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Pharmacognosy is the study of medicine from natural sources like plants, animals, fungi and minerals. The document discusses four plants: sweet violet, liquorice, rose, and their traditional uses. Sweet violet contains anti-inflammatory compounds and has been used to treat cough, influenza, pneumonia and reduce swelling. Liquorice contains glycyrrhizin and is used as a demulcent, expectorant and to treat ulcers and sore throat. Rose contains essential oils and is used as a tonic for vital organs and to treat conditions like hepatitis, constipation and eye inflammation. Traditional herbal medicines are described as treatments for various ailments.
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The document discusses the various sources of drugs, which include plants, animals, minerals, microorganisms, synthesis, and genetics. Plants remain a major source, with parts like leaves, stems, and roots utilized. Alkaloids, glycosides, oils, resins, gums, and tannins are the major active pharmacological compounds found in plants. Animals provide substances like insulin, antibiotics from microbes, and minerals like iron. Synthetic and semi-synthetic drugs allow for mass production and structural modifications. Genetic engineering also enables large-scale production of drugs like insulin through recombinant DNA techniques. Overall, the document provides an overview of the diverse natural and manufactured sources that the pharmaceutical industry relies upon to discover and produce
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The term “medicinal plant” include various types of plants used in herbalism ("herbology" or "herbal medicine"). It is the use of plants for medicinal purposes, and the study of such uses.
The word “herb” has been derived from the Latin word, “herba” and an old French word “herbe”. Now a days, herb refers to any part of the plant like fruit, seed, stem, bark, flower, leaf, stigma or a root, as well as a non-woody plant. Earlier, the term “herb” was only applied to non-woody plants, including those that come from trees and shrubs. These medicinal plants are also used as food, flavonoid, medicine or perfume and also in certain spiritual activities.
Plants have been used for medicinal purposes long before prehistoric period. Ancient Unani manuscripts Egyptian papyrus and Chinese writings described the use of herbs. Evidence exist that Unani Hakims, Indian Vaids and European and Mediterranean cultures were using herbs for over 4000 years as medicine. Indigenous cultures such as Rome, Egypt, Iran, Africa and America used herbs in their healing rituals, while other developed traditional medical systems such as Unani, Ayurveda and Chinese Medicine in which herbal therapies were used systematically.
Sources of crude drug, classification, organized and unorganized drugs.
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Phytoconstituents pharmacognosy
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Medicinal plants and their importance
The term “medicinal plant” include various types of plants used in herbalism ("herbology" or "herbal medicine"). It is the use of plants for medicinal purposes, and the study of such uses.
The word “herb” has been derived from the Latin word, “herba” and an old French word “herbe”. Now a days, herb refers to any part of the plant like fruit, seed, stem, bark, flower, leaf, stigma or a root, as well as a non-woody plant. Earlier, the term “herb” was only applied to non-woody plants, including those that come from trees and shrubs. These medicinal plants are also used as food, flavonoid, medicine or perfume and also in certain spiritual activities.
Plants have been used for medicinal purposes long before prehistoric period. Ancient Unani manuscripts Egyptian papyrus and Chinese writings described the use of herbs. Evidence exist that Unani Hakims, Indian Vaids and European and Mediterranean cultures were using herbs for over 4000 years as medicine. Indigenous cultures such as Rome, Egypt, Iran, Africa and America used herbs in their healing rituals, while other developed traditional medical systems such as Unani, Ayurveda and Chinese Medicine in which herbal therapies were used systematically.
Sources of crude drug, classification, organized and unorganized drugs.
