This document discusses optimal node placement in underwater wireless sensor networks. It aims to find the placement that maximizes coverage and connectivity while minimizing transmission losses. The network model divides the ocean into regions based on depth and models node communication ranges as truncated octahedrons. Simulation results show the optimal transmission range depends on frequency, depth, power level, and modulation scheme used. Placement strategies that consider these channel factors can support autonomous underwater vehicle monitoring tasks with minimum network nodes.
underwater communication skills for the new way of devine(2)Manjushree Mashal
This document discusses underwater wireless communication networks and security issues. It begins with an introduction to underwater wireless communication using acoustic signals. It then provides historical context on underwater acoustics research. The document outlines the architecture of underwater sensor networks, including applications like environmental monitoring. It discusses problems in underwater networks like limited bandwidth and battery power. The document also examines various attacks on underwater networks like jamming, wormholes, and Sybil attacks. Finally, it covers security requirements for underwater networks like authentication, integrity, and confidentiality and the need for further research on security and transmission techniques.
The document discusses acoustic communication, which involves the exchange of information through mechanical waves in gases, liquids, and solids. It explains that acoustic communication deals with communication rather than just the transfer of energy. A basic acoustic communication model is presented involving transmission of data underwater via acoustic modems between devices like buoys, robots, and ships. Applications of underwater acoustic communication discussed include seismic monitoring, pollution monitoring, equipment monitoring and control, and enabling wireless networking for autonomous underwater vehicles.
Securing underwater wireless communication by Nisha Menon KNisha Menon K
This document discusses securing underwater wireless communication networks. It begins with an introduction to underwater wireless sensor networks and their components. It then outlines several common attacks on such networks like jamming, wormholes, and selective forwarding. It describes countermeasures to these attacks. The document also discusses important security requirements for underwater networks like authentication, confidentiality, and integrity. It proposes mechanisms for secure time synchronization, localization, and routing to enhance security. In conclusion, it maintains that a system with these secure elements can overcome common attacks while minimizing communication costs and preserving sensor energy.
This document outlines security challenges and mechanisms for underwater wireless communication networks (UWCNs). UWCNs use acoustic links for sensors and autonomous underwater vehicles due to radio frequency absorption by water. The document discusses common attacks on UWCNs like jamming, wormholes, and selective forwarding. It proposes secure time synchronization, localization, and routing to authenticate nodes and secure the network. Potential applications of UWCNs include environmental monitoring, search and rescue missions, and marine archaeology. Key challenges are limited battery power, bandwidth, and high error rates in underwater acoustic channels.
Seminar on underwater sensor network in which we are focusing on energy conservation or how to regain the energy in the sensor from tidal energy this is generating the new concept in this field
In this i tried to explain about under water communication.
Introduction of underwater communication.
Problem due to Multipath Propagation
Techniques used for underwater communication
1. Single Carrier Systems
2. MCM Techniques
3. Space-Time Modulation Techniques
Applications
Limitations
Conclusion
Underwater Wireless Communication is the wireless communication in which acoustic signals (waves) carry digital information through an underwater channel.
underwater communication skills for the new way of devine(2)Manjushree Mashal
This document discusses underwater wireless communication networks and security issues. It begins with an introduction to underwater wireless communication using acoustic signals. It then provides historical context on underwater acoustics research. The document outlines the architecture of underwater sensor networks, including applications like environmental monitoring. It discusses problems in underwater networks like limited bandwidth and battery power. The document also examines various attacks on underwater networks like jamming, wormholes, and Sybil attacks. Finally, it covers security requirements for underwater networks like authentication, integrity, and confidentiality and the need for further research on security and transmission techniques.
The document discusses acoustic communication, which involves the exchange of information through mechanical waves in gases, liquids, and solids. It explains that acoustic communication deals with communication rather than just the transfer of energy. A basic acoustic communication model is presented involving transmission of data underwater via acoustic modems between devices like buoys, robots, and ships. Applications of underwater acoustic communication discussed include seismic monitoring, pollution monitoring, equipment monitoring and control, and enabling wireless networking for autonomous underwater vehicles.
Securing underwater wireless communication by Nisha Menon KNisha Menon K
This document discusses securing underwater wireless communication networks. It begins with an introduction to underwater wireless sensor networks and their components. It then outlines several common attacks on such networks like jamming, wormholes, and selective forwarding. It describes countermeasures to these attacks. The document also discusses important security requirements for underwater networks like authentication, confidentiality, and integrity. It proposes mechanisms for secure time synchronization, localization, and routing to enhance security. In conclusion, it maintains that a system with these secure elements can overcome common attacks while minimizing communication costs and preserving sensor energy.
This document outlines security challenges and mechanisms for underwater wireless communication networks (UWCNs). UWCNs use acoustic links for sensors and autonomous underwater vehicles due to radio frequency absorption by water. The document discusses common attacks on UWCNs like jamming, wormholes, and selective forwarding. It proposes secure time synchronization, localization, and routing to authenticate nodes and secure the network. Potential applications of UWCNs include environmental monitoring, search and rescue missions, and marine archaeology. Key challenges are limited battery power, bandwidth, and high error rates in underwater acoustic channels.
