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The document discusses packet handling and routing in future networks. It covers partitioning routing nodes for scalability, using traffic engineering and Diffserv to handle different traffic classes across networks, and using Generalized MPLS (GMPLS) to allow routing layers to interact with optical paths in a two-layer network architecture. GMPLS extends MPLS control planes to multiple switching types and sets up label switched paths (LSPs) between compatible network elements.
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transmission power and asymmetric links. Both
proactive and reactive routing protocols prove to be
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The document discusses the history and evolution of fiber optic technology from 1880 to present day. It covers the basic components and types of optical fibers including single mode fiber, multi-mode fiber, step index fiber and graded index fiber. Recent trends in the fiber optic industry include the move to higher bandwidth through advances like dense wavelength division multiplexing and smaller component miniaturization. Fiber optic networks continue to evolve to support faster data rates and more intelligent network architectures.
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This document discusses the evolution from 10G to 100G networks for metro applications. It describes how 100G technology can complement existing 10G infrastructure by utilizing unused wavelengths on fibers. A key consideration is maintaining economic viability while providing greater bandwidth efficiency. Direct detection is seen as more suitable than coherent detection for metro due to lower cost and complexity. The document outlines various technological requirements for a 100G network such as 100G transceivers, DWDM multiplexers, optical amplifiers, dispersion compensation, and FEC. It provides an example architecture for upgrading an existing 10G system to incorporate 100G services over longer distances.
Cisco Network Icon Library
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Packet optical transformation ofc2017
Progresses and challenges in developing an ecosystem and a community of users and developers for Open Line System, Integrated Packet-Optical Networks and end to end Multi Layer Managed Packet-Transport Network. Special emphasis on Terastream, OPEN-ROADM and TIP initiatives
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Mpls
MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching) simplifies packet forwarding by assigning labels to packets and using these labels for forwarding instead of long network addresses. It allows for traffic engineering and quality of service by establishing Label Switched Paths (LSPs) to direct different types of traffic over specific paths. MPLS supports various Layer 2 and Layer 3 protocols and improves network performance and scalability compared to traditional IP routing. It is widely used to implement virtual private networks (VPNs) across shared infrastructures.
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This document provides an overview of MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching) including its motivation, basics, components, operation, and advantages/disadvantages. MPLS was created to combine the fast packet forwarding of ATM with the flexibility of IP by using labels to direct network traffic. Key components include label edge routers that apply/remove labels, label switching routers that forward based on labels, label distribution protocols to disseminate label mappings, and label switched paths that represent forwarding equivalency classes. MPLS allows for traffic engineering, quality of service, and network scalability.
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The document discusses how segment routing can help networks support new services by providing simplified, automated, and scalable IP transport. Segment routing uses source routing techniques and standard routing protocols to enable network slicing, which allows for the efficient sharing of network resources across different services. The key capabilities of segment routing include simplification of network protocols, improved scalability, simplified traffic engineering, and universal forwarding across access and data center networks.
Carrier Strategies for Backbone Traffic Engineering and QoS
A fundamental problem before carriers today is to optimize network cost
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important with the packet infrastructure becoming a critical business resource.
The key to achieving this is traffic engineering (TE), the process of
systematically putting traffic where there is capacity, and backbone
capacity management, the process of ensuring that there is enough network
capacity to meet demand, even at peak times and under failure conditions,
without significant queue buildups.
In this talk, we first focus on the TE techniques and approaches used
in the networks of two large carriers: Global Crossing and
Sprint, which represent the two ends of the traffic engineering spectrum.
We do so by presenting a snapshot of their TE philosophy, deployment strategy,
and network design principles and operation.
We then present the results of an empirical study of backbone traffic
characteristics that suggests that Internet traffic is not self-similar at
timescales relevant to QoS. Our non-parametric approach requires minimal
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The document discusses the OSI model and TCP/IP protocol stack. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model and the functions of each layer, including the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. It then maps the layers of the TCP/IP protocol stack to the OSI model, describing the functions of the physical network, data link, internet, transport, and application layers. It provides examples of protocols that operate at each layer, such as IP, TCP, UDP, ARP, and ICMP.