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Formulation, Evaluation and Various Pharmacological Properties and Uses of Thyme
Medicinal plants have played an essential role in the development of human culture. Medicinal plants are sources of new drugs and many new medicines are produced directly from plants by various processes. During studying medicinal plants helps to understand plant toxicity, use long with protect human and animals from natural poisons. This paper reviews studies conducted to explore the physiological and pharmacological properties of thyme plant “Thyme vulgaris-. Thymus vulgaris L. T. vulgaris a significant aromatic plant with around 100 species in the world is widely used for medicinal purposes as well as in culinary dishes. It is obtained from European countries, along with France, Spain, Italy, Bulgaria, Portuguese Republic and Ellas. Thymus vulgaris L. is also known as Thyme, Pahari, Pudina, Mountain Thyme . The genus Thymus are important medicinal plants, highly recommended due to a wide variety of therapeutic properties of their essential oils, and the oil normally known as Thyme oil. The biological active components of thyme vulgaris such as flavonoids, luteolin, carvacrol, eugenol, thymol as well as aliphatic phenols, tetramethoxylated flavones and saponins that attribute to thyme pharmacological properties. Ganesh J. Pimple | Priyanka G. Tale | Sandhya S. Sonsale | Prachi B. Raut | Amol G. Jadhao | Prashant A. Patil | Vaishali B. Magar "Formulation, Evaluation and Various Pharmacological Properties and Uses of Thyme" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46282.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/46282/formulation-evaluation-and-various-pharmacological-properties-and-uses-of-thyme/ganesh-j-pimple
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Anti cancer activity of medicinal plant
Studies that examined the therapeutic potential of plants leaf extracts
Plant Scientific Name Common Name Type of extraction Proposed active material
1. Solanum viarum Tropical Soda Apple Ether Solasodine glycoalkaloid
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colts foot
This document summarizes information about the herbal plant Colt's foot (Tussilago farfara). It details that Colt's foot is a perennial plant found in Europe, the USA, and East Indies. The dried flowers and leaves contain constituents like mucilage, flavonoids, and tannins. Pharmacologically, it acts as an astringent, demulcent, expectorant, and tonic. Its main uses are for respiratory conditions like asthma, bronchitis, and cough. However, it should be administered with caution due to potential liver toxicity from pyrrolizidine alkaloids, which may be destroyed by boiling the plant.
Sources of drug for Undergraduate MBBS students
--> Drugs are obtained from 8 major sources
.Plant sources
.Animal sources
.Mineral/ Earth sources
.Microbiological sources
.Synthetic sources
.Semi synthetic sources
.Human sources
.Genetically engineered
Almost all parts of the plants are used i.e. leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, roots, bark and stem.
Leaves
Digitoxin and Digoxin
Hyoscine
Nicotine
Atropine
Oil of Eucalyptus
Animal source
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Pepsin - stomach of cow
Human source
HCG - Pregnant women
Urokinase - human kidney cell
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Review Article on Chemical Constituents and uses of Turmeric Plant
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Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)
Water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes (Pontederiaceae) is a perennial, herbaceous, aquatic plant, which can live and reproduce floating freely on the surface of waters or can be anchored in mud and originated in the Amazon Basin. Plant size ranges from a few inches to a metre in height. Its rate of proliferation under certain circumstances is extremely rapid and now spread to all tropical and subtropical countries. The mature plant consists of long, pendant roots, rhizomes, stolons, leaves, inflorescences and fruit clusters. This article reviews literature related to the utilization of Eichhornia crassipes and demonstrated that it clogs waterways making boating, fishing and all other water activities impossible. However, despite this problem the plants are controlled by physically, chemically as well as biologically and has the potential to be used as a medicinal plant. Qualitative analysis of the plant parts have revealed the presence of various components of importance including tannins, phoblatannin, steroid, terpenoid, alkaloid, flavonoid, phenolic contents, quinones, antraquinones and cardiac glycosides. Because of the rich diversity of this aquatic plant it is expected that screening and scientific evaluation of plant extracts may prove beneficial for the mankind along with the management of the weed. It is a useful source with amino acid supplementation or protein complementation for aquafeeds. It has an amazing ability to absorb and concentrate suspended solids, dissolved solids, nitrogen, P, Cu, Cd, Ni, Pb, Hg and Zn from aquatic environments. Water hyacinth has received much devotion in recent years due to its potential benefits as animal fodder, aquafeed, water purification, fertilizer, biogas production, paper, fibre board, even food for human and other products. It also used for treatment of blood disorders, emaciation and weakness, goiter, diarrhea, fevers, cholera, heals sore throat, snake bites, medicating the skin of horses, eczema, makes skin healthy, great fragrance to the hair. Water hyacinth have progressively been shown to provide rich source of natural bioactive compounds with antimicrobial, antitumoral, antiviral, and antioxidant activities. Recently much attention has been paid to extracts and biologically active compounds isolated from plants species.
