
Cessation counseling is provided in some health clinics
and hospitals, but cessation services and products are
not widely available.
One type of cessation medication is available for purchase
and counseling assistance is virtually non-existent
181. Although
there are cessation clinics in Egypt , nicotinereplace
ment therapy is not used and thus the
effectiveness of the clinics is limited
Cessation support service need further strengthening
Progress in tobacco control in Egypt - World Health Organization 2010
RecommendationsRecommendations
183. Selling cigarettes to persons less than 18 years of age
has been illegal in Egypt since 2002.
However, data from the 2005 Egyptian GYTS suggest
that this law is not well enforced, given that 88.2% of
underage smokers were not refused purchase when
buying cigarettes at retail stores
184. Effective mass media anti-smoking campaigns are needed to
raise awareness of the health consequences of smoking
In general, consumers have imperfect information about the
health consequences of tobacco use
In addition, many Egyptian water pipe users perceive this
type of tobacco use to be less harmful than cigarette
smoking
This imperfect information is complicated by the fact that
most tobacco users initiate use as youths
185. Alexandria was scheduled to be the first smoke-free city in
Egypt since September 2010 hoping it will set an example and
persuade the rest of the country and going totally smokefree in
phases, city by city, over a four year period
This important step will allow the next cities to go smoke-
free Port Said, Luxor and parts of Cairo�
•Smoke-Free Alexandria Tuesday, November 30, 2010
188. ChallengesChallenges
A total ban on advertising is needed. Indirect advertising,
especially through the cinema, remains widespread
Restaurants and cafés are not yet
included in the ban on tobacco use in public places
Cessation support service need further strengthening
National tobacco tax is not yet fully adressed
189. The tobacco control infrastructure is still in its infancy
Although tobacco control departments have been
established, the necessary technical capacities are not
yet fully developed
The tobacco control programmes are currently underfunded
Civil society involvement is critical to creating a political
climate in which to successfully implement
100%smoke-free laws
Progress in tobacco control in Egypt - World Health Organization 2010
190. Civil society has a central role in building support for
and ensuring compliance with smoke free measures,
and should be included as an active partner in the
process of developing, implementing and enforcing
legislation.
191. Tobacco control, rather than being a
luxury that only rich nations can
afford, is now a necessity that
all countries must address.
WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2008
192.
193. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2009
Most Countries Have Not ImplementedMost Countries Have Not Implemented
Effective Tobacco Control PoliciesEffective Tobacco Control Policies
194. The State of Global Tobacco ControlThe State of Global Tobacco Control
WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2009
195. Global Tobacco Control is
Underfunded
Globally, tobacco tax
revenues are 500
times higher than
spending on tobacco
control.
In low- and middle-
income countries, tax
revenues are 5,000
times higher.
Editor's Notes
These are projections showing the rapidly rising NCD mortality trend worldwide. They indicate that there will be an overall 17% increase in the number of deaths caused by these conditions over the ten year period up to 2015. However, the greatest increase will be seen in the African region followed by the Eastern Mediterranean region where we will have a 27% and 25% increase respectively.
Good afternoon.
It's my pleasure to share with you the overall messages and key findings of this new WHO global report: Preventing chronic diseases: a vital investment. Several misunderstandings about chronic diseases have contributed to their global neglect. This report dispels these misunderstandings with the strongest evidence and proposes a way forward for stopping the rising global epidemic.
Decrease in UK smoking prevalence (at ages 35-59)
Back in 1950, about 80% of all the men in the UK smoked tobacco.
(This was true not just in middle age, but also in older and younger men. Few older women smoked, but many younger women did so.)
During the 1950s and 1960s the medical evidence about smoking strengthened, and efforts got under way to persuade people to stop. All this time, the UK death rates from smoking were still rising.
In 1970, UK male death rates from smoking were the worst in the world
Tobacco control became more effective around the 1970s in the UK, and
(Over the period) 1970-2000, the decrease in male death rates from smoking was the best in the world
The sharpest decrease was among middle-aged men, and the next slide describes the situation back in 1970 for middle-aged men in the UK….