1Routing Basics.pdf
1. Today, an internet can be so large that one routing protocol cannot handle the task of updating the routing tables of all routers. For this reason, an internet is divided into autonomous systems.
2. An autonomous system (AS) is a group of networks and routers under the authority of a single administration. Routing inside an autonomous system is called intra-domain routing. Routing between autonomous systems is called inter-domain routing.
3. Popular intra-domain routing protocols include RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, and OSPF. The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is an example of an exterior gateway protocol used for inter-domain routing between autonomous systems.
MPLS
This document provides an overview of MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching). It discusses the basic idea behind MPLS, the history and components. MPLS assigns labels to IP flows to create label switched paths between ingress and egress routers. Routers forward packets based on lookups of these labels rather than long IP addresses. MPLS supports traffic engineering and quality of service across networks while integrating technologies like IP, ATM, and Frame Relay.
ICWES15 - Green Path Connection in Multi-Layer Transport Network. Presented b...
The document discusses a multi-layer transport network that enables green path computation. It presents an architecture with the following key components:
1. A multi-layer path computation engine (PCE) that considers parameters like bandwidth, affinity, risk groups to calculate optimal paths.
2. A multi-layer aggregation path inference engine (MAGPIE) that aims to reduce power consumption and improve energy efficiency across network layers.
3. A prototype called POINTS that integrates packet and optical network switching to establish end-to-end connections across multiple layers using GMPLS control plane signaling.
MPLS-jpl.ppt
Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) allows packets to be forwarded along predetermined paths through a network based on short fixed-length labels rather than long variable-length IP addresses. MPLS is used by carriers and large enterprises to implement traffic engineering, virtual private networks, and quality of service through mechanisms like traffic classification and label switching along label switch paths.
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The document provides an overview of the Cisco CRS-1 router. It discusses the router's distributed architecture with multiple line cards and a high-speed fabric. The fabric uses a multi-stage Benes switch design to provide multiple paths between cards. Each line card contains specialized silicon that can process packets at wire speed through independent packet processing engines. The router is designed to scale routing capacity and features through this distributed and programmable hardware architecture.
Voice over MPLS
Voice over MPLS (VoMPLS) allows multiple voice calls to be transported efficiently over a single MPLS label switched path (LSP) by reducing header overhead. There are three modes of carrying voice in MPLS networks, depending on requirements. VoMPLS uses LSPs to provide predictable quality of service for voice packets by multiplexing multiple calls into primary and control subframes that are transmitted together within an MPLS frame. This provides an efficient mechanism for voice transport that reduces costs compared to traditional circuit-switched networks.
Network Planning & Design: An Art or a Science?
With the rapid growth of IP networks in South-Asia in the past
few years, and the advent of new services and applications -- be they
wireless/wireline broadband Internet access, cable telephony, VoIP, remote
teleconferencing, e-governance, or mobile entertainment -- a key
issue before carriers is how to design and operate their networks as
methodically and as efficiently as possible to maximize both customer
retention and profits.
While several best practices typically emerge from each provider\'s
unique situation and cumulative experience (the "art" of network design), there
are certain operational precepts that systematize and streamline the
complex, multi-dimensional task of designing and managing modern, operational
IP networks (the "science" of network design).
In this talk, we first discuss the overall network design process and the
manner in which control over the network must be exercised at varying
timescales to achieve efficient operation. Next we discuss the
functions that the operational, engineering, and planning teams at a
carrier must typically execute, their inter-relationships, and
the importance/rationale for performing them to optimize network
performance.
