Intelligent management of the electrical network is the implementation of an integrated system based on a reliable and secure communication architecture for transmitting end-to-end information between the equipment and the management system. The main objective of this work is to develop an intelligent telecontrol solution for the electrical distribution network combining communication techniques and an intelligent reconfiguration strategy. The solution is based on a graphic model and a secure communication architecture using the internet of things to ensure flexibility in terms of management of the intelligent network. This intelligent multi-criteria solution uses a secure communication architecture and the MQTT protocol to ensure system interoperability and security. The tests were carried out on the IEEE 33 bus network and consequently, an optimization of the losses and a clear improvement in the nodal voltage were recorded despite the variation of the electric charge.
New solutions for optimization of the electrical distribution system availabi...Mohamed Ghaieth Abidi
This paper deals with the availability in microgrids that are composed of a set of sources (Photovoltaic generators, wind turbines, diesel generators and batteries) and a set of loads (critical and uncritical loads). The energy produced by various sources will be grouped in an alternative bus (AC bus), and it will be distributed on loads through an electrical distribution system. The occurrence of a fault in the system can cause a total or partial unavailability of energy required by the loads. The objective of this paper is to characterize the fault caused by the limited reliability of the components of the electrical distribution system and to propose an new design methodology to optimize the availability of this system (as well as the availability of power supply) by taking into account all the economic constraints. The proposed methodology is based on the redundancy of electrical distribution paths. An application of this optimization to a petroleum platform shows clearly a high degree of supply availability distribution in microgrid.
A review of optimal operation of microgrids IJECEIAES
The term microgrid refers to small-scale power grid that can operate autonomously or in concurrence with the area’s main electrical grid. The intermittent characteristic of DGs which defies the power quality and voltage manifests the requirement for new planning and operation approaches for microgrids. Consequently, conventional optimization methods in new power systems have been critically biased all through the previous decade. One of the main technological and inexpensive tools in this regard is the optimal generation scheduling of microgrid. As a primary optimization tool in the planning and operation fields, optimal operation has an undeniable part in the power system. This paper reviews and evaluates the optimal operation approaches mostly related to microgrids. In this work, the foremost optimal generation scheduling approaches are compared in terms of their objective functions, techniques and constraints. To conclude, a few fundamental challenges occurring from the latest optimal generation scheduling techniques in microgrids are addressed.
Overview: Simulation Analysis of low voltage DC micro grid - An investigation...IJSRD
The micro grid concept has the potential to solve major problems arising from large penetration of distributed generation in distribution systems. The micro grid was designed to operate connected to the main network. The micro grid operated appropriately for different steady state operating conditions. A proper control strategy should be implemented for a successful operation of a micro grid. This paper presents a performance study of a dc micro-grid when it is used a voltage droop technique to regulated the grid voltage and to control the load sharing between different sources like Photovoltaic cell , Fuel Cell, Batteries, etc. Some aspects about centralized (master-slave) and decentralized (voltage droop) control strategies are presented. In this paper, the work done in the field of Micro Grid has been reviewed.
Network Reconfiguration of Distribution System for Loss Reduction Using GWO A...IJECEIAES
This manuscript presents a feeder reconfiguration in primary distribution networks with an objective of minimizing the real power loss or maximization of power loss reduction. An optimal switching for the network reconfiguration problem is introduced in this article based on step by step switching and simultaneous switching. This paper proposes a Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) algorithm to solve the feeder reconfiguration problem through fitness function corresponding to optimum combination of switches in power distribution systems. The objective function is formulated to solve the reconfiguration problem which includes minimization of real power loss. A nature inspired Grey Wolf Optimization Algorithm is utilized to restructure the power distribution system and identify the optimal switches corresponding minimum power loss in the distribution network. The GWO technique has tested on standard IEEE 33-bus and 69-bus systems and the results are presented.
Active and reactive power sharing in micro grid using droop control IJECEIAES
The development of renewable energy contributes to the global objectives of reducing our greenhouse gas emissions, obtaining and increasing our energy efficiency. In the face of these changes, the electric-network must adapt, while maintaining a high level of reliability and a quality of energy production. To meet this objective, it is recommended to use highly developed electrical network by integrating renewable energy sources in order to adapt the energy consumption to their production, using electrotechnical software information and telecommunications technologies. We are talking about intelligent grids (Smart Grid). The main objective of the work presented in this paper is the contribution to the study of intelligent network for efficient management of energy produced by several sources linked to the AC bus via the voltage inverters. Numerical simulations have been presented to validate the performance of the proposed active and reactive power controller (Droop Control).
New solutions for optimization of the electrical distribution system availabi...Mohamed Ghaieth Abidi
This paper deals with the availability in microgrids that are composed of a set of sources (Photovoltaic generators, wind turbines, diesel generators and batteries) and a set of loads (critical and uncritical loads). The energy produced by various sources will be grouped in an alternative bus (AC bus), and it will be distributed on loads through an electrical distribution system. The occurrence of a fault in the system can cause a total or partial unavailability of energy required by the loads. The objective of this paper is to characterize the fault caused by the limited reliability of the components of the electrical distribution system and to propose an new design methodology to optimize the availability of this system (as well as the availability of power supply) by taking into account all the economic constraints. The proposed methodology is based on the redundancy of electrical distribution paths. An application of this optimization to a petroleum platform shows clearly a high degree of supply availability distribution in microgrid.
A review of optimal operation of microgrids IJECEIAES
The term microgrid refers to small-scale power grid that can operate autonomously or in concurrence with the area’s main electrical grid. The intermittent characteristic of DGs which defies the power quality and voltage manifests the requirement for new planning and operation approaches for microgrids. Consequently, conventional optimization methods in new power systems have been critically biased all through the previous decade. One of the main technological and inexpensive tools in this regard is the optimal generation scheduling of microgrid. As a primary optimization tool in the planning and operation fields, optimal operation has an undeniable part in the power system. This paper reviews and evaluates the optimal operation approaches mostly related to microgrids. In this work, the foremost optimal generation scheduling approaches are compared in terms of their objective functions, techniques and constraints. To conclude, a few fundamental challenges occurring from the latest optimal generation scheduling techniques in microgrids are addressed.
Overview: Simulation Analysis of low voltage DC micro grid - An investigation...IJSRD
The micro grid concept has the potential to solve major problems arising from large penetration of distributed generation in distribution systems. The micro grid was designed to operate connected to the main network. The micro grid operated appropriately for different steady state operating conditions. A proper control strategy should be implemented for a successful operation of a micro grid. This paper presents a performance study of a dc micro-grid when it is used a voltage droop technique to regulated the grid voltage and to control the load sharing between different sources like Photovoltaic cell , Fuel Cell, Batteries, etc. Some aspects about centralized (master-slave) and decentralized (voltage droop) control strategies are presented. In this paper, the work done in the field of Micro Grid has been reviewed.
Network Reconfiguration of Distribution System for Loss Reduction Using GWO A...IJECEIAES
This manuscript presents a feeder reconfiguration in primary distribution networks with an objective of minimizing the real power loss or maximization of power loss reduction. An optimal switching for the network reconfiguration problem is introduced in this article based on step by step switching and simultaneous switching. This paper proposes a Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) algorithm to solve the feeder reconfiguration problem through fitness function corresponding to optimum combination of switches in power distribution systems. The objective function is formulated to solve the reconfiguration problem which includes minimization of real power loss. A nature inspired Grey Wolf Optimization Algorithm is utilized to restructure the power distribution system and identify the optimal switches corresponding minimum power loss in the distribution network. The GWO technique has tested on standard IEEE 33-bus and 69-bus systems and the results are presented.
Active and reactive power sharing in micro grid using droop control IJECEIAES
The development of renewable energy contributes to the global objectives of reducing our greenhouse gas emissions, obtaining and increasing our energy efficiency. In the face of these changes, the electric-network must adapt, while maintaining a high level of reliability and a quality of energy production. To meet this objective, it is recommended to use highly developed electrical network by integrating renewable energy sources in order to adapt the energy consumption to their production, using electrotechnical software information and telecommunications technologies. We are talking about intelligent grids (Smart Grid). The main objective of the work presented in this paper is the contribution to the study of intelligent network for efficient management of energy produced by several sources linked to the AC bus via the voltage inverters. Numerical simulations have been presented to validate the performance of the proposed active and reactive power controller (Droop Control).
Optimal Siting of Distributed Generators in a Distribution Network using Arti...IJECEIAES
Distributed generation (DG) sources are being installed in distribution networks worldwide due to their numerous advantages over the conventional sources which include operational and economical benefits. Random placement of DG sources in a distribution network will result in adverse effects such as increased power loss, loss of voltage stability and reliability, increase in operational costs, power quality issues etc. This paper presents a methodology to obtain the optimal location for the placement of multiple DG sources in a distribution network from a technical perspective. Optimal location is obtained by evaluating a global multi-objective technical index (MOTI) using a weighted sum method. Clonal selection based artificial immune system (AIS) is used along with optimal power flow (OPF) technique to obtain the solution. The proposed method is executed on a standard IEEE-33 bus radial distribution system. The results justify the choice of AIS and the use of MOTI in optimal siting of DG sources which improves the distribution system efficiency to a great extent in terms of reduced real and reactive power losses, improved voltage profile and voltage stability. Solutions obtained using AIS are compared with Genetic algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm optimization (PSO) solutions for the same objective function.
Network Reconfiguration in Distribution Systems Using Harmony Search AlgorithmIOSRJEEE
This manuscript explores feeder reconfiguration in distribution networks and presents an efficient method to optimize the radial distribution system by means of simultaneous reconfiguration. Network Reconfiguration of radial distribution system is a significant way of altering the power flow through the lines. This assessment presents a modern method to solve the network reconfiguration problem with an objective of minimizing real power loss and improving the voltage profile in radial distribution system (RDS). A precise and load flow algorithm is applied and the objective function is formulated to solve the problem which includes power loss minimization. HSA Algorithm is utilized to restructure and identify the optimal strap switches for minimization of real power loss in a distribution network.. The strategy has been tested on IEEE 33-bus and 69- bus systems to show the accomplishment and the adequacy of the proposed technique. The results demonstrate that a significant reduction in real power losses and improvement of voltage profiles.
Novel approach for hybrid MAC scheme for balanced energy and transmission in ...IJECEIAES
Hybrid medium access control (MAC) scheme is one of the prominent mechanisms to offer energy efficiency in wireless sensor network where the potential features for both contention-based and schedule-based approaches are mechanized. However, the review of existing hybrid MAC scheme shows many loopholes where mainly it is observed that there is too much inclusion of time-slotting or else there is an inclusion of sophisticated mechanism not meant for offering flexibility to sensor node towards extending its services for upcoming applications of it. Therefore, this manuscript introduces a novel hybrid MAC scheme which is meant for offering cost effective and simplified scheduling operation in order to balance the performance of energy efficiency along with data aggregation performance. The simulated outcome of the study shows that proposed system offers better energy consumption, better throughput, reduced memory consumption, and faster processing in contrast to existing hybrid MAC protocols.