Plants that heal (BY SEEMA BHARDWAJ KVVP)
The document discusses medicinal plants and how they are used. It explains that plants contain primary and secondary metabolites, with the latter including alkaloids, terpenoids, and phenolics which have medicinal properties. Some examples of medicinal uses of plants and their active ingredients are provided, such as quinine from cinchona for treating malaria. Ethnobotanical research identifies plants used traditionally by different cultures to treat various diseases. Many modern drugs are derived from plants that were used ethnobotanically, such as aspirin from white willow bark.
Class sources of drugs
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Study of phytochemical_constituents_and_anti-oxidant_activity_of_spinacia_ole...
Study of phytochemical_constituents_and_anti-oxidant_activity_of_spinacia_ole...SSR Institute of International Journal of Life Sciences
ABSTRACT- Background: Spinacia oleracea L. commonly known as palak is an edible flowering plant belongs to Amaranthaceae family. The plants exhibit its curative activity against several human diseases because of the presence of biological tannins and phenolic active phytochemicals such as alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, glycosides, terpenoids. It is used in the treatment of difficulty in breathing, inflammation of liver and lungs and leucorrhoea, useful in urinary concretion, inflammation of the lungs, sore throat, and pain in joints. Materials and Methods: Spinacia oleracea L. was collected from local market Jhansi in the month of January 2017. Aqueous and methanolic extraction of Spinacia oleracea L. and phytochemical screening of the extracts was done for Saponins, Reducing sugar, Cardiac glycosides, Protein and Amino acid, Glycosides, Alkaloids, Tannins, Flavonoids, Terpenoids, and Steroids. Results: Phytochemical analysis of leaves of S. oleracea had most of the important phytochemicals like Alkaloids, Tannins, Glycosides, Terpenoids, and Flavonoids etc. In which, the aqueous extract of S. oleracea showed (in most of the test) positive result for Alkaloids, Phenols, Flavanoids, Saponins, Terpenoids, Reducing sugar, Protein, and Amino acid and showed a negative result for Carbohydrate, Glycosides, and Cardiac glycosides. The methanolic extract of the plant leaves revealed the presence of (in most of the test) Alkaloids, Tannins & Phenolic compounds, Flavanoids, Saponins, Terpenoids and Steroids and negative results for the rest. Conclusions: The phytochemical analysis of S. oleraceae revealed the presence of phytochemicals such as, Tannins, Flavonoids, Alkaloids, Saponins, and Terpenoids etc. in the different extracts. By the presence of these phytochemicals, we were suggested that S. oleracea is a good nutrient rich leafy vegetable that can be used as a therapeutic and curative medicine for many oxidative stress- induced diseases. Key-words- Phytochemical analysis, Spinacia oleracea, Flavonoids, Alkaloids, Terpenoids, Methanolic extract20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
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--> Drugs are obtained from 8 major sources
.Plant sources
.Animal sources
.Mineral/ Earth sources
.Microbiological sources
.Synthetic sources
.Semi synthetic sources
.Human sources
.Genetically engineered
Almost all parts of the plants are used i.e. leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, roots, bark and stem.
Leaves
Digitoxin and Digoxin
Hyoscine
Nicotine
Atropine
Oil of Eucalyptus
Animal source
Heparin - Leech
Pepsin - stomach of cow
Human source
HCG - Pregnant women
Urokinase - human kidney cell
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Present study deals with the qualitative analysis of ethanolic extract of Legume pericarp (pod wall)
and seeds of Acacia farnesiana (L). In which we analyze 22 Phytochemical, which are use full for controlling
the diseases in Human beings. In India, Acacia farnesiana L. is known as Mulla tumma, Kampu tumma in local
area and it is commonly known as Aroma and sweet acacia also. The aim of the present study is to investigate
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Sulphur, Halogen, Starch, Saponin, Ascorbic acid, Glycosides, Reducing Sugar and Triterpenoids contents of
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This document discusses the benefits and effects of various herbal remedies. It covers 57 categories of herbal remedies including anti-cancer herbs, anti-inflammatory herbs, anti-anxiety herbs, and others. For each category, it lists specific herbs that have been used traditionally and/or shown scientifically to help treat or prevent certain diseases and health conditions. The goal of the document is to provide information on the many medicinal uses of herbs as natural alternatives or supplements to conventional medicine.
Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)
Water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes (Pontederiaceae) is a perennial, herbaceous, aquatic plant, which can live and reproduce floating freely on the surface of waters or can be anchored in mud and originated in the Amazon Basin. Plant size ranges from a few inches to a metre in height. Its rate of proliferation under certain circumstances is extremely rapid and now spread to all tropical and subtropical countries. The mature plant consists of long, pendant roots, rhizomes, stolons, leaves, inflorescences and fruit clusters. This article reviews literature related to the utilization of Eichhornia crassipes and demonstrated that it clogs waterways making boating, fishing and all other water activities impossible. However, despite this problem the plants are controlled by physically, chemically as well as biologically and has the potential to be used as a medicinal plant. Qualitative analysis of the plant parts have revealed the presence of various components of importance including tannins, phoblatannin, steroid, terpenoid, alkaloid, flavonoid, phenolic contents, quinones, antraquinones and cardiac glycosides. Because of the rich diversity of this aquatic plant it is expected that screening and scientific evaluation of plant extracts may prove beneficial for the mankind along with the management of the weed. It is a useful source with amino acid supplementation or protein complementation for aquafeeds. It has an amazing ability to absorb and concentrate suspended solids, dissolved solids, nitrogen, P, Cu, Cd, Ni, Pb, Hg and Zn from aquatic environments. Water hyacinth has received much devotion in recent years due to its potential benefits as animal fodder, aquafeed, water purification, fertilizer, biogas production, paper, fibre board, even food for human and other products. It also used for treatment of blood disorders, emaciation and weakness, goiter, diarrhea, fevers, cholera, heals sore throat, snake bites, medicating the skin of horses, eczema, makes skin healthy, great fragrance to the hair. Water hyacinth have progressively been shown to provide rich source of natural bioactive compounds with antimicrobial, antitumoral, antiviral, and antioxidant activities. Recently much attention has been paid to extracts and biologically active compounds isolated from plants species.
Plants that heal (BY SEEMA BHARDWAJ KVVP)
The document discusses medicinal plants and how they are used. It explains that plants contain primary and secondary metabolites, with the latter including alkaloids, terpenoids, and phenolics which have medicinal properties. Some examples of medicinal uses of plants and their active ingredients are provided, such as quinine from cinchona for treating malaria. Ethnobotanical research identifies plants used traditionally by different cultures to treat various diseases. Many modern drugs are derived from plants that were used ethnobotanically, such as aspirin from white willow bark.
Class sources of drugs
This document discusses the various sources of drugs including natural sources from plants, animals, and microorganisms as well as synthetic drugs. It provides examples of commonly used drugs from different natural sources such as morphine from poppy plants, digitalis from foxglove, and penicillin from fungus. The document also notes advantages of synthetic drugs such as better quality control and the ability to modify drug structures.
Study of phytochemical_constituents_and_anti-oxidant_activity_of_spinacia_ole...