Seminar on underwater sensor network in which we are focusing on energy conservation or how to regain the energy in the sensor from tidal energy this is generating the new concept in this field
In this i tried to explain about under water communication.
Introduction of underwater communication.
Problem due to Multipath Propagation
Techniques used for underwater communication
1. Single Carrier Systems
2. MCM Techniques
3. Space-Time Modulation Techniques
Applications
Limitations
Conclusion
Underwater Wireless Communication is the wireless communication in which acoustic signals (waves) carry digital information through an underwater channel.
wireless Communication Underwater(Ocean)tanveer alam
Underwater wireless communication uses acoustic signals to transmit digital information through water. Wired connections are not always feasible for underwater experiments due to problems like cable breaks or high costs. Acoustic communication is affected by factors like path loss, noise, multipath propagation, and Doppler spread. Advanced acoustic modems employ techniques like error correction coding to achieve low bit error rates. Underwater acoustic sensor networks use groups of sensors and autonomous underwater vehicles linked by acoustic connections to collaboratively monitor things like pollution, currents, and equipment. Despite progress, limitations remain regarding battery life, bandwidth, and environmental impacts on performance.
underwater wireless communication by shyam shinde9527604481
This seminar presentation discusses underwater wireless communication technology. It provides an introduction and history of underwater acoustics, describes the technology including how acoustic signals propagate underwater and are used to transmit data. It also discusses attacks such as jamming and wormholes that can occur underwater, and necessary security countermeasures. Finally, it outlines the necessity of underwater wireless communication for applications like pollution monitoring and search and rescue, as well as advantages and disadvantages compared to wired solutions.
Underwater wireless communication networks (UWCNs) consist of sensors and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) that interact, coordinate and share information with each other to carry out sensing and monitoring functions.
Underwater imaging uses sound-based technologies like multibeam echo sounders (MBES), side scan sonar (SSS), bathymetric LIDAR, and scanning profilers due to light's limited transmission through water. MBES can measure thousands of depths per second to map ocean floors from ships or vehicles. SSS uses sound pulses to illuminate large areas of seafloor but creates shadows. Bathymetric LIDAR uses lasers to map clear waters' surfaces and bottoms from aircraft. These technologies continue improving our understanding of the 70% of Earth covered by oceans.
While wireless communication technology today has become part of our daily life, the
idea of wireless undersea communications may still seem far-fetched. However, research has
been active for over a decade on designing the methods for wireless information transmission
underwater. Human knowledge and understanding of the world’s oceans, which constitute
the major part of our planet, rests on our ability to collect information from remote undersea
locations.
The major discoveries of the past decades, such as the remains of Titanic, or the hydrothermal
vents at bottom of deep ocean, were made using cabled submersibles. Although such
systems remain indispensable if high-speed communication link is to exists between the
remote end and the surface, it is natural to wonder what one could accomplish without the
burden (and cost) of heavy cables.
Hence the motivation, and interest in wireless underwater communications. Together with
sensor technology and vehicular technology, wireless communications will enable new
applications ranging from environmental monitoring to gathering of oceanographic data,
marine archaeology, and search and rescue missions.
This document outlines securing underwater wireless communication networks. It discusses the necessity of underwater communication networks for applications like monitoring and introduces common attacks like jamming, wormholes, and Sybil attacks. It proposes countermeasures like spread spectrum techniques and localization. The document also covers important security requirements like authentication, confidentiality, and integrity. It proposes mechanisms for secure time synchronization, localization, and routing to address challenges in underwater wireless networks.
This document presents an underwater acoustic sensor network for early warning generation of tsunamis. It discusses flaws in existing tsunami early warning systems, and proposes an integrated system using underwater sensor networks, satellites, and terrestrial communication networks. Key challenges addressed include power optimization, modulation schemes, and routing for underwater acoustic networks. Performance is measured by reliability and timeliness of warnings. Further improvements could include better simulations, decision support, and tsunami modeling.
A hydrophone is a device that uses the piezoelectric effect to convert underwater sound wave pressure variations into electrical signals. It consists of a piezoelectric transducer that generates electricity when subjected to changes in underwater pressure. Hydrophones are primarily used by naval forces for applications like submarine detection, acoustic tagging of marine life, and echo sounding.
This document discusses underwater acoustic communication. It notes deficiencies in current communication methods and the necessity of acoustic communication. It provides an overview of acoustic communication models and modems. Applications are described including controlling autonomous underwater vehicles and sensors. Limitations are outlined such as limited bandwidth and battery power. The conclusion states the goal is to overcome limitations and implement advanced acoustic technology for oceanographic research.
Underwater acoustic communication is a technique of sending and receiving message below water.[1] There are several ways of employing such communication but the most common is using hydrophones. Under water communication is difficult due to factors like multi-path propagation, time variations of the channel, small available bandwidth and strong signal attenuation, especially over long ranges. In underwater communication there are low data rates compared to terrestrial communication, since underwater communication uses acoustic waves instead of electromagnetic waves.