Approach to minimizing consumption of energy in wireless sensor networks IJECEIAES
The Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) technology has benefited from a central position in the research space of future emerging networks by its diversity of applications fields and also by its optimization techniques of its various constraints, more essentially, the minimization of nodal energy consumption to increase the global network lifetime. To answer this saving energy problem, several solutions have been proposed at the protocol stack level of the WSN. In this paper, after presenting a state of the art of this technology and its conservation energy techniques at the protocol stack level, we were interested in the network layer to propose a routing solution based on a localization aspect that allows the creation of a virtual grid on the coverage area and introduces it to the two most well-known energy efficiency hierarchical routing protocols, LEACH and PEGASIS. This allowed us to minimize the energy consumption and to select the clusters heads in a deterministic way unlike LEACH which is done in a probabilistic way and also to minimize the latency in PEGASIS, by decomposing its chain into several independent chains. The simulation results, under "MATLABR2015b", have shown the efficiency of our approach in terms of overall residual energy and network lifetime.
A Novel Weighted Clustering Based Approach for Improving the Wireless Sensor ...IJERA Editor
Great lifetime and reliability is the key aim of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) design. As for prolonging
lifetime of this type of network, energy is the most important resource; all recent researches are focused on more
and more energy efficient techniques. Proposed work is Weighted Clustering Approach based on Weighted
Cluster Head Selection, which is highly energy efficient and reliable in mobile network scenario. Weight
calculation using different attributes of the nodes like SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio), Remaining Energy, Node
Degree, Mobility, and Buffer Length gives efficient Cluster Head (CH) on regular interval of time. CH rotation
helps in optimum utilization of energy available with all nodes; results in prolonged network lifetime.
Implementation is done using the NS2 network simulator and performance evaluation is carried out in terms of
PDR (Packet Delivery Ratio), End to End Delay, Throughput, and Energy Consumption. Demonstration of the
obtained results shows that proposed work is adaptable for improving the performance. In order to justify the
solution, the performance of proposed technique is compared with the performance of traditional approach. The
performance of proposed technique is found optimum as compared to the traditional techniques.
The decline of competence effectuated by the unreplenishable energy etymology due to the plummet of fossil fuels has created an alternate need for renewable energy sources to play a vital role in providing power at a larger scale. Thus, a new system of distribution of energy resources is introduced to tackle the ever-growing demand for power and safety of the environment using renewable energy sources with the traditional ways of transmitting power. Such challenges can be overcome by using hybrid microgrids which helps in detecting and hegemonizing faults more dexterously sanctioning sharing of load and instinctive switching through various algorithms thus improving the system accuracy and adaptability. This exertion incorporates the modeling of an AC hybrid microgrid system analyzed in the is-landed mode. Fuel stack and the photo-voltaic cell are used as renewable energy power sources. It also includes the PID control method to the solution the most encountered problems in a microgrid. The engaged control modus operandi can modulate and regulate the output voltage at an expected and paradigm value. The whole AC hybrid microgrid and its control are simulated in MATLAB/simulink R2020b.
Adaptive photovoltaic solar module based on internet of things and web-based ...IJECEIAES
This paper presents an intelligent of single axis automatic adaptive photovoltaic solar module. A static solar panel has an issue of efficiency on shading effects, irradiance of sunlight absorbed, and less power generates. This aims to design an effective algorithm tracking system and a prototype automatic adaptive solar photovoltaic (PV) module connected through internet of things (IoT). The system has successfully designated on solving efficiency optimization. A tracking system by using active method orientation and allows more power and energy are captured. The solar rotation angle facing aligned to the light-dependent resistor (LDR) voltage captured and high solar panel voltage measured by using Arduino microcontroller. Real-time data is collected from the dynamic solar panel, published on Node-Red webpage, and running interactive via android device. The system has significantly reduced time. Data captured by the solar panel then analyzed based on irradiance, voltage, current, power generated and efficiency. Successful results present a live data analytic platform with active tracking system that achieved larger power generated and efficiency of solar panel compared to a fixed mounted array. This research is significant that can help the user to monitor parameters collected by the solar panel thus able to increase 51.82% efficiency of the PV module.
Power Quality Improvement in Off-Grid Renewable Energy Based Power System usi...ijtsrd
The increasing trend in integrating intermittent renewable energy sources into off-grid power system presents major challenges from the viewpoints of reliable operation and control. In this paper, the major problems and challenges in off-grid power system control are discussed, and a review of control strategies and trends is presented. A general overview of the main control is also included. The paper classifies power quality improvement strategies into three levels: primary, secondary, and tertiary, where primary and secondary levels are associated with the operation of the off-grid power system itself, and tertiary level pertains to the coordinated operation of the power system. Each control level is discussed in detail in view of the relevant existing technical literature Irfan Khan | Ameen Uddin Ahmad"Power Quality Improvement in Off-Grid Renewable Energy Based Power System using Different Method" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2533.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/2533/power-quality-improvement-in-off-grid-renewable-energy-based-power-system-using-different-method/irfan-khan
Power loss reduction, improvement of voltage profile, system reliability and system security are the important objectives that motivated researchers to use custom power devices/FACTS devices in power systems. The existing power quality problems such as power losses, voltage instability, voltage profile problem, load ability issues, energy losses, reliability problems etc. are caused due to continuous load growth and outage of components. The significant qualities of custom power devices /FACTS devices such as power loss reduction, improvement of voltage profile, system reliability and system security have motivated researchers in this area and to implement these devices in power system. The optimal placement and sizing of these devices are determined based on economical viability, required quality, reliability and availability. In published literatures, different algorithms are implemented for optimal placement of these devices based on different conditions. In this paper, the published literatures on this field are comprehensively reviewed and elaborate comparison of various algorithms is compared. The inference of this extensive comparative analysis is presented. In this research, Meta heuristic methods and sensitive index methods are used for determining the optimal location and sizing of custom power devices/FACTS devices. The combination of these two methods are also implemented and presented.
Benefiting wireless power transfer scheme in power domain based multiple acce...journalBEEI
Power domain based multiple access scheme is introduced in this paper, namely Non-orthogonal multiple-access (NOMA). We deploy a wireless network using NOMA together with a wireless power transfer (WPT) scheme for dedicated user over Nakagami-$m$ fading channel. When combined, these promising techniques (NOMA and WPT) improve the system performance in term of ergodic performance at reasonable coefficient of harvested power. However, fixed power allocation factors for each NOMA user can be adjusted at the base station and it further provide performance improvement. We design a new signal frame to deploy a NOMA scheme in WPT which adopts a linear energy harvesting model. The ergodic capacity in such a NOMA network and power allocation factors can be updated frequently in order to achieve a fair distribution among NOMA users. The exact expressions of ergodic capacity for each user is derived. The simulation results show that an agreement between analytic performance and Monte-Carlo simulation can be achieved.
Power consumption and energy management for edge computing: state of the artTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Edge computing aims to make internet-based services and remote computing power close to the user by placing information technology (IT) infrastructure at the network edges. This proximity provides data centers with low-latency and context-aware services. Edge computing power consumption is mainly caused by data centers, network equipment, and user equipment. With edge computing (EC), energy management platforms for residential, industrial, and commercial sectors are built. Energy efficiency is considered to be one of the key aspects of edge power constraints. This paper provides the state of the art of power consumption and energy management for edge computing, the computation offloading methods, and more important highlights the power efficiency of edge computing systems. Furthermore, renewable energy and related concepts will also be explored and presented since no human participation is required in replacing or recharging batteries when using such energy sources. Based on such study, a recommendation is to develop a dynamic system for energy management in real-time with the assessment of local renewable energy so that the system be reliable with minimum power consumption. Also, regarding energy management, we recommend providing backup energy sources (or using more than one energy source) or (a hybrid technique).
Optimal Siting of Distributed Generators in a Distribution Network using Arti...IJECEIAES
Distributed generation (DG) sources are being installed in distribution networks worldwide due to their numerous advantages over the conventional sources which include operational and economical benefits. Random placement of DG sources in a distribution network will result in adverse effects such as increased power loss, loss of voltage stability and reliability, increase in operational costs, power quality issues etc. This paper presents a methodology to obtain the optimal location for the placement of multiple DG sources in a distribution network from a technical perspective. Optimal location is obtained by evaluating a global multi-objective technical index (MOTI) using a weighted sum method. Clonal selection based artificial immune system (AIS) is used along with optimal power flow (OPF) technique to obtain the solution. The proposed method is executed on a standard IEEE-33 bus radial distribution system. The results justify the choice of AIS and the use of MOTI in optimal siting of DG sources which improves the distribution system efficiency to a great extent in terms of reduced real and reactive power losses, improved voltage profile and voltage stability. Solutions obtained using AIS are compared with Genetic algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm optimization (PSO) solutions for the same objective function.
Network Reconfiguration in Distribution Systems Using Harmony Search AlgorithmIOSRJEEE
This manuscript explores feeder reconfiguration in distribution networks and presents an efficient method to optimize the radial distribution system by means of simultaneous reconfiguration. Network Reconfiguration of radial distribution system is a significant way of altering the power flow through the lines. This assessment presents a modern method to solve the network reconfiguration problem with an objective of minimizing real power loss and improving the voltage profile in radial distribution system (RDS). A precise and load flow algorithm is applied and the objective function is formulated to solve the problem which includes power loss minimization. HSA Algorithm is utilized to restructure and identify the optimal strap switches for minimization of real power loss in a distribution network.. The strategy has been tested on IEEE 33-bus and 69- bus systems to show the accomplishment and the adequacy of the proposed technique. The results demonstrate that a significant reduction in real power losses and improvement of voltage profiles.
Novel approach for hybrid MAC scheme for balanced energy and transmission in ...IJECEIAES
Hybrid medium access control (MAC) scheme is one of the prominent mechanisms to offer energy efficiency in wireless sensor network where the potential features for both contention-based and schedule-based approaches are mechanized. However, the review of existing hybrid MAC scheme shows many loopholes where mainly it is observed that there is too much inclusion of time-slotting or else there is an inclusion of sophisticated mechanism not meant for offering flexibility to sensor node towards extending its services for upcoming applications of it. Therefore, this manuscript introduces a novel hybrid MAC scheme which is meant for offering cost effective and simplified scheduling operation in order to balance the performance of energy efficiency along with data aggregation performance. The simulated outcome of the study shows that proposed system offers better energy consumption, better throughput, reduced memory consumption, and faster processing in contrast to existing hybrid MAC protocols.