Study of phytochemical_constituents_and_anti-oxidant_activity_of_spinacia_ole...SSR Institute of International Journal of Life Sciences
ABSTRACT- Background: Spinacia oleracea L. commonly known as palak is an edible flowering plant belongs to Amaranthaceae family. The plants exhibit its curative activity against several human diseases because of the presence of biological tannins and phenolic active phytochemicals such as alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, glycosides, terpenoids. It is used in the treatment of difficulty in breathing, inflammation of liver and lungs and leucorrhoea, useful in urinary concretion, inflammation of the lungs, sore throat, and pain in joints. Materials and Methods: Spinacia oleracea L. was collected from local market Jhansi in the month of January 2017. Aqueous and methanolic extraction of Spinacia oleracea L. and phytochemical screening of the extracts was done for Saponins, Reducing sugar, Cardiac glycosides, Protein and Amino acid, Glycosides, Alkaloids, Tannins, Flavonoids, Terpenoids, and Steroids. Results: Phytochemical analysis of leaves of S. oleracea had most of the important phytochemicals like Alkaloids, Tannins, Glycosides, Terpenoids, and Flavonoids etc. In which, the aqueous extract of S. oleracea showed (in most of the test) positive result for Alkaloids, Phenols, Flavanoids, Saponins, Terpenoids, Reducing sugar, Protein, and Amino acid and showed a negative result for Carbohydrate, Glycosides, and Cardiac glycosides. The methanolic extract of the plant leaves revealed the presence of (in most of the test) Alkaloids, Tannins & Phenolic compounds, Flavanoids, Saponins, Terpenoids and Steroids and negative results for the rest. Conclusions: The phytochemical analysis of S. oleraceae revealed the presence of phytochemicals such as, Tannins, Flavonoids, Alkaloids, Saponins, and Terpenoids etc. in the different extracts. By the presence of these phytochemicals, we were suggested that S. oleracea is a good nutrient rich leafy vegetable that can be used as a therapeutic and curative medicine for many oxidative stress- induced diseases. Key-words- Phytochemical analysis, Spinacia oleracea, Flavonoids, Alkaloids, Terpenoids, Methanolic extractSimilar to Slides share pharmacognosy ppt (20)
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Slides share pharmacognosy ppt
- 2. Introduction Pharma means drugs and cognosy means knowledge Pharmacognosy The study of Science Of medicine from natural sources The natural sources associated with herbal Medicine the field includes animals, fungi, microbes, and minerals Herbal medicine used for many thousands Of year human health and treat disease A history of British pharmacognosy (1842–1980), E. J. Shellard (Pharm. J., 1980, 225, 680)
- 3. Viola Odorata Drug 1. Scientific Name Viola ordorata 2. English Name sweet violet 3. Urdu Name بنفشہ 4. Family Name violaceae 5. Part Used Leaves, roots, flower, seeds, 6. Temperament Cold and wet 7. Chemical Constituents odorantine (anti-inflammatory)
- 4. Viola quercetin Ferulic acid Kaempferol (anticancer) Eugenol( antiseptic) Scopoletin Essential volatile, oils saponin, glycoside, vit A, C 8. Pharmacological Action Respiratory tract affection Demurcent Diaphoratic Use as a allergic Use as a abdominal emollient Use as a blood purifies
- 5. 9. Medicinal Uses cough Influenza flue Pneumonia Sorethroat Uterine prolapse Enteritis Arthritis Gastritis Swelling reduce
- 6. Glycyrrhizine Glabra 1. Family Name papilionaceae 2. English Name liqurice glycyrrhizina 3. Urdu Name ملیٹھی 4. Part Used root, extract 5. Temperament cold and wet 6. Chemical Constituents glycyrrhizin glycerihizol glycyrrhetinoic
- 7. Glycyrrhetin Liquritin 7. Pharmacological Action Use as a diauretic Use as a stomach tonic Use as a carminative Use as a demulcent Use as a Emmenagogue Use as a Expecturant 8. Medicinal Uses Sorethroat Urethritis Gastric ulcer Urethra nodes
- 8. Duodenal ulcer Tonsillitis Pneumonia 9. Specific Action Use as a Expecturant , ulcer affection (lungs affection)
- 9. Rose Demascena 1. English Name Rose 2. Urdu Name گالب 3. Family Name Rosaceae 4. Part Used Rose, Patels, Rose hips , anther portion 5. Temparament compound 6. Chemcial Constituents Essential volatile oils Tartaric acid
- 10. Tannic acid Carotene Citronellol Vti C 7. Pharmacological Action Use as a palpation Tonic for vital organs ,eyes , small intestine, hepatic, stomach Improve complexsio Usa as a hematemesis( bloody vomiting) Usa as a hemoptysis (bloody cough)
- 11. 8. Medicinal Uses Pericarditis Hepatitis Constipation Cardiac disorder Congectivitis Opthalmic 9. Speccific action Opthalmic disorder Inflammation reduced
- 12. Thank you