1) Underwater communication faces challenges due to the medium but has progressed with acoustic and optical modulation/demodulation.
2) Channel modeling is important to evaluate techniques before implementation and reduces hardware costs. Common models include the additive noise channel and radiative transfer equation models.
3) Acoustic communication uses sound waves and has advantages of long range but limited bandwidth. Optical uses light with higher bandwidth but more attenuation. Hybrid systems may improve performance.
Topic on Underwater Communication which includes both underwater wireless and wired communication . A full detailed overview about the topic has been given. Pictures are given to visualize the topic in better way. Covers a major potion like Hydrophones and SONAR. Can be presented as a seminar topic as well .
This document presents information about underwater acoustic communication channels. It discusses how sound can be used as a wireless communication medium underwater, as radio waves do not propagate well in water. It describes some of the key challenges with underwater acoustic channels, including limited bandwidth, multipath propagation, Doppler effects from water movements, noise from biological and man-made sources, and scattering. It also provides examples of potential underwater applications that could benefit from acoustic communication technologies, such as pollution monitoring, seismic monitoring, and autonomous underwater vehicle control.
Wireless underground sensor networks (WUSNs) have several advantages over conventional above-ground sensor networks for monitoring underground environments, such as increased concealment and ease of deployment. However, WUSNs also face significant challenges due to the harsh underground conditions and channel properties. The document discusses these challenges at different layers of the protocol stack, including high path loss, lower bandwidth, and power constraints. It suggests that cross-layer protocol designs and optimizations across layers may help address some of these issues to better support wireless underground sensor network applications.
The document summarizes underwater wireless communication technology. It discusses how acoustic waves are used instead of radio waves to transmit information underwater over long distances. It describes some of the challenges of underwater acoustic channels including high propagation loss, severe multipath interference, and low sound speed. The document also provides an overview of acoustic modem technology, discussing modulation schemes like FSK and PSK, and the use of equalizers to address multipath interference. The goal of underwater wireless communication is to enable applications like environmental monitoring without the need for heavy cables.
This document describes a student project analyzing the performance of transmission schemes for underwater communication. It includes an abstract that discusses underwater communication challenges like attenuation, multipath, and bandwidth constraints. The project then analyzes modulation schemes like OFDM and SCFDMA for underwater channels. Simulation results show that for uplink, SCFDMA with LFDMA mapping performs best, while for downlink, OFDMA is preferable due to simpler implementation compared to SCFDMA. The conclusion is that underwater communication should use SCFDMA for uplink and OFDMA for downlink, similar to LTE standards.
Measuring the underwater received power behavior for 433 mhz radio frequency ...journalBEEI
Underwater wireless sensor network (UWSN) important to enhance the widely use of the application of the Internet of things (IoT) for underwater. Uses of the acoustics base of wave propagations are the best ways to establish the UWSN. But the unpracticality of the hardware due to the size and cost has limited the application of UWSN. Radio frequency (RF) wave propagation is the best way to overcome this situation. Low frequency of the RF wave is proven feasible and suitable for underwater communication. 433 MHz RF were chosen to measuring the underwater received power behavior between the transmitter node and receiver node based on different distance and depth. HC12 transceiver module was used as a transmitter and spectrum analyzer with the telescopic antenna was used as a receiver. The received power give a good reading when the transmitter note was at 0.5-meter depth with a maximum operating range within 12 meters from the receiver.
Optimal Transmit Power and Packet Size in Wireless Sensor Networks in Shadowe...IDES Editor
This paper investigates the effects of
shadowing on the optimal transmit power required to
sustain the network connectivity while maintaining a
predefined maximum tolerable Bit Error Rate (BER) in
a Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). Optimization of
transmit power is of great importance in WSN since
sensor nodes are battery driven and optimization helps
to increase battery life by reducing inter node
interference significantly. An infinite Automatic Repeat
Request (ARQ) model has been considered to assess the
impact of shadowing and other network conditions on
energy requirement for successful packet transmission in
WSN. We also find the optimal packet length based on
energy efficiency. Effects of shadowing on optimal packet
size and energy efficiency in packetized data
transmission are also investigated. Further energy
consumption is minimized considering a variable packet
length based transmission. Use of optimal packet size
shows a significant reduction in energy spending.
The document discusses lasers and fiber optics. It begins with an assessment scheme for the topic and then covers basics of light, the history of optical communication, how optical fiber transmission works, advantages and disadvantages of optical fiber versus other transmission media, the structure and propagation of light in optical fibers. Key points covered include the small size, high bandwidth, and noise immunity of optical fibers as well as concepts like total internal reflection, acceptance angle, and refractive index.