Approach to minimizing consumption of energy in wireless sensor networks IJECEIAES
The Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) technology has benefited from a central position in the research space of future emerging networks by its diversity of applications fields and also by its optimization techniques of its various constraints, more essentially, the minimization of nodal energy consumption to increase the global network lifetime. To answer this saving energy problem, several solutions have been proposed at the protocol stack level of the WSN. In this paper, after presenting a state of the art of this technology and its conservation energy techniques at the protocol stack level, we were interested in the network layer to propose a routing solution based on a localization aspect that allows the creation of a virtual grid on the coverage area and introduces it to the two most well-known energy efficiency hierarchical routing protocols, LEACH and PEGASIS. This allowed us to minimize the energy consumption and to select the clusters heads in a deterministic way unlike LEACH which is done in a probabilistic way and also to minimize the latency in PEGASIS, by decomposing its chain into several independent chains. The simulation results, under "MATLABR2015b", have shown the efficiency of our approach in terms of overall residual energy and network lifetime.
A Novel Weighted Clustering Based Approach for Improving the Wireless Sensor ...IJERA Editor
Great lifetime and reliability is the key aim of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) design. As for prolonging
lifetime of this type of network, energy is the most important resource; all recent researches are focused on more
and more energy efficient techniques. Proposed work is Weighted Clustering Approach based on Weighted
Cluster Head Selection, which is highly energy efficient and reliable in mobile network scenario. Weight
calculation using different attributes of the nodes like SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio), Remaining Energy, Node
Degree, Mobility, and Buffer Length gives efficient Cluster Head (CH) on regular interval of time. CH rotation
helps in optimum utilization of energy available with all nodes; results in prolonged network lifetime.
Implementation is done using the NS2 network simulator and performance evaluation is carried out in terms of
PDR (Packet Delivery Ratio), End to End Delay, Throughput, and Energy Consumption. Demonstration of the
obtained results shows that proposed work is adaptable for improving the performance. In order to justify the
solution, the performance of proposed technique is compared with the performance of traditional approach. The
performance of proposed technique is found optimum as compared to the traditional techniques.
The decline of competence effectuated by the unreplenishable energy etymology due to the plummet of fossil fuels has created an alternate need for renewable energy sources to play a vital role in providing power at a larger scale. Thus, a new system of distribution of energy resources is introduced to tackle the ever-growing demand for power and safety of the environment using renewable energy sources with the traditional ways of transmitting power. Such challenges can be overcome by using hybrid microgrids which helps in detecting and hegemonizing faults more dexterously sanctioning sharing of load and instinctive switching through various algorithms thus improving the system accuracy and adaptability. This exertion incorporates the modeling of an AC hybrid microgrid system analyzed in the is-landed mode. Fuel stack and the photo-voltaic cell are used as renewable energy power sources. It also includes the PID control method to the solution the most encountered problems in a microgrid. The engaged control modus operandi can modulate and regulate the output voltage at an expected and paradigm value. The whole AC hybrid microgrid and its control are simulated in MATLAB/simulink R2020b.
Adaptive photovoltaic solar module based on internet of things and web-based ...IJECEIAES
This paper presents an intelligent of single axis automatic adaptive photovoltaic solar module. A static solar panel has an issue of efficiency on shading effects, irradiance of sunlight absorbed, and less power generates. This aims to design an effective algorithm tracking system and a prototype automatic adaptive solar photovoltaic (PV) module connected through internet of things (IoT). The system has successfully designated on solving efficiency optimization. A tracking system by using active method orientation and allows more power and energy are captured. The solar rotation angle facing aligned to the light-dependent resistor (LDR) voltage captured and high solar panel voltage measured by using Arduino microcontroller. Real-time data is collected from the dynamic solar panel, published on Node-Red webpage, and running interactive via android device. The system has significantly reduced time. Data captured by the solar panel then analyzed based on irradiance, voltage, current, power generated and efficiency. Successful results present a live data analytic platform with active tracking system that achieved larger power generated and efficiency of solar panel compared to a fixed mounted array. This research is significant that can help the user to monitor parameters collected by the solar panel thus able to increase 51.82% efficiency of the PV module.
Power Quality Improvement in Off-Grid Renewable Energy Based Power System usi...ijtsrd
The increasing trend in integrating intermittent renewable energy sources into off-grid power system presents major challenges from the viewpoints of reliable operation and control. In this paper, the major problems and challenges in off-grid power system control are discussed, and a review of control strategies and trends is presented. A general overview of the main control is also included. The paper classifies power quality improvement strategies into three levels: primary, secondary, and tertiary, where primary and secondary levels are associated with the operation of the off-grid power system itself, and tertiary level pertains to the coordinated operation of the power system. Each control level is discussed in detail in view of the relevant existing technical literature Irfan Khan | Ameen Uddin Ahmad"Power Quality Improvement in Off-Grid Renewable Energy Based Power System using Different Method" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2533.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/2533/power-quality-improvement-in-off-grid-renewable-energy-based-power-system-using-different-method/irfan-khan
Power loss reduction, improvement of voltage profile, system reliability and system security are the important objectives that motivated researchers to use custom power devices/FACTS devices in power systems. The existing power quality problems such as power losses, voltage instability, voltage profile problem, load ability issues, energy losses, reliability problems etc. are caused due to continuous load growth and outage of components. The significant qualities of custom power devices /FACTS devices such as power loss reduction, improvement of voltage profile, system reliability and system security have motivated researchers in this area and to implement these devices in power system. The optimal placement and sizing of these devices are determined based on economical viability, required quality, reliability and availability. In published literatures, different algorithms are implemented for optimal placement of these devices based on different conditions. In this paper, the published literatures on this field are comprehensively reviewed and elaborate comparison of various algorithms is compared. The inference of this extensive comparative analysis is presented. In this research, Meta heuristic methods and sensitive index methods are used for determining the optimal location and sizing of custom power devices/FACTS devices. The combination of these two methods are also implemented and presented.
Benefiting wireless power transfer scheme in power domain based multiple acce...journalBEEI
Power domain based multiple access scheme is introduced in this paper, namely Non-orthogonal multiple-access (NOMA). We deploy a wireless network using NOMA together with a wireless power transfer (WPT) scheme for dedicated user over Nakagami-$m$ fading channel. When combined, these promising techniques (NOMA and WPT) improve the system performance in term of ergodic performance at reasonable coefficient of harvested power. However, fixed power allocation factors for each NOMA user can be adjusted at the base station and it further provide performance improvement. We design a new signal frame to deploy a NOMA scheme in WPT which adopts a linear energy harvesting model. The ergodic capacity in such a NOMA network and power allocation factors can be updated frequently in order to achieve a fair distribution among NOMA users. The exact expressions of ergodic capacity for each user is derived. The simulation results show that an agreement between analytic performance and Monte-Carlo simulation can be achieved.
Benefiting wireless power transfer scheme in power domain based multiple acce...
Similar to Implementation of a decentralized real-time management system for electrical distribution networks using the internet of things in smart grids
Power consumption and energy management for edge computing: state of the artTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Edge computing aims to make internet-based services and remote computing power close to the user by placing information technology (IT) infrastructure at the network edges. This proximity provides data centers with low-latency and context-aware services. Edge computing power consumption is mainly caused by data centers, network equipment, and user equipment. With edge computing (EC), energy management platforms for residential, industrial, and commercial sectors are built. Energy efficiency is considered to be one of the key aspects of edge power constraints. This paper provides the state of the art of power consumption and energy management for edge computing, the computation offloading methods, and more important highlights the power efficiency of edge computing systems. Furthermore, renewable energy and related concepts will also be explored and presented since no human participation is required in replacing or recharging batteries when using such energy sources. Based on such study, a recommendation is to develop a dynamic system for energy management in real-time with the assessment of local renewable energy so that the system be reliable with minimum power consumption. Also, regarding energy management, we recommend providing backup energy sources (or using more than one energy source) or (a hybrid technique).
Advantages and recent advances of smart energy gridjournalBEEI
Smart grid is widely recognized technology used to improve the stability and losses of the electric power system. It is encouraging reliability, efficiency, and effective control of the supply of electrical energy. However, it is a hot topic for recent publications and still has a limited understanding among researchers. This review work is to provide insight and support to the beginner researchers since this topic needs a multidisciplinary background knowledge. The conventional electric transmission system and distribution networks struggle to provide resilient performance and reliable service and real-time data. Also, smart grid id a promising network maneuver to stabilize the system once any disturbances break out by using the distributed renewable energy generators, while the conventional networks lack for flexibility to integrate with renewable energy generators or microgrids. This comprehensive work is conducted to map previous controbution in a coherent manar, including the specifications, features, and fundamentals that are presented to benefit the interested readers interested in smart grid development.
Microgrid energy management system for smart home using multi-agent systemIJECEIAES
This paper proposes a multi-agent system for energy management in a microgrid for smart home applications, the microgrid comprises a photovoltaic source, battery energy storage, electrical loads, and an energy management system (EMS) based on smart agents. The microgrid can be connected to the grid or operating in island mode. All distributed sources are implemented using MATLAB/Simulink to simulate a dynamic model of each electrical component. The agent proposed can interact with each other to find the best strategy for energy management using the java agent development framework (JADE) simulator. Furthermore, the proposed agent framework is also validated through a different case study, the efficiency of the proposed approach to schedule local resources and energy management for microgrid is analyzed. The simulation results verify the efficacy of the proposed approach using Simulink/JADE co-simulation.
Development of methods for managing energy consumption and energy efficiency...IJECEIAES
The work aims to analyze and examine renewable energy sources (RES) to develop interconnected energy efficiency and energy consumption management system by integrating the software-defined machine-tomachine (M2M) communication. The article’s objectives include analysis of using RES as alternative raw materials for electricity production, the study of intelligent technologies for integrating RES into monitoring and control systems, research of devices and methods for monitoring energy production and consumption, analysis of sensor application for automation of control systems in the energy sector, a study of data transmission and information processing rates. The study results showed that the data transfer rate was delayed by 6 seconds to process 1,000 MB of information. It has been proven that wind energy can be used most efficiently within a 12-hour daily cycle, in contrast to tidal energy and solar energy. It is shown that due to the cyclical nature of obtaining energy from renewable sources, they do not fully provide energy to a large city, on the basis of which it is necessary to additionally use other energy sources. Three different types of power generation facilities were examined and compared. Wind farms were found to have the highest potential for electricity generation, amounting to 1,600-1,700 kW.
P LACEMENT O F E NERGY A WARE W IRELESS M ESH N ODES F OR E-L EARNING...IJCI JOURNAL
Energy efficiency solutions are more vital for Gree
n Mesh Network (GMN) campuses. Today students are
benefited using these e-learning methodologies. Ren
ewable energies such as solar, wind, hydro has
tremendous applications on energy efficient wireles
s networks for sustaining the ever growing traffic
demands. One of the major issues in designing a GMN
is minimizing the number of deployed mesh routers
and gateways and satisfying the sustainable QOS bas
ed energy constraints. During low traffic periods t
he
mesh routers are switched to power save or sleep mo
de. In this paper we have mathematically formulated
a
single objective function with multi constraints to
optimize the energy. The objective is to place min
imum
number of Mesh routers and gateways in a set of can
didate location. The mesh nodes are powered using
the solar energy to meet the traffic demands. Two g
lobal optimisation algorithms are compared in this
paper to optimize the energy sustainability, to gua
rantee seamless connectivity
ENERGY MANAGEMENT ALGORITHMS IN SMART GRIDS: STATE OF THE ART AND EMERGING TR...ijaia
The electric grid is radically evolving into the smart grid, which is characterized by improved energy
efficiency of available resources. The smart grid permits interactions among its computational and physical
elements thanks to the integration of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). ICTs provide
energy management algorithms and allow renewable energy integration and energy price minimization.