We then outline some network design best practices that have evolved
over the past decade, drawing upon examples of carriers such as
Sprint, Global Crossing, AT&T, NTT, and Reliance. We conclude with
a look at some automated traffic engineering and planning tools,
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Networking Fundamentals
This document provides an overview of computer networking fundamentals. It covers topics such as network types (LANs and WANs), common network architectures (client-server, peer-to-peer, mainframe), OSI and TCP/IP models, Ethernet technologies, and common network devices (hubs, switches, routers). Each layer of the OSI model is described along with its purpose and functions. Ethernet cabling types and speeds are also outlined. The document serves as an introductory guide to basic internetworking concepts.
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This document provides an overview of MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching) including:
1) It describes the need for MPLS arising from limitations in traditional IP forwarding and issues running one statmux technology over another.
2) It explains basic MPLS concepts like label switching, label distribution protocols, label edge and switch routers, label switching paths, and forwarding equivalence classes.
3) It outlines the basic working process of MPLS including label encapsulation, lookup, and processing functions like push, pop and swap.
Pristine rina-tnc-2016
This document summarizes how the Recursive InterNetwork Architecture (RINA) approach simplifies multi-layer network management compared to the traditional IP approach. RINA uses a single, consistent layer type and management protocol (CDAP) across all layers, reducing complexity compared to IP which has unique layer types and protocols. This common structure in RINA simplifies management models and enables greater automation of multi-layer networks. The document provides examples comparing IP and RINA models for data center fabric management and tenant network management.
Pristine rina-tnc-2016
This document summarizes an approach called RINA (Recursive InterNetwork Architecture) for simplifying multi-layer network management. RINA proposes a common, repeating structure across layers with only two protocols - one for data transfer and one for layer management. This significantly reduces the complexity of management models compared to the IP protocol suite, which has unique protocols at each layer. A case study shows how RINA could simplify network management in a large-scale data center network by reducing the number of required addresses, forwarding entities, and management protocols. The consistent structure of RINA opens the door to increased network automation by making management models simpler and more standardized.
komdat1
The document discusses several topics related to data communication protocols and architectures:
1. A simplified model of data communication includes elements like the source, transmitter, transmission system, receiver, and destination.
2. Key communication tasks involve flow control, error detection, security, message formatting, and more.
3. Protocols help break down the complex task of data communication into layers, with each layer providing functions for the layer above and relying on the layer below.
4. Characteristics of protocols include whether they are direct or indirect, monolithic or structured, symmetric or asymmetric, and standardized or non-standard.
komdat1
The document discusses several topics related to data communication protocols and architectures:
1. A simplified model of data communication includes elements like the source, transmitter, transmission system, receiver, and destination.
2. Key communication tasks involve flow control, error detection, security, message formatting, and more.
3. Modern communication systems strive for reliability and efficiency by stripping out unnecessary overhead and error control.
4. Protocols like Frame Relay and ATM aim to balance overhead with performance at varying data rates.
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Starting a business is like embarking on an unpredictable adventure. It’s a journey filled with highs and lows, victories and defeats. But what if I told you that those setbacks and failures could be the very stepping stones that lead you to fortune? Let’s explore how resilience, adaptability, and strategic thinking can transform adversity into opportunity.
Cover Story - China's Investment Leader - Dr. Alyce SU
In World Expo 2010 Shanghai – the most visited Expo in the World History
https://www.britannica.com/event/Expo-Shanghai-2010
China’s official organizer of the Expo, CCPIT (China Council for the Promotion of International Trade https://en.ccpit.org/) has chosen Dr. Alyce Su as the Cover Person with Cover Story, in the Expo’s official magazine distributed throughout the Expo, showcasing China’s New Generation of Leaders to the World.
Digital Marketing with a Focus on Sustainability
Digital Marketing best practices including influencer marketing, content creators, and omnichannel marketing for Sustainable Brands at the Sustainable Cosmetics Summit 2024 in New York
一比一原版新西兰奥塔哥大学毕业证（otago毕业证）如何办理
一模一样【微信：A575476】【新西兰奥塔哥大学毕业证（otago毕业证）成绩单Offer】【微信：A575476】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信：A575476】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信：A575476】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
Income Tax exemption for Start up : Section 80 IAC
A presentation on the concept of Exemption of Profits of Start ups from Income Tax
Digital Transformation Frameworks: Driving Digital Excellence
[To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
This presentation is a curated compilation of PowerPoint diagrams and templates designed to illustrate 20 different digital transformation frameworks and models. These frameworks are based on recent industry trends and best practices, ensuring that the content remains relevant and up-to-date.