The document discusses the syllabus for the EC6801 Wireless Communication course. It covers 5 units: wireless channels, cellular architecture, digital signaling for fading channels, multipath mitigation techniques, and multiple antenna techniques. The key topics covered include path loss models, small scale fading parameters, multiple access techniques, diversity combining, equalization, MIMO systems and capacity in fading channels. The document also provides sample problems for the first two units.
wireless Communication Underwater(Ocean)tanveer alam
Underwater wireless communication uses acoustic signals to transmit digital information through water. Wired connections are not always feasible for underwater experiments due to problems like cable breaks or high costs. Acoustic communication is affected by factors like path loss, noise, multipath propagation, and Doppler spread. Advanced acoustic modems employ techniques like error correction coding to achieve low bit error rates. Underwater acoustic sensor networks use groups of sensors and autonomous underwater vehicles linked by acoustic connections to collaboratively monitor things like pollution, currents, and equipment. Despite progress, limitations remain regarding battery life, bandwidth, and environmental impacts on performance.
underwater wireless communication by shyam shinde9527604481
This seminar presentation discusses underwater wireless communication technology. It provides an introduction and history of underwater acoustics, describes the technology including how acoustic signals propagate underwater and are used to transmit data. It also discusses attacks such as jamming and wormholes that can occur underwater, and necessary security countermeasures. Finally, it outlines the necessity of underwater wireless communication for applications like pollution monitoring and search and rescue, as well as advantages and disadvantages compared to wired solutions.
Underwater wireless communication networks (UWCNs) consist of sensors and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) that interact, coordinate and share information with each other to carry out sensing and monitoring functions.
Underwater imaging uses sound-based technologies like multibeam echo sounders (MBES), side scan sonar (SSS), bathymetric LIDAR, and scanning profilers due to light's limited transmission through water. MBES can measure thousands of depths per second to map ocean floors from ships or vehicles. SSS uses sound pulses to illuminate large areas of seafloor but creates shadows. Bathymetric LIDAR uses lasers to map clear waters' surfaces and bottoms from aircraft. These technologies continue improving our understanding of the 70% of Earth covered by oceans.
While wireless communication technology today has become part of our daily life, the
idea of wireless undersea communications may still seem far-fetched. However, research has
been active for over a decade on designing the methods for wireless information transmission
underwater. Human knowledge and understanding of the world’s oceans, which constitute
the major part of our planet, rests on our ability to collect information from remote undersea
locations.
The major discoveries of the past decades, such as the remains of Titanic, or the hydrothermal
vents at bottom of deep ocean, were made using cabled submersibles. Although such
systems remain indispensable if high-speed communication link is to exists between the
remote end and the surface, it is natural to wonder what one could accomplish without the
burden (and cost) of heavy cables.
Hence the motivation, and interest in wireless underwater communications. Together with
sensor technology and vehicular technology, wireless communications will enable new
applications ranging from environmental monitoring to gathering of oceanographic data,
marine archaeology, and search and rescue missions.
This document outlines securing underwater wireless communication networks. It discusses the necessity of underwater communication networks for applications like monitoring and introduces common attacks like jamming, wormholes, and Sybil attacks. It proposes countermeasures like spread spectrum techniques and localization. The document also covers important security requirements like authentication, confidentiality, and integrity. It proposes mechanisms for secure time synchronization, localization, and routing to address challenges in underwater wireless networks.
This document presents an underwater acoustic sensor network for early warning generation of tsunamis. It discusses flaws in existing tsunami early warning systems, and proposes an integrated system using underwater sensor networks, satellites, and terrestrial communication networks. Key challenges addressed include power optimization, modulation schemes, and routing for underwater acoustic networks. Performance is measured by reliability and timeliness of warnings. Further improvements could include better simulations, decision support, and tsunami modeling.
A hydrophone is a device that uses the piezoelectric effect to convert underwater sound wave pressure variations into electrical signals. It consists of a piezoelectric transducer that generates electricity when subjected to changes in underwater pressure. Hydrophones are primarily used by naval forces for applications like submarine detection, acoustic tagging of marine life, and echo sounding.
This document discusses underwater acoustic communication. It notes deficiencies in current communication methods and the necessity of acoustic communication. It provides an overview of acoustic communication models and modems. Applications are described including controlling autonomous underwater vehicles and sensors. Limitations are outlined such as limited bandwidth and battery power. The conclusion states the goal is to overcome limitations and implement advanced acoustic technology for oceanographic research.
Underwater acoustic communication is a technique of sending and receiving message below water.[1] There are several ways of employing such communication but the most common is using hydrophones. Under water communication is difficult due to factors like multi-path propagation, time variations of the channel, small available bandwidth and strong signal attenuation, especially over long ranges. In underwater communication there are low data rates compared to terrestrial communication, since underwater communication uses acoustic waves instead of electromagnetic waves.
1) Underwater communication faces challenges due to the medium but has progressed with acoustic and optical modulation/demodulation.
2) Channel modeling is important to evaluate techniques before implementation and reduces hardware costs. Common models include the additive noise channel and radiative transfer equation models.
3) Acoustic communication uses sound waves and has advantages of long range but limited bandwidth. Optical uses light with higher bandwidth but more attenuation. Hybrid systems may improve performance.