Given the importance of renewable energy, many researchers developed energy management (EM)
algorithms to minimize renewable energy intermittency. EM plays an important role in the control of users'
energy consumption and enables increased consumer participation in the market. These algorithms provide
consumers with information about their energy consumption patterns and help them adopt energy-efficient
behaviour. In this paper, we present a review of the state of the energy management algorithms. We define
a set of requirements for EM algorithms and evaluate them qualitatively. We also discuss emerging tools
and trends in this area.
Novel Optimization to Reduce Power Drainage in Mobile Devices for Multicarrie...IJECEIAES
With increasing adoption of multicarrier-based communications e.g. 3G and 4G, the users are significantly benefited with impressive data rate but at the cost of battery life of their mobile devices. We reviewed the existing techniques to find an open research gap in this regard. This paper presents a novel framework where an optimization is carried out with the objective function to maintain higher level of equilibrium between maximized data delivery and minimized transmit power. An analytical model considering multiple radio antennae in the mobile device is presented with constraint formulations of data quality and threshold power factor. The model outcome is evaluated with respect to amount of power being conserved as performance factor. The study was found to offer maximum energy conservation and the framework also suits well with existing communication system of mobile networks.
Novel Optimization to Reduce Power Drainage in Mobile Devices for Multicarrie...IJECEIAES
With increasing adoption of multicarrier-based communications e.g. 3G and 4G, the users are significantly benefited with impressive data rate but at the cost of battery life of their mobile devices. We reviewed the existing techniques to find an open research gap in this regard. This paper presents a novel framework where an optimization is carried out with the objective function to maintain higher level of equilibrium between maximized data delivery and minimized transmit power. An analytical model considering multiple radio antennae in the mobile device is presented with constraint formulations of data quality and threshold power factor. The model outcome is evaluated with respect to amount of power being conserved as performance factor. The study was found to offer maximum energy conservation and the framework also suits well with existing communication system of mobile networks.
A Brief Study on Wireless Communication Network Architectureand Sensor NetworksM. A. Nakib Juris
Abstract: In today's focused the operational and business requests of electric utilities require an elite information correspondence arrange that backings both existing functionalities and future operational necessities. In this appreciation, since such a wireless communication network constitutes the core of the electric system automation applications, the design of cost-effective and reliable system engineering is urgent. In this paper, the open doors and difficulties of half breed system engineering are talked about for electric framework automation applications of wireless networks......
Keywords -System Automation, Internet based Virtual Private Network, Power Line Communication, Satellite Communication, Wireless Sensor Networks, Wireless Mesh Networks, WiMAX.
Similar to Implementation of a decentralized real-time management system for electrical distribution networks using the internet of things in smart grids (20)
Square transposition: an approach to the transposition process in block cipherjournalBEEI
The transposition process is needed in cryptography to create a diffusion effect on data encryption standard (DES) and advanced encryption standard (AES) algorithms as standard information security algorithms by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The problem with DES and AES algorithms is that their transposition index values form patterns and do not form random values. This condition will certainly make it easier for a cryptanalyst to look for a relationship between ciphertexts because some processes are predictable. This research designs a transposition algorithm called square transposition. Each process uses square 8 × 8 as a place to insert and retrieve 64-bits. The determination of the pairing of the input scheme and the retrieval scheme that have unequal flow is an important factor in producing a good transposition. The square transposition can generate random and non-pattern indices so that transposition can be done better than DES and AES.
Hyper-parameter optimization of convolutional neural network based on particl...journalBEEI
Deep neural networks have accomplished enormous progress in tackling many problems. More specifically, convolutional neural network (CNN) is a category of deep networks that have been a dominant technique in computer vision tasks. Despite that these deep neural networks are highly effective; the ideal structure is still an issue that needs a lot of investigation. Deep Convolutional Neural Network model is usually designed manually by trials and repeated tests which enormously constrain its application. Many hyper-parameters of the CNN can affect the model performance. These parameters are depth of the network, numbers of convolutional layers, and numbers of kernels with their sizes. Therefore, it may be a huge challenge to design an appropriate CNN model that uses optimized hyper-parameters and reduces the reliance on manual involvement and domain expertise. In this paper, a design architecture method for CNNs is proposed by utilization of particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to learn the optimal CNN hyper-parameters values. In the experiment, we used Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology (MNIST) database of handwritten digit recognition. The experiments showed that our proposed approach can find an architecture that is competitive to the state-of-the-art models with a testing error of 0.87%.
Supervised machine learning based liver disease prediction approach with LASS...journalBEEI
In this contemporary era, the uses of machine learning techniques are increasing rapidly in the field of medical science for detecting various diseases such as liver disease (LD). Around the globe, a large number of people die because of this deadly disease. By diagnosing the disease in a primary stage, early treatment can be helpful to cure the patient. In this research paper, a method is proposed to diagnose the LD using supervised machine learning classification algorithms, namely logistic regression, decision tree, random forest, AdaBoost, KNN, linear discriminant analysis, gradient boosting and support vector machine (SVM). We also deployed a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) feature selection technique on our taken dataset to suggest the most highly correlated attributes of LD. The predictions with 10 fold cross-validation (CV) made by the algorithms are tested in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, precision and f1-score values to forecast the disease. It is observed that the decision tree algorithm has the best performance score where accuracy, precision, sensitivity and f1-score values are 94.295%, 92%, 99% and 96% respectively with the inclusion of LASSO. Furthermore, a comparison with recent studies is shown to prove the significance of the proposed system.
A secure and energy saving protocol for wireless sensor networksjournalBEEI
The research domain for wireless sensor networks (WSN) has been extensively conducted due to innovative technologies and research directions that have come up addressing the usability of WSN under various schemes. This domain permits dependable tracking of a diversity of environments for both military and civil applications. The key management mechanism is a primary protocol for keeping the privacy and confidentiality of the data transmitted among different sensor nodes in WSNs. Since node's size is small; they are intrinsically limited by inadequate resources such as battery life-time and memory capacity. The proposed secure and energy saving protocol (SESP) for wireless sensor networks) has a significant impact on the overall network life-time and energy dissipation. To encrypt sent messsages, the SESP uses the public-key cryptography’s concept. It depends on sensor nodes' identities (IDs) to prevent the messages repeated; making security goals- authentication, confidentiality, integrity, availability, and freshness to be achieved. Finally, simulation results show that the proposed approach produced better energy consumption and network life-time compared to LEACH protocol; sensors are dead after 900 rounds in the proposed SESP protocol. While, in the low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) scheme, the sensors are dead after 750 rounds.
Plant leaf identification system using convolutional neural networkjournalBEEI
This paper proposes a leaf identification system using convolutional neural network (CNN). This proposed system can identify five types of local Malaysia leaf which were acacia, papaya, cherry, mango and rambutan. By using CNN from deep learning, the network is trained from the database that acquired from leaf images captured by mobile phone for image classification. ResNet-50 was the architecture has been used for neural networks image classification and training the network for leaf identification. The recognition of photographs leaves requested several numbers of steps, starting with image pre-processing, feature extraction, plant identification, matching and testing, and finally extracting the results achieved in MATLAB. Testing sets of the system consists of 3 types of images which were white background, and noise added and random background images. Finally, interfaces for the leaf identification system have developed as the end software product using MATLAB app designer. As a result, the accuracy achieved for each training sets on five leaf classes are recorded above 98%, thus recognition process was successfully implemented.
Customized moodle-based learning management system for socially disadvantaged...journalBEEI
This study aims to develop Moodle-based LMS with customized learning content and modified user interface to facilitate pedagogical processes during covid-19 pandemic and investigate how teachers of socially disadvantaged schools perceived usability and technology acceptance. Co-design process was conducted with two activities: 1) need assessment phase using an online survey and interview session with the teachers and 2) the development phase of the LMS. The system was evaluated by 30 teachers from socially disadvantaged schools for relevance to their distance learning activities. We employed computer software usability questionnaire (CSUQ) to measure perceived usability and the technology acceptance model (TAM) with insertion of 3 original variables (i.e., perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and intention to use) and 5 external variables (i.e., attitude toward the system, perceived interaction, self-efficacy, user interface design, and course design). The average CSUQ rating exceeded 5.0 of 7 point-scale, indicated that teachers agreed that the information quality, interaction quality, and user interface quality were clear and easy to understand. TAM results concluded that the LMS design was judged to be usable, interactive, and well-developed. Teachers reported an effective user interface that allows effective teaching operations and lead to the system adoption in immediate time.
Understanding the role of individual learner in adaptive and personalized e-l...journalBEEI
Dynamic learning environment has emerged as a powerful platform in a modern e-learning system. The learning situation that constantly changing has forced the learning platform to adapt and personalize its learning resources for students. Evidence suggested that adaptation and personalization of e-learning systems (APLS) can be achieved by utilizing learner modeling, domain modeling, and instructional modeling. In the literature of APLS, questions have been raised about the role of individual characteristics that are relevant for adaptation. With several options, a new problem has been raised where the attributes of students in APLS often overlap and are not related between studies. Therefore, this study proposed a list of learner model attributes in dynamic learning to support adaptation and personalization. The study was conducted by exploring concepts from the literature selected based on the best criteria. Then, we described the results of important concepts in student modeling and provided definitions and examples of data values that researchers have used. Besides, we also discussed the implementation of the selected learner model in providing adaptation in dynamic learning.
Prototype mobile contactless transaction system in traditional markets to sup...journalBEEI
One way to prevent and reduce the spread of the covid-19 pandemic is through physical distancing program. This research aims to develop a prototype contactless transaction system using digital payment mechanisms and QR code technology that will be applied in traditional markets. The method used in the development of electronic market systems is a prototype approach. The application of QR code and digital payments are used as a solution to minimize money exchange contacts that are common in traditional markets. The results showed that the system built was able to accelerate and facilitate the buying and selling transaction process in traditional market environment. Alpha testing shows that all functional systems are running well. Meanwhile, beta testing shows that the user can very well accept the system that was built. The results of the study also show acceptance of the usefulness of the system being built, as well as the optimism of its users to be able to take advantage of this system both technologically and functionally, so its can be a part of the digital transformation of the traditional market to the electronic market and has become one of the solutions in reducing the spread of the current covid-19 pandemic.