ماذا قال فضيلة الشيخ يوسف القرضاوي حول ذلك :
الحمد لله والصلاة والسلام على رسوله وعلى آله وصحبه ومن نهج نهجه، أما بعد فقد ظهر هذا النبات المعروف الذي يطلق عليه اسم "الدخان" او "التبغ " أو " التمباك " أو " التتن "، في آخر القرن العاشر الهجري، وبدأ استعماله يشيع بين الناس، مما أوجب على علماء ذلك العصرأن يتكلموا في بيان حكمه الشرعي. ونظرا لحداثته وعدم وجود حكم سابق فيه للفقهاء المجتهدين، ولا من لحقهم من أهل التخريج والترجيح في المذاهب، وعدم تصورهم لحقيقته ونتائجه تصورا كاملا ، مبنيا على دراسة علمية صحيحة، اختلفوا فيه اختلافا بينا فمنهم من ذهب إلى حرمته ، ومنهم من أفتى بكراهته ، ومنهم من قال باباحته ، ومنهم من توقف فيه وسكت عن البحث عنه (1)، وكل أهل مذهب من المذاهب الأربعة- السنية- فيهم من حرمه، وفيهم من كرهه، وفيهم من أباحه. ولهذا لانستطيع أن ننسب إلى مذهب القول بإباحة أو تحريم أو كراهة. ويبدو لي أن الخلاف بين علماء المذاهب عند ظهور الدخان، وشيوع تعاطيه، واختلافهم في إصدار حكم شرعي في استعماله، ليس منشؤه في الغالب اختلاف الأدلة، بل الاختلاف في تحقيق المناط. فمنهم من أثبت للتدخين عدة منافع في زعمه. ومنهم من أثبت له مضار قليلة تقابلها منافع موازية لها. ومنهم من لم يثبت له أية منافع، ولكن نفى عنه الضرر وهكذا. ومعنى هذا أنهم لو تأكدوا من وجود الضرر في هذا الشيء لحرموه بلا جدال. وهنا نقول: إن إثبات الضرر البدني أو نفيه في "الدخان " ومثله مما يتعاطى ليس من شأن علماء الفقه،. بل من شأن علماء الطب والتحليل. فهم الذين يسألون هنا، لأنهم أهل العلم والخبرة. قال تعالى: "فاسأل به خبيرا" وقال: "ولاينبئك مثل خبير". أما علماء الطب والتحليل فقد قالوا كلمتهم في بيان آثار التدخين الضارة على البدن بوجه عام، وعلى الرئتين والجهاز التنفسي بوجه خاص، وما يؤدي إليه من الإصابة بسرطان الرئة مما جعل العالم كله في السنوات الأخيرة يتنادى بوجوب التحذير من التدخين. وفي عصرنا ينبغي أن يتفق العلماء على الحكم وذلك أن حكم الفقيه هنا يبنى على رأي الطبيب، فإذا قالت الطبيب إن هذه الافة- التدخين- ضارة بالإنسان فلابد أن يقول الفقيه هذه حرام، لأن كل مايضر بصحة الإنسان يجب أن يحرم شرعا. على أن من أضرار التدخين مالايحتاج إثباته إلى طبيب اختصاصي ولا إلى محلل كيماوي، حيث يتساوى في معرفته عموم الناس، من مثقفين وأميين.
علة التحريم: أما ما يقوله بعض الناس: كيف تحرمون هذا النبات بلا نص؟ فالجواب أنه ليس من الضروري أن ينص الشارع على كل فرد من المحرمات، وإنما هو يضع ضوابط أو قواعد تندرج تحتها جزئيات نخشى، وأفراد كثيرة. فإن القواعد يمكن حصرها. أما الأمور المفردة فلا يمكن حصرها. ويكفي أن يحرم الشارع الخبيث أو الضار، ليدخل تحته ما لايحصى من المطعومات والمشروبات الخبيثة أو الضارة، ولهذا أجمع العلماء على تحريم الحشيشة ونحوها من المخدرات، مع عدم وجود نص معين بتحريمها على الخصوص. وهذا الإمام أبو محمد بن حزم الظاهري، نراه متمسكا بحرفية النصوص وظواهرها، ومع هذا يقرر تحريم ما يستضر بأكله، أخذا من عموم النصوص. قال: ((وأما كل ما أضر فهو حرام لقول النبي صلي الله عليه وسلم : إن الله كتب الإحسان على كل شيء، فمن أضر بنفسه أو بغيره فلم يحسن، ومن لم يحسن فقد خالف كتاب (أي كتابة) الله الإحسان على كل شئ. ". ويمكن أن يستدل لهذا الحكم أيضأ بقوله صلي الله عليه وسلم : "لاضرر ولاضرار". كما يمكن الاستدلال بقوله تعالى: (ولا تقتلوا أنفسكم إن الله كان بكم رحيما ). ومن أجود العبارات الفقيهة في تحريم تناول المضرات عبارة الإمام النووي في روضته قال: "كل ما أضر أكله، كالزجاج والحجر والسم، يحرم أكله. وكل طاهر لاضرر في أكله يحل أكله، إلا المستقذرات الطاهرات، كالمني والمخاط. فإنها حرام على الصحيح... ويجوز شرب دواء فيه قليل سم إذا كان الغالب السلامة، واحتيج إليه ".