Topic on Underwater Communication which includes both underwater wireless and wired communication . A full detailed overview about the topic has been given. Pictures are given to visualize the topic in better way. Covers a major potion like Hydrophones and SONAR. Can be presented as a seminar topic as well .
This document presents information about underwater acoustic communication channels. It discusses how sound can be used as a wireless communication medium underwater, as radio waves do not propagate well in water. It describes some of the key challenges with underwater acoustic channels, including limited bandwidth, multipath propagation, Doppler effects from water movements, noise from biological and man-made sources, and scattering. It also provides examples of potential underwater applications that could benefit from acoustic communication technologies, such as pollution monitoring, seismic monitoring, and autonomous underwater vehicle control.
Wireless underground sensor networks (WUSNs) have several advantages over conventional above-ground sensor networks for monitoring underground environments, such as increased concealment and ease of deployment. However, WUSNs also face significant challenges due to the harsh underground conditions and channel properties. The document discusses these challenges at different layers of the protocol stack, including high path loss, lower bandwidth, and power constraints. It suggests that cross-layer protocol designs and optimizations across layers may help address some of these issues to better support wireless underground sensor network applications.
The document summarizes underwater wireless communication technology. It discusses how acoustic waves are used instead of radio waves to transmit information underwater over long distances. It describes some of the challenges of underwater acoustic channels including high propagation loss, severe multipath interference, and low sound speed. The document also provides an overview of acoustic modem technology, discussing modulation schemes like FSK and PSK, and the use of equalizers to address multipath interference. The goal of underwater wireless communication is to enable applications like environmental monitoring without the need for heavy cables.
This document describes a student project analyzing the performance of transmission schemes for underwater communication. It includes an abstract that discusses underwater communication challenges like attenuation, multipath, and bandwidth constraints. The project then analyzes modulation schemes like OFDM and SCFDMA for underwater channels. Simulation results show that for uplink, SCFDMA with LFDMA mapping performs best, while for downlink, OFDMA is preferable due to simpler implementation compared to SCFDMA. The conclusion is that underwater communication should use SCFDMA for uplink and OFDMA for downlink, similar to LTE standards.
Measuring the underwater received power behavior for 433 mhz radio frequency ...journalBEEI
Underwater wireless sensor network (UWSN) important to enhance the widely use of the application of the Internet of things (IoT) for underwater. Uses of the acoustics base of wave propagations are the best ways to establish the UWSN. But the unpracticality of the hardware due to the size and cost has limited the application of UWSN. Radio frequency (RF) wave propagation is the best way to overcome this situation. Low frequency of the RF wave is proven feasible and suitable for underwater communication. 433 MHz RF were chosen to measuring the underwater received power behavior between the transmitter node and receiver node based on different distance and depth. HC12 transceiver module was used as a transmitter and spectrum analyzer with the telescopic antenna was used as a receiver. The received power give a good reading when the transmitter note was at 0.5-meter depth with a maximum operating range within 12 meters from the receiver.
Optimal Transmit Power and Packet Size in Wireless Sensor Networks in Shadowe...IDES Editor
This paper investigates the effects of
shadowing on the optimal transmit power required to
sustain the network connectivity while maintaining a
predefined maximum tolerable Bit Error Rate (BER) in
a Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). Optimization of
transmit power is of great importance in WSN since
sensor nodes are battery driven and optimization helps
to increase battery life by reducing inter node
interference significantly. An infinite Automatic Repeat
Request (ARQ) model has been considered to assess the
impact of shadowing and other network conditions on
energy requirement for successful packet transmission in
WSN. We also find the optimal packet length based on
energy efficiency. Effects of shadowing on optimal packet
size and energy efficiency in packetized data
transmission are also investigated. Further energy
consumption is minimized considering a variable packet
length based transmission. Use of optimal packet size
shows a significant reduction in energy spending.
The document discusses lasers and fiber optics. It begins with an assessment scheme for the topic and then covers basics of light, the history of optical communication, how optical fiber transmission works, advantages and disadvantages of optical fiber versus other transmission media, the structure and propagation of light in optical fibers. Key points covered include the small size, high bandwidth, and noise immunity of optical fibers as well as concepts like total internal reflection, acceptance angle, and refractive index.
The document discusses the syllabus for the EC6801 Wireless Communication course. It covers 5 units: wireless channels, cellular architecture, digital signaling for fading channels, multipath mitigation techniques, and multiple antenna techniques. The key topics covered include path loss models, small scale fading parameters, multiple access techniques, diversity combining, equalization, MIMO systems and capacity in fading channels. The document also provides sample problems for the first two units.
BER Estimation for Laser Based Underwater CommunicationIJMER
This document summarizes the results of an experiment estimating the bit error rate (BER) for laser-based underwater communication using on-off keying (OOK) and pulse position modulation (PPM). The experiment varied key parameters like water type, turbulence, ambient light levels, and laser pulse frequency. BER was found to increase with higher salt content water, ambient light levels, and laser frequencies above 10kHz. PPM modulation provided lower BER than OOK. Turbulence from water churning did not significantly impact BER.