Wireless HART stack using multiprocessor technique with laxity algorithmjournalBEEI
The use of a real-time operating system is required for the demarcation of industrial wireless sensor network (IWSN) stacks (RTOS). In the industrial world, a vast number of sensors are utilised to gather various types of data. The data gathered by the sensors cannot be prioritised ahead of time. Because all of the information is equally essential. As a result, a protocol stack is employed to guarantee that data is acquired and processed fairly. In IWSN, the protocol stack is implemented using RTOS. The data collected from IWSN sensor nodes is processed using non-preemptive scheduling and the protocol stack, and then sent in parallel to the IWSN's central controller. The real-time operating system (RTOS) is a process that occurs between hardware and software. Packets must be sent at a certain time. It's possible that some packets may collide during transmission. We're going to undertake this project to get around this collision. As a prototype, this project is divided into two parts. The first uses RTOS and the LPC2148 as a master node, while the second serves as a standard data collection node to which sensors are attached. Any controller may be used in the second part, depending on the situation. Wireless HART allows two nodes to communicate with each other.
Implementation of double-layer loaded on octagon microstrip yagi antennajournalBEEI
A double-layer loaded on the octagon microstrip yagi antenna (OMYA) at 5.8 GHz industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) Band is investigated in this paper. The double-layer consist of two double positive (DPS) substrates. The OMYA is overlaid with a double-layer configuration were simulated, fabricated and measured. A good agreement was observed between the computed and measured results of the gain for this antenna. According to comparison results, it shows that 2.5 dB improvement of the OMYA gain can be obtained by applying the double-layer on the top of the OMYA. Meanwhile, the bandwidth of the measured OMYA with the double-layer is 14.6%. It indicates that the double-layer can be used to increase the OMYA performance in term of gain and bandwidth.
The calculation of the field of an antenna located near the human headjournalBEEI
In this work, a numerical calculation was carried out in one of the universal programs for automatic electro-dynamic design. The calculation is aimed at obtaining numerical values for specific absorbed power (SAR). It is the SAR value that can be used to determine the effect of the antenna of a wireless device on biological objects; the dipole parameters will be selected for GSM1800. Investigation of the influence of distance to a cell phone on radiation shows that absorbed in the head of a person the effect of electromagnetic radiation on the brain decreases by three times this is a very important result the SAR value has decreased by almost three times it is acceptable results.
Exact secure outage probability performance of uplinkdownlink multiple access...journalBEEI
In this paper, we study uplink-downlink non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) systems by considering the secure performance at the physical layer. In the considered system model, the base station acts a relay to allow two users at the left side communicate with two users at the right side. By considering imperfect channel state information (CSI), the secure performance need be studied since an eavesdropper wants to overhear signals processed at the downlink. To provide secure performance metric, we derive exact expressions of secrecy outage probability (SOP) and and evaluating the impacts of main parameters on SOP metric. The important finding is that we can achieve the higher secrecy performance at high signal to noise ratio (SNR). Moreover, the numerical results demonstrate that the SOP tends to a constant at high SNR. Finally, our results show that the power allocation factors, target rates are main factors affecting to the secrecy performance of considered uplink-downlink NOMA systems.
Design of a dual-band antenna for energy harvesting applicationjournalBEEI
This report presents an investigation on how to improve the current dual-band antenna to enhance the better result of the antenna parameters for energy harvesting application. Besides that, to develop a new design and validate the antenna frequencies that will operate at 2.4 GHz and 5.4 GHz. At 5.4 GHz, more data can be transmitted compare to 2.4 GHz. However, 2.4 GHz has long distance of radiation, so it can be used when far away from the antenna module compare to 5 GHz that has short distance in radiation. The development of this project includes the scope of designing and testing of antenna using computer simulation technology (CST) 2018 software and vector network analyzer (VNA) equipment. In the process of designing, fundamental parameters of antenna are being measured and validated, in purpose to identify the better antenna performance.
Transforming data-centric eXtensible markup language into relational database...journalBEEI
eXtensible markup language (XML) appeared internationally as the format for data representation over the web. Yet, most organizations are still utilising relational databases as their database solutions. As such, it is crucial to provide seamless integration via effective transformation between these database infrastructures. In this paper, we propose XML-REG to bridge these two technologies based on node-based and path-based approaches. The node-based approach is good to annotate each positional node uniquely, while the path-based approach provides summarised path information to join the nodes. On top of that, a new range labelling is also proposed to annotate nodes uniquely by ensuring the structural relationships are maintained between nodes. If a new node is to be added to the document, re-labelling is not required as the new label will be assigned to the node via the new proposed labelling scheme. Experimental evaluations indicated that the performance of XML-REG exceeded XMap, XRecursive, XAncestor and Mini-XML concerning storing time, query retrieval time and scalability. This research produces a core framework for XML to relational databases (RDB) mapping, which could be adopted in various industries.
Key performance requirement of future next wireless networks (6G)journalBEEI
Given the massive potentials of 5G communication networks and their foreseeable evolution, what should there be in 6G that is not in 5G or its long-term evolution? 6G communication networks are estimated to integrate the terrestrial, aerial, and maritime communications into a forceful network which would be faster, more reliable, and can support a massive number of devices with ultra-low latency requirements. This article presents a complete overview of potential 6G communication networks. The major contribution of this study is to present a broad overview of key performance indicators (KPIs) of 6G networks that cover the latest manufacturing progress in the environment of the principal areas of research application, and challenges.
Noise resistance territorial intensity-based optical flow using inverse confi...journalBEEI
This paper presents the use of the inverse confidential technique on bilateral function with the territorial intensity-based optical flow to prove the effectiveness in noise resistance environment. In general, the image’s motion vector is coded by the technique called optical flow where the sequences of the image are used to determine the motion vector. But, the accuracy rate of the motion vector is reduced when the source of image sequences is interfered by noises. This work proved that the inverse confidential technique on bilateral function can increase the percentage of accuracy in the motion vector determination by the territorial intensity-based optical flow under the noisy environment. We performed the testing with several kinds of non-Gaussian noises at several patterns of standard image sequences by analyzing the result of the motion vector in a form of the error vector magnitude (EVM) and compared it with several noise resistance techniques in territorial intensity-based optical flow method.
Modeling climate phenomenon with software grids analysis and display system i...journalBEEI
This study aims to model climate change based on rainfall, air temperature, pressure, humidity and wind with grADS software and create a global warming module. This research uses 3D model, define, design, and develop. The results of the modeling of the five climate elements consist of the annual average temperature in Indonesia in 2009-2015 which is between 29oC to 30.1oC, the horizontal distribution of the annual average pressure in Indonesia in 2009-2018 is between 800 mBar to 1000 mBar, the horizontal distribution the average annual humidity in Indonesia in 2009 and 2011 ranged between 27-57, in 2012-2015, 2017 and 2018 it ranged between 30-60, during the East Monsoon, the wind circulation moved from northern Indonesia to the southern region Indonesia. During the west monsoon, the wind circulation moves from the southern part of Indonesia to the northern part of Indonesia. The global warming module for SMA/MA produced is feasible to use, this is in accordance with the value given by the validate of 69 which is in the appropriate category and the response of teachers and students through a 91% questionnaire.
An approach of re-organizing input dataset to enhance the quality of emotion ...journalBEEI
The purpose of this paper is to propose an approach of re-organizing input data to recognize emotion based on short signal segments and increase the quality of emotional recognition using physiological signals. MIT's long physiological signal set was divided into two new datasets, with shorter and overlapped segments. Three different classification methods (support vector machine, random forest, and multilayer perceptron) were implemented to identify eight emotional states based on statistical features of each segment in these two datasets. By re-organizing the input dataset, the quality of recognition results was enhanced. The random forest shows the best classification result among three implemented classification methods, with an accuracy of 97.72% for eight emotional states, on the overlapped dataset. This approach shows that, by re-organizing the input dataset, the high accuracy of recognition results can be achieved without the use of EEG and ECG signals.
Parking detection system using background subtraction and HSV color segmentationjournalBEEI
Manual system vehicle parking makes finding vacant parking lots difficult, so it has to check directly to the vacant space. If many people do parking, then the time needed for it is very much or requires many people to handle it. This research develops a real-time parking system to detect parking. The system is designed using the HSV color segmentation method in determining the background image. In addition, the detection process uses the background subtraction method. Applying these two methods requires image preprocessing using several methods such as grayscaling, blurring (low-pass filter). In addition, it is followed by a thresholding and filtering process to get the best image in the detection process. In the process, there is a determination of the ROI to determine the focus area of the object identified as empty parking. The parking detection process produces the best average accuracy of 95.76%. The minimum threshold value of 255 pixels is 0.4. This value is the best value from 33 test data in several criteria, such as the time of capture, composition and color of the vehicle, the shape of the shadow of the object’s environment, and the intensity of light. This parking detection system can be implemented in real-time to determine the position of an empty place.
Quality of service performances of video and voice transmission in universal ...journalBEEI
The universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) has distinct benefits in that it supports a wide range of quality of service (QoS) criteria that users require in order to fulfill their requirements. The transmission of video and audio in real-time applications places a high demand on the cellular network, therefore QoS is a major problem in these applications. The ability to provide QoS in the UMTS backbone network necessitates an active QoS mechanism in order to maintain the necessary level of convenience on UMTS networks. For UMTS networks, investigation models for end-to-end QoS, total transmitted and received data, packet loss, and throughput providing techniques are run and assessed and the simulation results are examined. According to the results, appropriate QoS adaption allows for specific voice and video transmission. Finally, by analyzing existing QoS parameters, the QoS performance of 4G/UMTS networks may be improved.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Implementation of a decentralized real-time management system for electrical distribution networks using the internet of things in smart grids
1. Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics
Vol. 10, No. 3, June 2021, pp. 1142~1153
ISSN: 2302-9285, DOI: 10.11591/eei.v10i3.2436 1142
Journal homepage: http://beei.org
Implementation of a decentralized real-time management
system for electrical distribution networks using the internet of
things in smart grids
Anass Lekbich, Abdelaziz Belfqih, Chaimae Zedak, Jamal Boukherouaa, F. Elmariami
Energy and Electrical Systems laboratory, National Higher School of Electricity and Mechanics (ENSEM), Hassan II
University, Morocco
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Mar 31, 2020
Revised Jun 16, 2020
Accepted Apr 24, 2021
Intelligent management of the electrical network is the implementation of an
integrated system based on a reliable and secure communication architecture
for transmitting end-to-end information between the equipment and the
management system. The main objective of this work is to develop an
intelligent telecontrol solution for the electrical distribution network
combining communication techniques and an intelligent reconfiguration
strategy. The solution is based on a graphic model and a secure
communication architecture using the internet of things to ensure flexibility
in terms of management of the intelligent network. This intelligent multi-
criteria solution uses a secure communication architecture and the MQTT
protocol to ensure system interoperability and security. The tests were carried
out on the IEEE 33 bus network and consequently, an optimization of the
losses and a clear improvement in the nodal voltage were recorded despite
the variation of the electric charge.