Key highlights include Microsoft's Digital Transformation Framework, which focuses on driving innovation and efficiency, and McKinsey's Ten Guiding Principles, which provide strategic insights for successful digital transformation. Additionally, Forrester's framework emphasizes enhancing customer experiences and modernizing IT infrastructure, while IDC's MaturityScape helps assess and develop organizational digital maturity. MIT's framework explores cutting-edge strategies for achieving digital success.
These materials are perfect for enhancing your business or classroom presentations, offering visual aids to supplement your insights. Please note that while comprehensive, these slides are intended as supplementary resources and may not be complete for standalone instructional purposes.
Frameworks/Models included:
Microsoft’s Digital Transformation Framework
McKinsey’s Ten Guiding Principles of Digital Transformation
Forrester’s Digital Transformation Framework
IDC’s Digital Transformation MaturityScape
MIT’s Digital Transformation Framework
Gartner’s Digital Transformation Framework
Accenture’s Digital Strategy & Enterprise Frameworks
Deloitte’s Digital Industrial Transformation Framework
Capgemini’s Digital Transformation Framework
PwC’s Digital Transformation Framework
Cisco’s Digital Transformation Framework
Cognizant’s Digital Transformation Framework
DXC Technology’s Digital Transformation Framework
The BCG Strategy Palette
McKinsey’s Digital Transformation Framework
Digital Transformation Compass
Four Levels of Digital Maturity
Design Thinking Framework
Business Model Canvas
Customer Journey Map
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Sl3c3
- 1. The Future of Packet Handling Alan Taylor
- 2. The Future of Packet Handling From Internet to Infrastructure Legacy Data Internet Internet New Public Network Voice Cap Grow Cap Mobile Public IP Legacy Data Voice Maintain reliability and quality Grow IP to Multi-terabit Cable
- 14. Constraint-Based Routing: Service Model Operations Performed by the Ingress LSR 1) Store information from IGP flooding 3) Examine user defined constraints 4) Calculate the physical path for the LSP 5) Represent path as an explicit route 6) Pass ERO to RSVP for signaling 2) Store traffic engineering information Routing Table Extended IGP Traffic Engineering Database (TED) User Constraints Constrained Shortest Path First Explicit Route RSVP Signaling
- 15. Constraint-Based Routing Example Paris London Stockholm Madrid Rome Geneva Munich label-switched-path madrid_to_stockholm{ to Stockholm; from Madrid; admin-group {include red, green} cspf}
- 17. Constraint-Based Routing: Service Model Operations Performed by the Ingress LSR 1) Store information from IGP flooding 3) Examine user defined constraints 4) Calculate the physical path for the LSP 5) Represent path as an explicit route 6) Pass ERO to RSVP for signaling 2) Store traffic engineering information Routing Table Extended IGP Traffic Engineering Database (TED) User Constraints Constrained Shortest Path First Explicit Route RSVP Signaling
- 21. Constraint-Based Routing: CSPF Algorithm Routing Table Extended IGP Traffic Engineering Database (TED) User Constraints Constrained Shortest Path First (CSPF) Explicit Route For LSP = (highest priority) to (lowest priority) Prune links with insufficient bandwidth for CT Prune links that do not contain an included color Prune links that contain an excluded color Calculate shortest path from ingress to egress Select among equal-cost paths Pass explicit route to RSVP END FOR RSVP Signaling
- 22. Constraint-Based Routing: with DS-TE New York Atlanta Chicago Seattle Los Angeles San Francisco Kansas City Dallas label-switched-path SF_to_NY { to New_York; from San_Francisco; CT EF BW 100 MB; }
Editor's Notes
- 9:40 am