This document provides information about microwave communication systems. It defines microwave communication as a high radio frequency link designed to provide signal connection between two points. It operates in the 2-60 GHz band and can be analog or digital. Short, medium, and long haul systems exist based on distance and frequency used. The document discusses advantages like increased gain and reliability, as well as disadvantages like limitations in circuit design at high frequencies. It provides formulas for analyzing microwave links, including free space loss, antenna gain, system gain, and more. Worked examples of link calculations are also included.
Underwater Object Detection and Tracking Using Electromagnetic WavesMusbiha Binte Wali
The document presents five different 3D underwater wireless sensor network (UWSN) architectures proposed for detecting and localizing underwater intruders using electromagnetic waves. The architectures consist of sensor nodes, cluster heads, a surface sink, and an onshore base station. Localization accuracy is evaluated using metrics like normalized mean square error in distance estimation. The impact of network parameters such as node topology, network length, and detection threshold on system performance is analyzed through simulations. This work investigates electromagnetic communication for underwater localization, as existing approaches rely primarily on acoustic networks.
The document summarizes a study on the effect of substrate materials on the performance of an ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna. A circularly polarized UWB antenna was designed using FR4 substrate and fed by a coplanar waveguide. Simulations were performed in HFSS to analyze the antenna's return loss, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), input impedance, gain, and radiation patterns at different resonant frequencies. The performance was also compared for different substrate materials, and FR4 provided the best results with a 9.745 GHz bandwidth. Key findings included FR4 achieving less than -10 dB return loss and VSWR below 2 across the operating band with a maximum gain of 4.5 dBi and quasi
Error Rate Performance of Interleaved Coded OFDM For Undersea Acoustic LinksCSCJournals
Studies on undersea acoustic communication links, set up through highly complex and inhomogeneous underwater channel using various orders of QAM and PSK based OFDM techniques, have been reported in open literature. However, their bit error rate performances still need to be improved. Coding, when combined with OFDM, helps to detect and correct errors without having the overhead of too many retransmissions, as the bandwidth is a scarce resource in undersea scenario. The technique of interleaving, which is frequently employed in digital communication and storage systems to enhance the performance of the coding schemes, can be used to improve the error rate performance of the coded OFDM. The error rate performances of interleaved convolutional and BCH coded OFDMs for undersea acoustic links for binary phase shift keying and its differential variant have been studied in this paper. It is found that at high SNR, the process of interleaving and coding offers significant improvement in the error rate performance. It is also worth mentioning the fact that interleaving improves the performance of both convolutional and BCH coded OFDM systems.
A wideband dielectric resonator antenna with a cross slot aperture for 5G com...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper represents design of a wideband Rectangular Dielectric Resonator antenna fed by an aperture coupled technique. A bandwidth of 2.2 GHz has been achieved using a cross slot aperture in a ground plane for Dielectric Resonator Antenna (DRA). The simulated gain value achieved is 6.5 dBi. The Rectangular Dielectric Resonator which has been designed in this paper can be used in 5G application frequency band of 24.25-27.5 GHz. The calculated percentage bandwidth is 15.38%. An optimization of slot dimensions has also mentioned which can help to select a desired impedance match. The measured gain and bandwidth are efficient to use this design for various 5G applications. This unit cell wideband DRA can be used for millimeter wave frequencies of 5G.
This document discusses various types of transmission media, including guided media like twisted pair, coaxial cable, and optical fiber, as well as wireless transmission using microwave frequencies and antennas. It covers topics like the characteristics, bandwidth, and impairments of different media, as well as wireless propagation methods like ground wave, sky wave, and line of sight transmission and the effects of multipath interference and free space loss.
This document discusses underwater wireless sensor networks and some of the challenges in implementing them. It notes that about two-thirds of the Earth is covered in oceans which remain largely unexplored despite their potential for applications like seismic imaging, undersea exploration, and disaster prevention. Some key challenges for underwater sensor networks include high propagation delays, strong attenuation of radio waves in salt water, multipath and fading effects, and sensors being prone to failures from fouling and corrosion. Potential applications discussed include seismic monitoring of underwater oil fields. Implementing such networks raises research challenges around reliably extracting data, localization of sensor nodes, clock synchronization, and energy management to extend network lifetimes during long-term deployments.
The document discusses microstrip patch antennas. It provides details on:
1) Different types of microstrip antennas including shapes, substrates, and array configurations. Rectangular, circular, and other patch shapes are described. Common substrates like honeycomb, Duroid, and quartz are listed.
2) Design considerations for microstrip antennas like calculating patch length and width based on resonant frequency and dielectric properties. Parameters that affect performance are explained.
3) Feeding techniques for exciting microstrip patches including microstrip line, coaxial probe, aperture coupled, and proximity coupling feeds. Advantages of each technique are summarized.