Keywords:
Distribution networks
Internet of things
Power optimization
Reconfiguration
Remote control
SCADA system
Smart grid
TOPSIS
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Anass Lekbich
Energy and Electrical Systems laboratory, Team RECS
National School of Electricity and Mechanics (ENSEM-Hassan II University of Casablanca, Morocco)
Road El Jadida, Km 7, BP: 8118, Oasis Casablanca, Morocco
Email: anass.lekbich@gmail.com
1. INTRODUCTION
- Challenges and motivations
Modern society has faced several problems related to the availability of sustainable and clean energy
due to the high demand from industry and the dependence of communication systems and data processing on
electric power. In addition, electrical networks, these days, are more and more under the operating constraint
and are subject to the phenomenon of degradation. Intelligent control of distribution networks keeps the
equipment in normal condition and prolonged its service life, which improves the overall reliability of the
system, also reducing power losses, notably created by the voltage variation during the distribution process.
These issues prompted energy stakeholders to engage in in-depth discussions on power grids, which
identified typical grid problems. Today's electricity networks have to cope with high energy consumption by
increasing CO2 emissions [1].
A typical solution to the different challenges of the networks remains complicated especially in the
current conditions with the competition between the utilities, the manufacturers and the technologies. The
implementation of digitization techniques has rapidly transformed customer requirements and has squeezed
the gains of stakeholders in the energy sector. Intelligent power grids are therefore a solution to face the
2. Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf ISSN: 2302-9285
Implementation of a decentralized real-time management system for electrical distribution… (Anass Lekbich)
1143
major challenges of conventional power systems such as reliability, safety, energy costs and ultimately the
environment [2].
These technologies bring together field experiences in a mutated and digitized thinking framework
of the entire energy sector to make the network flexible, efficient and intelligent. This makes it possible to
implement high-tech equipment (reclosers, circuit breakers, remote-controlled switches, digital relays, digital
meters), communication media with minimum response time and high coverage [3] (the M2M solution, the
internet of things (IoT)) and intelligent software tools to operate the power grid in the best possible
conditions.
In the literature, several works address the topic of smart grids as a high-tech solution to solve
problems related to network stability, monitoring, management and automation by applying several
techniques and tools. In this article, a decentralized architecture of voltage control based on the IoT is
proposed, the solution changes the topology of the network to stabilize the voltage, reduce losses and
improve the reliability. In the same concept of decentralization and control, the work [4] proposes a
decentralized system in real time for the regulation of hierarchical frequency in the electricity network, which
makes it possible to compensate the transactions of producers/consumers in real time. This made the system
robust and stable. Other articles consider the network as a multicriterion system to regulate the voltage via
optimal reconfiguration. In article [5], a modified heuristic approach for the distribution system was
implemented to control the nodal voltage and optimize the reliability of the electrical distribution system by
applying the reconfiguration to the system. In the same orientation, the paper [6] introduces a new
reliability-based reconfiguration method to improve distribution system performance.
D. L. Duan et al. [7], the network reconfiguration problem for loss reduction and reliability
improvement was formulated to be solved using improved GA. For a radial system of 136 buses, the power
losses were improved from 293.29 kW in [8] and 280.19 kW in [9] to 280.19 kW for this method in [7] with
a time of execution inferior to that of [9] (402.36 s for [9] and 33.98 s for [7]). Moreover, a comparison
between the sizes of the networks has shown that the problem resolution time increases in a very significant
way.
In a real network, the size is very important which limits the implementation of these techniques to
generate the distribution networks. In this article, the network will be operated under its minimal conditions.
In other words, the network structure will be decentralized to work with adjacent subnetworks. In this
orientation, a decentralized architecture is a good tools to solve the calculation time issue. Our goal is to
develop an intelligent, decentralized and flexible multi-criteria electricity network management solution
based on the IoT to control voltage, minimize Joule losses and optimize grid reliability.
2. THE ADVANCED CONTROL SOLUTIONS ADAPTED TO SMART GRIDS ISSUES
The smart grid is characterized by the following elements [10]: self-healing, usability, cybersecurity,
the ability to optimize energy costs, respectful of nature, the use of robust two-way communications,
advanced sensors that are fundamental and widely distributed on the various points of the electrical network
to provide a lot of crucial information about the network in real time [11], reliability and security of energy
supply and use. These elements require a complex system including digital field equipment, robust
routers/gateways, secure communication protocols, intelligent and evolutionary control and management
software, and finally a reliable decision-making strategy.
Controlling the SG network in terms of secure and reliable operations involves designing a complex
infrastructure [12]. The electrical energy management system includes algorithms for performing various
operations, such as defining the operating point of elements of the electrical network [13], controlling the
electrical energy and finally regulating the voltage in all bus of the networks [14]. The management of
electrical distribution networks is therefore a problem of multicriteria decision-making based on the
availability of real-time information of all types of equipment [15]. The complexity of this problem is related
to the tree architecture of the network, the unpredictability of faults, the load consumed and the limitation of
algorithms to process information and make decisions in real time. So the driving and energy management
system must have algorithms that work in parallel for intelligent network management [16].
The reliable application of electrical and communication parameter detection techniques imposes
intelligent control and network management strategies. Several types of control strategies have been
developed for flexible and intelligent management of distribution networks [17]: centralized [18] and
decentralized. In this work decentralized strategie is develloped to manage the ditribution networks in reel
time.
3. ISSN: 2302-9285
Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf, Vol. 10, No. 3, June 2021 : 1142 – 1153
1144
3. PROBLEM FORMULATION OF DECENTRALIZED RECONFIGURATION OF
DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS
To perform a decentralized electrical network reconfiguration solution, the problem of controlling
the architecture of the electrical network is divided locally into several independent zones, see Figure 1. We
used the graph to model the link between the network area and the consumption point, which will allow us to
elaborate a matimatical equation to evaluate power flow, voltage, and electrical architecture.
Figure 1. The decomposition of the electrical distribution network
3.1. The mathematical model of the decentralized control of smart grids
G is the graph that represents the radial electrical distribution network composed of N bus and L
branches. We take the voltage at the source as a reference during this study. The adjacent matrix A of the
network is defined as follows:
aij=1 if there is a link between the point i and j
aij=0 if not
The Figure 2 shows a single line diagram of an electrical distribution line.
Figure 2. The power flow in the electrical link
𝑉𝑖𝑗 = 𝑉𝑖 − 𝑉
𝑗is the branch voltage ij
w named the voltage column is used for simplification as follows:
𝑤𝑖 = 𝑉0 − 𝑉𝑖 = 1𝑝𝑢 − 𝑉𝑖 (1)
𝐼𝑖 is the electric current absorbed by the load in point of consumption i and Iij the current which passes on the
branch i. Z is the diagonal matrix of branch impedances:
The relation between the current and the voltage is determined using the Kirchhoff laws which
allows to formalize the voltage by the following formula [19-20]:
Vij = Vi-Vj (2)
The equation𝑤 = 𝐴∗
. 𝑍. 𝐴∗𝑇
. 𝐼 expresses the relation between the consumed current, the line current,
the branch voltage and the nodal voltage in order to calculate the voltage at each bus, the joule losses during
the energy distribution and the electrical flux [21].
Where A* is the transitive closure of the graph G [22]. The voltages of each node after each configuration are
calculated iteratively as follows [23]:
Step1: calculate w
4. Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf ISSN: 2302-9285
Implementation of a decentralized real-time management system for electrical distribution… (Anass Lekbich)
1145
Step 2: calculate the injected current for each bus for the kth iteration using:
𝐼𝑖
𝑘
= (
𝑃𝑖+𝑗𝑄𝑖
𝑉𝑖
𝑘 )
∗
(3)
Step 3: calculate the voltage column for the (k+1) th
iteration: 𝑤𝑘+1
= 𝐴∗
. 𝑍. 𝐴∗𝑇
. 𝐼𝑘
The calculations are repeated up to |𝑤𝑘+1
− 𝑤𝑘| < 𝜀
Where 𝜀 is the condition of convergence.
3.2. The network model after the installation of the switches
The location of switches in the distribution network must be taken into account by our mathematical
model and will be coded as follows:
𝐵 = (𝑏𝑗)1≤𝑗≤𝑛 with 𝑏𝑗 = 0 if there is a switch device in the branch j and 𝑏𝑗 = 1 if not.
The vector B is defined as being the indicator of location of the breaking devices in an electrical
distribution network. This vector plays a very important role in the remote control of the network, it allows
the system to calculate and make the decision to detect the points of the electric network which can be
modified to change the topology. The parameter s reflects the state of the switch organs:
Si
k=
1 the installed switch in i is closed in time k.
Si
k=
0 the installed switch in i is open in time k. The parameter s reflects the state of the switch organs:
Si
k=
1 the installed switch in i is closed in time k.
Si
k=
0 the installed switch in i is open in time k.
3.3. Formulation of the optimization problem
The goals of the smart grid include reducing the power losses, control and voltage regulation in the
various consumption points [24], improving reliability and ultimately minimizing operating and maintenance
costs. Achieving these goals means the ability of the network's management and monitoring system to
generate orders respecting the operating constraints. These orders will be sent remotely via a communication
system to the switches which allow conducting the power distribution network. The criteria of choice and
accurate decision are detailed as follows:
Minimizing the power loss:
𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = ∑ ∑(𝑅𝑖𝑗. |𝐼𝑖𝑗|
𝑛
𝑗=1
2
)
𝑛
𝑖=1
𝑖≠𝑗
(4)
𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = Power loss
𝐼𝑖𝑗 = The electric current that transits between i and j
𝑅𝑖𝑗 = The resistance between i and j
𝑛 = The number of connections
Minimize the number of switching operations (NSW):
In this article, we propose the NSW function that represents the sum of state change number of
switches installed in the power grid.
𝑁𝑆𝑊(𝑥) = ∑ (𝑠𝑖
𝑘
− 𝑠𝑖
𝑘+1
)
𝑛
𝑖=1
2
(5)
Balancing the nodal voltage:
During the energy distribution process, customer consumption is generally unpredictable; the
telecontrol system must generate at every moment the topology and change orders to stabilize the voltage
value close to 1 pu.
Constraints:
In the searching process of optimal solution in various optimization problems, many constraints are
included. In smart grids, the constraints of operations minimize the decisions made by the operators.
Generally, these constraints are related to the nodal voltage and the radial architecture. Each of these
constraints are mathematically formalized in the form of the following equations:
0.95𝑝𝑢 < 𝑉𝑖 < 1,05𝑝𝑢 𝑁 − 𝐿 − 1 = 0 (6)
5. ISSN: 2302-9285
Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf, Vol. 10, No. 3, June 2021 : 1142 – 1153
1146
where N: the number of buses in electrical networks and the L the number of branches.
3.4. Reconfiguration method
An algorithm has been proposed in this paper to generate the opening/closing orders of switches see
the Figure 3. This algorithm takes into account the number of customers, the electrical parameters, the
consumed power and the connection between production and consumption and this in order to respect the
requirements of network operation (minimize losses and improve the voltage profile).