الضرر المالي: لايجوز للإنسان أن ينفق ماله فيما لاينفعه لا في الدنيا ولا في الدين، لأن الإنسان مؤتمن على ماله مستخلف فيه. وكذلك فإن الصحة والمال وديعتان من الله ولذا لايجوز للإنسان أن يضر صحته أو يضيع ماله. ولذلك نهى النبي صلي الله عليه وسلم عن إضاعة المال. والمدخن يشتري ضرر نفسه بحر ماله. وهذا أمر لايجوز شرعا. قال الله تعالى: (ولاتسرفوا، إنه لايحب المسرفين ) ولايخفى أن إنفاق المال في التدخين إضاعة له. فكيف إذا كان مع الإتلاف للمال ضرر متحقق يقينا أو ظنا. أي أنه اجتمع عليه إتلاف المال وإتلاف البدن معا.
ضرر الاستعباد: وهناك ضرر آخر، يغفل عنه عادة الكاتبون في هذا الموضوع وهو الضرر النفسي، وأقصد به، أن الاعتياد على التدخين وأمثاله، يستعبد إرادة الإنسان، ويجعلها أسيرة لهذه العادة السخيفة، بحيث لايستطيع أن يتخلص منها بسهولة إذا رغب في ذلك يوما لسبب ما، كظهور ضررها على بدنه، أو سوء أثرها في تربية ولده، أوحاجته إلى ما ينفق فيها لصرفه في وجوه أخرى أنفع وألزم، أو نحو ذلك من الأسباب. ونظرا لهذا الاستعباد النفسي، نرى بعض المدخنين، يجور على قوت أولاده، والضروري من نفقة أسرته، من أجل إرضاء مزاجه هذا، لأنه لم يعد قادرا على التحرر منه. وإذا عجز مثل هذا يوما عن التدخين، لمانع داخلي أو خارجي، فإن حياته تضطرب، وميزانه يختل، وحاله تسوء، وفكره يتشوش، وأعصابه تثور لسبب أولغيرسبب. ولاريب أن مثل هذا الضررجديربالاعتبار في إصدارحكم على التدخين.
التدخين محرم شرعا : ليس للقول بحل التدخين أي وجه في عصرنا بعد أن أفاضت الهيئات العلمية الطبية في بيان أضراره، وسيء آثاره، وعلم بها الخاص والعام، وأيدتها لغة الأرقام. وإذا سقط القول بالإباحة المطلقة، لم يبق إلا القول بالكراهة أو القول بالتحريم. وقد اتضح لنا مما سبق أن القول بالتحريم أوجه وأقوى حجة. وهذا هو رأينا. وذلك لتحقق الضرر البدني والمالي والنفسي باعتياد التدخين. لأن كل مايضر بصحة الإنسان يجب أن يحرم شرعا. والله تعالى يقول(ولاتلقوا بأيديكم إلى التهلكة ) ويقول جل جلاله (ولاتقتلوا أنفسكم إن الله كان بكم رحيما ) ويقول الله عز وجل (ولاتسرفوا إنه لايحب المسرفين) ، (ولاتبذر تبذيرا إن المبذرين كانوا إخوان الشياطين )، فهناك ضرر بدني ثابت وهناك ضرر مالي ثابت كذلك، فتناول كل مايضر الإنسان يحرم، لقوله تعالى: (ولاتقتلوا أنفسكم ) . من أجل هذا يجب أن نفتي بحرمة هذا التدخين في عصرنا.