Design of an axial mode helical antenna with buffer layer for underwater app...IJECEIAES
Recently, there is an increasing demand for high-speed wireless communication network for short-range underwater communication. From previous research, most underwater antennas produced omnidirectional radiation pattern which has lower antenna gain. There are a few considerations that need to be taken if the antenna is designed to operate in water environment. This paper discusses the electromagnetic properties which affect the underwater antenna design. Physical properties such as electrical permittivity and conductivity of water contribute significant effect to the size of the antenna as it influences the behavior of electromagnetic signal that propagates in water. In this study, an axial mode helical antenna with waterproof container is presented which operates at 433 MHz. The axial mode helical antenna has circular polarization and is suitable to support wireless application which is surrounded by some obstruction. The proposed antenna produces a bidirectional radiation pattern by placing it into a waterproof casing. Good agreement between the simulation and measurement results validates the concept. However, a little discrepancy between the simulated and measured results may be attributed to the noise originated from the equipment and the environment.
This document provides information about designing a microwave link between two sites in Pakistan for a semester project. It includes:
1) Details of the two sites and student information.
2) An introduction explaining microwave radio relay technology and how it is used to transmit signals over long distances using line-of-sight paths.
3) Technical explanations of key concepts in microwave communication systems like frequency, wavelength, free space loss, antenna gain, and how they relate to designing an optimal microwave link.
This document provides information about microwave technology including:
1) Microwave frequencies range from 300MHz to 300GHz but communication uses 3GHz to 30GHz. Microwaves propagate as plane waves with electric and magnetic fields perpendicular to the direction of travel.
2) Common microwave link frequencies are listed between 2GHz and 38GHz. Microwave links can carry PDH, SDH, Ethernet and combinations of these protocols.
3) Microwave propagation is affected by the atmosphere through refraction, reflection, absorption and diffusion. The ground also impacts propagation through diffraction and reflection. Diversity techniques like space, frequency and polarization can overcome signal losses.
This summary provides the key details from the document in 3 sentences:
The document discusses troubleshooting methods for improving microwave links used by TATA DOCOMO in India. It proposes a system to control the power of indoor units using water sensors and control diesel generators using auxiliary ports. The document also describes the various acknowledgment alarms generated in NEC microwave systems and their associated troubleshooting methods to reduce call drops.
A miniaturized hairpin resonator for the high selectivity of WLAN bandwidthjournalBEEI
In this article, a miniaturized hairpin resonator has been presented to introduce the high selectivity of Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) bandwidth. In the construction of the hairpin resonator, short-circuited
comb-lines are electrically coupled with the two longer edges of a rectangular-shaped loop. The hairpin resonator has been designed and fabricated with the Taconic TLX-8 substrate with a center-frequency at 2.45 GHz. The resonator exhibits a second order quasi-Chebyshev bandpass response. A low insertion loss has been found as -0.36 dB with a minimum return loss as -36.71 dB. The filtering dimension of this hairpin resonator occupies a small area of 166.82 mm2. This hairpin resonator is highly selective for the bandpass applications of the entire WLAN bandwidth.
This document describes the design and simulation of a tapered slot antenna (TSA) array for underwater communication in the microwave band. A single TSA element was designed on an FR4 substrate with an exponentially tapered slot fed by a microstrip line. The design was then expanded into 1×2, 1×4, and 2×4 element arrays. Simulation results showed the single element achieved over 55% impedance bandwidth with a peak gain of 4.82 dBi. The 1×2, 1×4, and 2×4 arrays achieved higher peak gains of 6.85 dBi, 9.65 dBi, and 10.75 dBi, respectively, while maintaining over 50% bandwidth and radiation efficiency above
1. Optimal Node Placement in Underwater
Wireless Network
Muhamad
Felemban, BasemShihada, and
KamranJamshaid
Department of Computer Science, CEMSE Division,
KAUST, Saudi Arabia
1
2. Presentation Outline
Introduction and Motivation
Objective
Network Model
Underwater Communication
Problem Formulation
Results
Simulation Setup and Results
Conclusion
2
3. Introduction
Most of the Earth is covered by water
Underwater operations are difficult
Monitoring tasks:
Habitat monitoring
Data sampling
Critical tasks:
Oil spill, Mexico Gulf 2010
3
4. Motivation
AUV Limitations:
Off-line configuration
Non real-time monitoring
Limited Bandwidth and high propagation delays
Use Underwater Wireless Sensor Network UWSN to
over come theses limitations
But
High cost deployment
Large power consumption
Limited hardware
4
5. Paper’s Objective
Find the optimal distance between two nodes such
that
Attains maximum coverage and connectivity
Minimizes transmission loss between nodes
Find an optimal node placement strategy to support
AUV’s operations such that
Minimum number of nodes is used for a given volume
Maximum coverage volume for certain number of nodes
5
6. Network Model
Surface Gateways (SG): EM and acoustic transceivers
Relay Nodes (RN): homogenous transceivers
Uniform transmission power
Each node forms a communication sphere of
radius r
Two nodes are connected if inter-distance is
less than or equal r
Nodes are statically placed and maintain
their positions r SG
Ocean is divided horizontally into regions RN
based on the depth