Figure 3. The flow chart of the network control method
3.5. Multicriteria decision analysis based on the TOPSIS method
In order to determine the best scenario, we will need a decision analysis method supporting many
criteria, with the ability to classify the real electrical network scenarios. The TOPSIS is a simple and good
decision analysis method and widely used in optimization problems [25]. It is a powerful decision-making
method based on the concept of distance between the scenario and the two positive ideal points (the ideal
positive solution, and the ideal negative solution). The motivation to use this technique is that it is simple to
program and does not require a lot of calculation, which exactly meets our main objective of manipulating
several objectives with the minimum calculation time. The specific steps of TOPSIS method used in this
work are detaid in [25] and [23].
Step 1: Establishment of a decision matrix in order to classify all the scenarios. This matrix contains N
scenarios and L decision criteria.
Step 2: In order to have the same dimension of the criteria, a normalization technique is used at this stage by
the calculations matrix also called normalized decision matrix.
Step 3: Calculation of the normalized weighted matrix by multiplying the columns of the normalized decision
matrix by the associated weights, the sum of the weights must be 1.
Step 4: Determination of the PIS positive ideal solution and the NIS negative ideal solution.
Step 5: Calculation of the distances of each scenario from the positive ideal solution PIS and the negative
ideal solution NIS and classification of all the scenarios.
4. THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE PROPOSED SOLUTION
To design an intelligent IoT-based smart grid control and management solution, the proposed
architecture must be able to support real-time Internet-based measurement [26] and control capabilities [27]
by offering features such as real-time RTU management, intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) configuration,
6. Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf ISSN: 2302-9285
Implementation of a decentralized real-time management system for electrical distribution… (Anass Lekbich)
1147
a simple and ergonomic human machine application [28], fault management and voltage control, which
facilitates the adoption of cloud technologies already available for the management of distribution networks
[29] and makes use of the latest data processing and predictive analysis techniques. The Figure 4 illustrates
the architecture of the the proposed solution. The architecture consists of 4 essential parts:
a. The first part is the equipment layer, it is the field part that uses many types of equipment to operate
electrical networks efficiently. Composed of smart communicating sensors and able to measure the
different values of the electrical distribution system, these sensors are connected to the control system by
RTU (remote terminal unit). The RTU offers the necessary signal processing capability to be able to
identify information from the power grid and adapt it to the communication medium set up to automate
and control the power grid [30]. This layer makes it possible to collect and transmit the digital data of the
active and reactive powers, the values of the electrical voltage, the current, the presence of fault, the state
of the equipment and the electrical networks.
b. The second layer is the communication layer: gathers the gateways, VPN (virtual private network) routers
and modems needed to access the communication network used by the power grid management company
[31].
c. The third layer is the communication protocol part used to route information between RTU and the
SCADA system. The protocol must be secure and interoperable adapted to the needs of connected objects
including bandwidth and energy consumption. In this work, we use the MQTT to route information
between RTU and the control system.
d. The fourth layer is the most important part of the solution, it is the application layer that manages all
equipment in real time. It includes many decision-making tools and the human machine interface to
schematize the state of the electrical network. Our reconfiguration program is implemented in this part.
Figure 4. The architecture of distribution management system based on IoT
The proposed communication support, see Figure 5, is based on the public internet ensuring security
and interoperability. The communication architecture is decentralized. Data exchange is done via the Internet
using the MQTT protocol as a lightweight protocol for publish/subscribe messaging transport based on
TCP/IP [32]. The sensors used in this solution are the capacitive voltage capacitors used to give the value of
the high-voltage, the current sensor that gives the current value on the electrical line and a Raspberry Pi 3 to
store information and to emulate the IEEE 33 BUS. The VPN router gives us the possibility of establishing a
secure link using a virtual private protocol tunnel powered by OpenVPN. The OpenVPN application is
installed in a remote server ubuntu 18.04.
7. ISSN: 2302-9285
Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf, Vol. 10, No. 3, June 2021 : 1142 – 1153
1148
Figure 5. The communication link
5. SECURITY
The communication between the SCADA system and the field devices is an encrypted connection
according to IEC62351 standard requiring the following points [23]; a) Confidentiality: the confidentiality of
communication is implemented by one of the cryptographic techniques allowing to transmit the end-to-end
information in the form of encrypted requests and requiring a very important calculation time to be able to
decrypt them. These algorithms need to be constantly improved to be on standby and ensure the security of
the system; b) Integrity: the information must be protected against modifications; c) Availability: during a
request from the SCADA system or the user, the device must be available; d) Authentication: the device must
have access permission and the source must be known; e) Non-repudiation: the user does not have the right to
refuse to respond to the exchange of information.
6. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROPOSED SOLUTION UNDER PYTHON
To develop the multicriteria application of control, monitoring and decision, a code under python is
produced in this article. The code contains the libraries needed to manipulate the matrix and execute the
reference method. These are the essential parts of our solution code; a) To model the electrical network,
specific phyton libraries were used to create the graphical interface, see Figure 6. This interface displays
information on the electrical network in the form of a block diagram; b) The state of the switches is modeled
by red (closed)/green (open) colors; c) Power lines are represented by single-phase lines; d) Specific areas are
used to display the electrical values and curves to represent the trend in real time.
Figure 6. The human machine interface of the IEEE 33 bus network solution
8. Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf ISSN: 2302-9285
Implementation of a decentralized real-time management system for electrical distribution… (Anass Lekbich)
1149
7. TEST AND RESULTS
The network used in this work is the IEEE 33 bus, the standard information is itemized in Table 1.
In order to test the solution, several scenarios were created by modifying the consumed power. The change of
this power varies the electrical parameters which will create power losses and generate voltage drops. The
solution seeks, at each power change, to determine the optimal adapted configuration. The test conditions are
represented in Table 2. After performing this test, the solution developed in this paper finds the optimal
network configuration. In addition, we plot the voltage profile for all the tests, and we find that our algorithm
can find a new configuration that respect the voltage constraints, improves the voltage profile and reduces P
Losses. After analyzing Figures 7 and 8, we notice that the nodal voltage is automatically improved just by
changing the toplogy of the electrical network. A solution also obtained by this method stabilizes the voltage
during the electrical energy distribution process.
Table 1. IEEE 33 bus network data
Bus N° P (kW) Q (kVAR) R (mΩ) X (mΩ) Bus N° P(kW) Q (kVAR) R (mΩ) X (mΩ)
2 100 60 0.0922 0.0470 17 60 20 1.2889 1.7210
3 90 40 0.4930 0.2512 18 90 40 0.7320 0.5739
4 120 80 0.3661 0.1864 19 90 40 0.1640 0.1565
5 60 30 0.3811 0.1941 20 90 40 1.5042 1.3555
6 60 20 0.8190 0.7070 21 90 40 0.4095 0.4784
7 200 100 0.1872 0.6188 22 90 40 0.7089 0.9373
8 200 100 0.7115 0.2351 23 90 50 0.6512 0.5084
9 60 20 1.0299 0.7400 24 420 200 0.8980 0.7091
10 60 20 1.0440 0.7400 25 420 200 0.8959 0.7071
11 45 30 0.1967 0.0651 26 60 25 0.2031 0.1034
12 60 35 0.3744 0.1298 27 60 25 0.2842 0.1447
13 60 35 1.4680 1.1549 28 60 20 1.0589 0.9338
14 120 80 0.5416 0.7129 29 120 70 0.8043 0.7006
15 60 10 0.5909 0.5260 30 200 100 0.5074 0.2585
16 60 20 0.7462 0.5449 31 150 70 0.9745 0.9629
17 60 20 1.2889 1.7210 32 210 100 0.3105 0.3619
33 60 40 0.3411 0.5302
Table 2. Results of the different scenarios
Scenarios P Q
TEST1 IEEE33 Bus standard value IEEE33bus standard value
TEST2
In this test, we increase the power on buses 7, 8, 17
and 18 simultaneously with a decrease in the active
power P absorbed on buses 23, 24 and 25.
In this test, we increase the Q values on buses 7, 8,
17 and 18 simultaneously with a decrease in the
reactive power absorbed on buses 23, 24 and 25.
TEST3
In this test, we increase the power on buses 9, 10, 17
and 18 simultaneously with a decrease in the active
power P absorbed on buses 7,8 ,23, 24 and 25.
We increase the values of Q on buses 9, 10, 17 and
18 simultaneously with a decrease in the reactive
power absorbed on buses 7,8,23, 24 and 25.
TEST4 and
TEST5
We randomly generate the values of P; this value is
between 0.7 and 1.5 of the power consumed.
We randomly generate the values of Q; this value is
between 0.7 and 1.5 of the power consumed.
Figure 7. Voltage profile in electrical networks
9. ISSN: 2302-9285
Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf, Vol. 10, No. 3, June 2021 : 1142 – 1153
1150
All the obtained solutions fully respect the constraints especially the voltage limit. We can say that
the reconfiguration of distribution networks is a very powerful tool for managing the electricity distribution
networks and the remote implementation of this solution makes them more flexible.
In Figure 9, a comparison based on the power losses is exposed. We can point out that in the all the
tests, the reconfiguration helps to reduce the losses. A reduction of 44,45% is obtained in power losses just
by operating this solution. Also, it can be noted that there is a strong link between the branch current which
means the power losses and the reliability of the electrical networks. Reducing losses contributes to
improving the reliability of electrical networks [33].
All the tests, especially tests 4 and 5 that generate the value randomly, demonstrate the performance
of the solution proposed in this work. In the next section, the test will be carried out in real time and
validation will be performed using an IEEE33 bus network simulator.
Figure 8. Voltage profile of the IEEE 33 bus for all tests
Figure 9. The power losses during all tests
10. Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf ISSN: 2302-9285
Implementation of a decentralized real-time management system for electrical distribution… (Anass Lekbich)
1151
8. SOLUTION IMPLEMENTATION AND TEST
To test the capacity of this solution to control an electrical network in real time, we realized a
network emulator using raspberry PI to simulate the operation of the IEEE 33 bus network. The switches are
concretized by relays, see Figure 10. We have changed the voltage and the system generates orders to
automatically change the topology.
Figure 10. IEEE 33 bus EMULATOR to test the solution
9. CONCLUSION
The the reconfiguration of the intelligent electrical distribution networks is converted into
multi-criteria optimization problem with real operating constraints to generate the different orders and satisfy
the objectives of reliability, safety and cost of electrical energy.
A resolution method is developed to give the system the capacity as well as the intelligence
necessary for decision making. thereafter and by exploiting the progress in communication system based on
the IoT, the decisions will be sent remotely which will actually contribute to the optimization of intelligent
electrical distribution networks. In addition to the improvement of the profile of tension, the load, the most
important advantage is the future benifices which can recorded in term of reliability and energy efficiency in
particular that the limitation of the current electric networks .