والواقع الذي لاشك فيه هو ان الأطباء يجمعون على أن في التدخين ضررا مؤكدا. صحيح أن ضرره ليس فوريا ، ولكنه ضرر تدريجي. والضرر التدريجي كالضرر الفوري في التحريم، فالسم البطيء كالسم السريع كلاهما يحرم تناوله على الإنسان. والانتحارمحرم بنوعيه السريع والبطيء، والمدخن ينتحر انتحارا بطيئا. والإنسان لايجوز أن يضر أو يقتل نفسه، ولا أن يضر غيره. ولهذا قال النبي صلي الله عليه وسلم : " لاضرر ولاضرار" أي لاتضر نفسك ولاتضر غيرك، فهذا ضرر مؤكد على نفس الإنسان بإجماع أطباء العالم، لهذا أوجبت دول العالم على كل شركة تعلن عن التدخين أن تقول إنه ضار بالصحة بعد أن استيقن ضرره للجميع، لهذا لايصح أن يختلف الفقهاء في تحريمه. والضرورات الخمس التي ذكرها الأصوليون وفقهاء الدين، وأوجبوا الحرص على المحافظة عليها وعدم الإضرار بها هي الدين والنفس والعقل والنسل والمال. وكلها تتأثر بهذه الآفة. فدين الإنسان يتأثر، فمن الناس من لايصوم رمضان لأنه لايستطيع أن يمتنع عن التدخين. والنسل يتضرر بالتدخن، سواء كان المدخن أحد الأبوين أو كلاهما، بل إن الجنين يتضرر من تدخين أمه، بما يعني أن المدخن لايضر نفسه فقط وإنما يضر غيره، وهناك مايسمى الآن التدخين القسري، أو التدخين بالإكراه، فيدخن الإنسان رغم أنفه وهو لايتناول السجارة وإنما يتناولها قهرا عندما يجلس بجوار إنسان مدخن أو في بيئة فيها التدخين. فأنت أيها المدخن تضر نفسك وتضر غيرك رغم إرادته وأنفه، فمن أجل هذا الضرر وغيره يجب أن يحرم التدخين وأن يجمع العلماء على تحريمه. وقد أدار بعض العلماء معظم الحكم في التدخين على المقدرة المالية وحدها، أو عدمها، فيحرم في حالة عجز المدخن عن مصاريف التدخين، ويكره للقادر عليه. وهذا رأي غير سديد ولامستوعب. فإن الضرر البدني والنفسي الذي أجمع العلماء والأطباء في العالم على تحققه له اعتباره الكبير، بجوار الضرر المالي. ثم إن الغني ليس من حقه أن يضيح ماله، ويبعثره فيما يشاء. لأنه مال الله أولا، ومال الجماعة ثانيا .
وينبغي للإنسان المسلم العاقل أن يمتنع عن هذه الآفة الضارة الخبيثة، فالتبغ لاشك من الخبائث، وليس من الطيبات، إذ ليس فيه أي نفع دنيوي أو نفع ديني. ونصيحتي للشباب خاصة، أن ينزهوا أننهسهم عن الوقوع في هذه الآفة، التي تفسدعليهم صحتهم، وتضعف من قوتهم ونضرتهم، ولايسقطوا فريسة للوهم الذي يخيل إليهم أن التدخين من علامات الرجولة، أواستقلال الشخصية. ومن تورط منهم في ارتكابها يستطيع التحررمنها، والتغلب عليها وهوفي أول الطريق، قبل أن تتمكن هي منه، وتغلب عليه، ويعسرعليه فيما بعد النجاة من براثنها، إلا من رحم ربك.
وعلى أجهزة الإعلام أن تشن حملة منظمة بكل الأساليب على التدخين، وتبين مساوئه.
وعلى مؤلفي ومخرجي ومنتجي الأفلام والتمثيليات والمسلسلات، أن يكفوا عن الدعاية للتدخين، بوساطة ظهور السجارة بمناسبة وغير مناسبة في كل الموا قف.
وعلى الدولة أن تتكاتف لمقاومة هذه الآفة، وتحرير الأمة من شرورها، وإن خسرت خزانة الدولة الملايين فإن صحة الأمة وأبنائها، الجسمية والنفسية، أهم وأغلى من الملايين. والواقع أن الدولة هي الخاسرة ماليا عندما تسمح بالتدخين، لأن ماتننفقه في رعاية المرضى الذين يصيبهم التدخين بأمراض عديدة وخطيرة تبلغ أضعاف ماتجنيه من ضرائب تفرضها على التبخ، بالإضافة إلى ماتخسره من نقص الإنتاج بسبب زيادة تغيب المدخنين عن العمل نتيجة مايعانونه من أمراض.
نسأل الله تبارك وتعالى أن ينير بصائرنا، وأن يفقهنا في ديننا، وأن يعلمنا ماينفعنا، وينفعنا بما علمنا، إنه سميع قريب. وصلى الله على سيدنا محمد وعلى آله وصحبه وسلم. والسلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته. انتهى كلام الدكتور القرضاوي حفظه الله
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