Propagation characteristic is different
in each region
6
7. Network Model
Find a space-filling polyhedron that approximates the
communication sphere
The best polyhedron to approximate a sphere has a
large volumetric quotient
Truncated Octahedron (TO) has
volumetric quotient of 0.68
Node placement strategy is to
tessellate TOs of radius R using
where
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8. Underwater Communication
SNR is computed using the passive sonar equation
[Urick]
Transmission Loss δ
Two factors
Energy spreading
K = 15
Wave absorption
α is computed using Ainslie and McColm model
[Ainslie&McColm]
Temperature, frequency, depth, salinity, and acidity
8
11. Results
Transmission loss of deep water at 10000 m depth
11
12. Results
There exists a range of frequencies with longer
transmission distance, because of the reduction in
ambient noise
As depth increases, higher frequencies can be used
for larger transmission distance
High BER can tolerate larger frequencies and further
transmission distance
Higher power increases transmission range
BPSK and QPSK perform better than 16-QAM
Small bit/symbol is better in low data-rate networks
12
13. Results
Maximum transmission range at different depths with Ptx= 100
13 W
17. Simulation Setup
NS-3 simulator with UAN framework
Contributions to UAN framework
Added new propagation models
Added passive sonar equation to calculate SNR
Modified MAC AlOHA to work with UDP client and server
application
PER of 90% if received SNR ≥ SNRth
17
19. Conclusions
Higher frequencies provide more channel capacity
but more susceptible to transmission loss
Optimal operating frequency is around 40 KHz in shallow
water, and 100 KHz in deep water
Low symbol modulation is more suitable for UWSN
BPSK and QPSK
19
20. References
[Urick] R. Urick, “Principles of underwater sound,”
New York, 1983.
[Ainslie&McColm] M. Ainslie and J. McColm, “A
simplified formula for viscous and chemical
absorption in sea water,” Journal of the Acoustical
Society of America, vol. 103, no. 3, pp. 1671–
1672, 1998.
20
My presentation outline is as follows. I will start with the importance of UWSN applications and its challenges and limitations. Then will show some related work of underwater node placement. Then I will present the problem objective and formulation, followed by discussion about the observed results from the analytical and simultion experiments At the end I will conclude my presentation with some considered future work
70% of planet earth is covered by water.High percentage is still unexplored. No cheap and efficient way to conduct underwater operations. AUVs are helpful, but difficult to control in deep water.AUVs are used in scientific tasks like habitat monitoring, data samplingOne of greatest use of AUV’s is the call of MBARI during the oil spill in Mexican Gulf 2010. It dove up to 1,500 m and collected water samples near the oil spill. It provided the researchers with better understanding of the effects on the surrounding enivrnoment
The disadvantages of using AUVs underwater is that sampled data can be only retrieved when the AUV is back to surface. Some applications need real-time data monitoring and sampling. Another disadvantage is the limited storage. Offline configurationChallenges ExpensiveRequired high powerLimited hardware capability Difficult to deploy
Transmission loss is caused by two phenomena: 1- energy spreading: as the wave propagates for longer distances it occupies larger surface area. as the surface area increases the energy per unit surface area becomes less and hence low received signal .. Geometric spreading are: spherical and cylidrical.. Modeled by k values of 1 and 2. 1.5 is the practical value2- waves absorptionis frequency dependent. High frequency signals are more vulnerable to loss because of energy transfer to energy. Transmission loss, mainly depends no the distance، operating frequency, and absorption coefficient …. Different models for absorption, the most basic depends only on the frequency. While a more complicated depends on the temperature, salinity, acidity and the depth.
Ainslie and McColm model is and accurate model that consider temperature, salinity and acidity. G1 represent the abosrptoptin caused by the boric acid, g2 from the magnisuemsulphate. Default values for salinity and acidity is 35 and 8 Figure shows the effect of the frequency and depth
Given spreading factor, operating frequency, depth, Rmax, volume and number of nodes, we can find out the optimal tranmission range that minimizes TLConstraints are it has to be within the hardware capability of the node operating frequency in the valid range for the absorption model V is greater than certain threshold to assure that rc is not going to zero
Logarithmic behavior in the transmission loss. Rapidly increase with distance and frequency. Decreases as depth increase
One observation worth to mention is the optimal frequency because of the noise model behavior. For deep water, frequencues around 100 KHz has less noise than any other and still hold TLth. For shallow is 40 KHz. We found the affect of changing power, BER values, modulation scheme and depth on the optimal frequency
As depth increases, higher frequency can be used to maintain same TLth
Increasing the power allow singals to propgate further with same frequencies
Low BER values have more strict ranges and fs to maintain TLth
We used NS3. It’s a free available network simulator equipped with many models for all kinds of networks UAN framework is available, but buggy and has very limited functionalities. We modified the framework to better match with our assumptions. Changes: propogation modelPhy chars MAC protocol Sending UDP packets underwater
Transmission ranges in the simulation approximatly matches the obtained ones from the mathematical model
In the future, we are aiming to enhance the problem formulation to include channel capacity. In such that the solution provides the best distance and operating frequency to achieve network reliability and high throughput in terms of capacity and propagation delay