Energy management companies must accelerate the transformation into digital companies by
applying powerful software tools to analyze customer needs and meet their requirements. Implement
intelligent energy management systems with the capacity to taking the necessary decisions in real time, and
the deployment of the IoT in a secure manner to facilitate the interaction between equipment and
communication between the management system and customers in order to promote the decentralization of
energy production.
REFERENCES
[1] K. Liu, et al., “Optimal sitting and sizing of DGs in distribution system considering time sequence characteristics
of loads and DGs,” International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 69, pp. 430–440, 2015, doi:
10.1016/j.ijepes.2015.01.033.
[2] J. Joy , J. DEA, VR. John, “Challenges of Smart Grid,” International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical,
Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering (IJAREEIE),vol. 2, pp. 976–81, 2013.
[3] A. Lekbich, A. Belfqih, N. Cherkaoui, F. Elmariami, J. Boukherouaa, O. Sabri, M. N. Dazahra, “A Secure
Machine-to-Machine Wireless Communication Using DNP3 Protocol for Feeder Automation in Smart Grid,”
International Symposium on Ubiquitous Networking UNet, Springer, Cham, pp. 275-286, 2017, doi: 10.1007/978-
3-319-68179-5_24.
[4] M. Rayati, et al., “An optimal and decentralized transactive energy system for electrical grids with high penetration
of renewable energy sources,” Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol. 113, pp. 850-860, 2019, doi:
10.1016/j.ijepes.2019.06.017.
[5] S. Ghasemi, “Balanced and unbalanced distribution networks reconfiguration considering reliability indices,” Ain
Shams Engineering Journal, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 1567-1579, December 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.asej.2016.11.010.
[6] P. Zhang, W. Li , Sh.Wang, “Reliability-oriented distribution network reconfiguration considering uncertainties of
data by interval analysis,” Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 138–144, 2012, doi:
10.1016/j.ijepes.2011.08.026.
11. ISSN: 2302-9285
Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf, Vol. 10, No. 3, June 2021 : 1142 – 1153
1152
[7] D. L. Duan, et al, “Reconfiguration of distribution network for loss reduction and reliability improvement based on
an enhanced genetic algorithm,” Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol. 64, pp. 88-95, 2015, doi:
10.1016/j.ijepes.2014.07.036.
[8] D. Shirmohammadi and H. W. Hong, "Reconfiguration of electric distribution networks for resistive line losses
reduction," in IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 1492-1498, April 1989, doi:
10.1109/61.25637
[9] A. A. Mohd Zin, A. K. Ferdavani, A. B. Khairuddin and M. M. Naeini, "Reconfiguration of Radial Electrical
Distribution Network Through Minimum-Current Circular-Updating-Mechanism Method," in IEEE Transactions
on Power Systems, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 968-974, May 2012, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2011.2174258.
[10] G. Dileep,"A survey on smart grid technologies and applications," Renewable Energy, vol. 146, pp. 2589-2625,
February 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2019.08.092.
[11] S. M. Ali, et al., “Wide area smart grid architectural model and control: A survey,” Renewable and Sustainable
Energy Reviews, vol. 64, pp. 311-328, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.06.006.
[12] N. Suljanovic, D. Borovina, M. Zajc, J. Smajic and A. Mujcic, "Requirements for communication infrastructure in
smart grids," 2014 IEEE International Energy Conference (ENERGYCON), 2014, pp. 1492-1499, doi:
10.1109/ENERGYCON.2014.6850620.
[13] Bharat Menon Radhakrishnan, Dipti Srinivasan, “A multi-agent based distributed energy management scheme for
smart grid applications,” Energy, vol. 103, pp. 192-204, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2016.02.117.
[14] L. Wanga,, R. Yanb,T. K. Sahab, "Voltage regulation challenges with unbalanced PV integration in low voltage
distribution systems and the corresponding solution,” Applied Energy, vol. 256, 15 December 2019, doi:
10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113927.
[15] C. Zedak, A. Lekbich, A. Belfqih, J. Boukherouaa, T. Haidi and F. El Mariami, "A proposed secure remote data
acquisition architecture of photovoltaic systems based on the Internet of Things," 2018 6th International
Conference on Multimedia Computing and Systems (ICMCS), 2018, pp. 1-5, doi: 10.1109/ICMCS.2018.8525902.
[16] A. Lekbich, A. Belfqih, C. Zedak, J. Boukherouaa and F. El Mariami, "A secure wireless control of Remote
Terminal Unit using the Internet of Things in smart grids," 2018 6th International Conference on Wireless
Networks and Mobile Communications (WINCOM), 2018, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/WINCOM.2018.8629620.
[17] P. Jafary, S. Repo and H. Koivisto, "Security solutions for smart grid feeder automation data communication," 2016
IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT), 2016, pp. 551-557, doi:
10.1109/ICIT.2016.7474809.
[18] E. Tebekaemi, D. Wijesekera, “Secure overlay communication and control model for decentralized autonomous
control of smart micro-grids,” Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks, vol. 18, 2019, doi:
10.1016/j.segan.2019.100222.
[19] H. Fallahzadeh, et al., “Decentralized and hierarchical voltage management of renewable energy resources in
distribution smart grid,” Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol. 100, pp. 117-128, 2018, doi:
10.1016/j.ijepes.2018.02.006.
[20] A. Marinia, et al., "An efficient graph-based power flow algorithm for electrical distribution systems with a
comprehensive modeling of distributed generations," Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 170, pp. 229-243, May
2019, doi: 10.1016/j.epsr.2018.12.026.
[21] U. Ghatak, V. Mukherjee, "A fast and efficient load flow technique for unbalanced distribution system,"
International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 84, pp. 99-110, January 2017, doi:
10.1016/j.ijepes.2016.05.002.
[22] A. Lekbich, A. Belfqih, T. Ouaderhman, J. Boukherouaa and C. Zedak, "A Remote Decentralized Reconfiguration
Strategy of Smart Grid using the Internet of Things," 2019 4th World Conference on Complex Systems (WCCS),
2019, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/ICoCS.2019.8930729.
[23] S. M. Mohd Shokri, M. M. Othman, M. A. Abdul Razak, I. Musirin, Z. Zakaria and M. N. Kari, "A direct approach
used for solving the distribution system and harmonic load flow solutions," 2013 IEEE 7th International Power
Engineering and Optimization Conference (PEOCO), 2013, pp. 708-713, doi: 10.1109/PEOCO.2013.6564638.
[24] C. Zedak, et al., "Optimal planning and management of photovoltaic sources and battery storage systems in the
electricity distribution networks," Przegląd Elektrotechniczny, 2020, doi:10.15199/48.2020.08.19
[25] A. Lekbich, et al., “An analytical multicriteria model based on graph theory for reliability enhancement in
distribution electrical networks,” International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), vol. 9,
no. 6, pp. 4625-4636, December 2019, doi: 10.11591/ijece.v9i6.pp4625-4636.
[26] C. Zedak, A. Belfqih, A. Lekbich, J. Boukherouaa and A. Laamimi, "Implementation of an Intelligent System for
Remote Control of Decentralized photovoltaic Sources using the Internet of Things Infrastructure," 2019 7th
International Renewable and Sustainable Energy Conference (IRSEC), 2019, pp. 1-6, doi:
10.1109/IRSEC48032.2019.9078247.
[27] Z. Sheng, C. Mahapatra, C. Zhu and V. C. M. Leung, "Recent Advances in Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks
Toward Efficient Management in IoT," in IEEE Access, vol. 3, pp. 622-637, 2015, doi:
10.1109/ACCESS.2015.2435000.
[28] M. M. Hasan and H. T. Mouftah, "Optimal Trust System Placement in Smart Grid SCADA Networks," in IEEE
Access, vol. 4, pp. 2907-2919, 2016, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2016.2564418.
[29] A. Sajid, H. Abbas and K. Saleem, "Cloud-Assisted IoT-Based SCADA Systems Security: A Review of the State
of the Art and Future Challenges," in IEEE Access, vol. 4, pp. 1375-1384, 2016, doi:
10.1109/ACCESS.2016.2549047.
12. Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf ISSN: 2302-9285
Implementation of a decentralized real-time management system for electrical distribution… (Anass Lekbich)
1153
[30] C. W. Potter, A. Archambault and K. Westrick, "Building a smarter smart grid through better renewable energy
information," 2009 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition, 2009, pp. 1-5, doi:
10.1109/PSCE.2009.4840110.
[31] R. J. Tom and S. Sankaranarayanan, "IoT based SCADA integrated with Fog for power distribution
automation," 2017 12th Iberian Conference on Information Systems and Technologies (CISTI), 2017, pp. 1-4, doi:
10.23919/CISTI.2017.7975732.
[32] H. W. Chen and F. J. Lin, "Converging MQTT Resources in ETSI Standards Based M2M Platform," 2014 IEEE
International Conference on Internet of Things (iThings), and IEEE Green Computing and Communications
(GreenCom) and IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing (CPSCom), 2014, pp. 292-295, doi:
10.1109/iThings.2014.52.
[33] A. Kavousi-Fard, M-R. A-Zadeh, “Reliability enhancement using optimal distribution feeder reconfiguration,”
Neurocomputing, vol. 106, pp. 1-11, 15 April 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.neucom.2012.08.033.
BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Anass Lekbich: Phd student at the National School of Electricity and Mechanics
(ENSEM-Hassan II University of Casablanca), was born in Morocco on the 19th of November
1988. He got his Eng. Degree from ENSEM-Hassan II University of Casablanca, in 2012. He
has more than 8 years of professional experience in the industry, as automation and networks
engineer with experience in research. He has carried out several research projects on the
reliability of the electrical distribution networks, the control of the power systems, the
optimization of distribution networks and the location of the protective equipment. His research
interests include electrical networks, distribution system, reclosers and switches placement,
SCADA system, The remote control of electrical networks and the smart grids.
Pr. Abdelaziz Belfqih: Professor qualified to Direct Research at the National School of
Electricity and Mechanics (ENSEM-Hassan II University of Casablanca). Doctor, Engineer and
holder of the University Habilitation HDR. RECS Research Team Leader. Currently working on
Electrical networks.
Chaimae Zedak: PhD student at the National Higher School of Electricity and Mechanics
(ENSEM-Hassan II University of Casablanca). She got his Engineering Degree in electrical
engineering, electronics and telecommunications from ENSEM-Hassan II University of
Casablanca, in 2016. Her research interests include distribution electrical systems, renewable
energies, energy management and remote monitoring and control of electrical networks and
renewable sources.
Pr. Jamal Boukherouaa: Professor qualified to Direct Research at the National School of
Electricity and Mechanics (ENSEM-Hassan II University of Casablanca). Doctor, Engineer and
holder of the University Habilitation HDR. RECS Research Team Leader. Currently working on
high-frequency static converters.
Pr. Faissal El Mariami: Professor qualified to Direct Research at the National School of
Electricity and Mechanics (ENSEM-Hassan II University of Casablanca). Doctor, Engineer and
holder of the University Habilitation HDR. RECS Research Team Leader. Currently working on
location of FACTS in Electrical networks.