Small intestines
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The document summarizes key parts of the small intestine: - The duodenum is C-shaped and located retroperitoneally. It is the shortest section where most chemical digestion occurs. - The jejunum is located in the upper left abdomen and is characterized by plicae circulares and long villi for nutrient absorption. - The ileum is the narrowest section located in the lower right abdomen, distinguished by lymphatic nodules called Peyer's patches.
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The large intestine extends from the small intestine to the anus. It is composed of the cecum, colon, and rectum. The colon can be divided into four parts - ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid. It absorbs water from digested food and forms feces. Diseases that can affect the large intestine include colorectal cancer, colonic polyps, ulcerative colitis, diverticulitis, and irritable bowel syndrome.
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The caecum is the beginning of the large intestine located in the right iliac fossa. It is wider than it is long and connects superiorly to the ascending colon, medially to the ileum, and posteromedially to the vermiform appendix. The appendix is a worm-like diverticulum arising from the posteromedial wall of the caecum that is on average 9 cm long and can be located in various positions around the caecum. The ileocaecal valve regulates passage of contents from the ileum into the caecum and prevents reflux.
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As it passes down from the small to large intestine, goblet cells increase because as it passes down water was absorb, goblet cells function to produce mucous.
This is just a rough idea, for better slides with more reference please PM the author at davidgqf@gmail.com.
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This document provides an overview of the anatomy, embryology, histology, imaging, and physiology of the gallbladder and biliary tree. It describes the components of the extrahepatic biliary system including the gallbladder, cystic duct, common hepatic duct, and common bile duct. It discusses the formation of the gallbladder during embryological development and provides details on the structure and blood supply of the gallbladder and biliary tree. It also summarizes the function of bile in digestion and the neurohormonal regulation of bile secretion and gallbladder contraction.
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The document describes the anatomy and physiology of the biliary tree. It details the structures of the gallbladder, bile ducts, and their variations. Bile aids in digesting lipids and eliminating waste. The liver produces bile which is stored in the gallbladder and released in response to cholecystokinin after eating to help break down fats in the small intestine.
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This is a detailed slides about the gall bladder anatomy which helps better understanding of this intraperitoneal organ.
I made those slides during my GS rotation under the supervision of the chief of surgery departments at King Fahd Speciality hospital - Dammam
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The spleen is a hematopoietic organ located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. It filters blood and fights infections. The spleen develops from mesenchymal cells in the dorsal mesogastrium and has dimensions of approximately 12x7x3 cm and a weight of 150 grams in adults. It receives a blood supply from the splenic artery and drains into the portal vein system. The spleen can be surgically removed (splenectomy) in cases of trauma or certain blood disorders.
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PPT on Gall bl;adder
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The mucose membrane lining of gastrointestinal tract is stratified squamous epithelium at the esophagus which slowly convert into simple columnar epithelium at the stomach until the anus it converts back into the stratified squamous epithelium at the lower half of the anal canal. The stratified epithelium is a wear and tear epithelium.
As it passes down from the small to large intestine, goblet cells increase because as it passes down water was absorb, goblet cells function to produce mucous.
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Small intestines
- 1. By
- 2. part of the gastrointestinal tract divided into duodenum/jejunum/ileum By Sarah duodenum jejunum ileum
- 3. The duodenum • C shaped • Retroperitoneal except for its beginning which is intraperitoneal • shortest part (10 inches in length) • most chemical digestion by enzymes happens here • first section divided into 4 parts By Sarah Superior part (first) Descending part (second) Inferior part (third) Ascending part (fourth) • L1 • Connected to liver by hepatoduodenal ligament • Most common site of duodenal ulceration • Retroperitoneal except first 3cm • L1-L3 • Curves inferiorly around the head of pancreas • Has the major duodenal papilla (opening at which bile and pancreatic secretions to enter from the ampulla of Vater (hepatopancreatic ampulla). • L3 • Travels laterally to the left crossing over the inferior vena cava and aorta • L3-L2 • Joins the jejunum at the duodenojejunal flexure
- 4. The jejunum • middle section located in the upper left of infracolic compartment • wide & thick • Deep red • mucous membrane has plicae circulares (valves of Kerckring) • absorption of proteins & carbohydrates • inner surface is covered in villi (The villi in the jejunum are much longer than in the duodenum or ileum.) • epithelial cells which line these villi each possess up to 3000 microvilli. • The transport of nutrients across epithelial cells through the jejunum includes the passive transport of some carbohydrates and the active transport of amino acids, small peptides, vitamins, and most glucose. By Sarah
- 5. The ileum • last section located in the lower right of infracolic compartment • narrow & thin • Pale pink • mucous membrane has lymphatic nodules called By Sarah
- 6. Tell the difference between the jejunum and ileum jejunum ileum Location Upper left quadrant Lower right quadrant Color Deep red Pale pink Pattern of vessels Less arcades-Long vasa recta More arcades-Short vasa recta Mucous membrane Plicae circularis Peyer’s patches Wall thickness Thick wall Thin wall By Sarah
- 7. Characteristic features that help to increase the absorption: • Length (4-6m) • Plicae circulares or Valves of Kerckring • Villi & microvilli (brush border) microvillivilli By Sarah
- 8. Layers of small intestines By Sarah serosa Muscularis externa submucosamucosa Epithelium Lamina propria Muscularis mucosae
- 9. The small intestine develops from the midgut of the primitive gut tube except for the upper part of the duodenum. Molecular regulation: specifies the small intestine. The upper part of the duodenum → foregut The lower part of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum → midgut Meckel’s diverticulum → remnant of the yolk stalk (vitelline duct) By Sarah
- 10. By Sarah