The document discusses the endocrine system and its various glands and hormones. It describes the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, which regulate the release of hormones from other endocrine glands. These include the thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries/testes, and pineal glands. Each gland and its hormones are explained in detail. The effects of hypo- and hypersecretion of various hormones are also summarized. The document concludes with an overall summary of the endocrine system.

1. !
"
#

2. Figure 7-2 (2 of 4)
Anatomy Summary: Hormones

3. Figure 7-2 (4 of 4)
Anatomy Summary: Hormones

4. Figure 18–8b
Hormon hipotalamus
• Releasing Hormones (RH) menstimulasi
sintesis dan sekresi 1 atau lebih hormon
hormon pituitari anterior
• Inhibiting Hormones (IH) mencegah
sitesis dan sekresi hormon hormon
pituitari anterior

6. Hypothalamic Releasing Hormones
Tujuh hormon yang di buat hipotalamus
– Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
– Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
– Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
– Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
– Growth hormone-release inhibiting hormone
(GHIH)
– Prolactin-releasing factor (PRF)
– Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)

7. HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONE EFFECTS ON THE
ANTERIOR PITUITARY
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
(TRH)
Stimulasi pelepasan TSH
(thyrotropin) and Prolactin
Corticotropin-releasing
hormone (CRH)
Stimulasi pelepasan ACTH
(corticotropin)
Gonadrotropin-releasing
hormone (GnRH)
Stimulasi pelepasan FSH and
LH (gonadotropins)
Growth hormone-releasing
hormone (GHRH)
Stimulasi pelepasan growth
hormone
Growth hormone-inhibiting
hormone (GHIH)
Menghambat pelepasan
growth hormone
{Prolactin-inhibiting hormone
(PIH)
Stimulasi pelepasan prolactin
Prolactin-inhibiting hormone
(PIH)
menghambat pelepasan of
prolactin

9. Figure 18–6
Pituitary Gland
• Disebut juga kelenjar hipofisis
• Terletak dalam sella turcica
• Tergantung dibawah hypothalamus:
• Menghasilkan 9 jenis hormon peptida

10. KELENJAR PITUITARY
• HORMON PITUITARI ANTERIOR
• HORMON SOMATIK
• 1. GROWTH HORMONE—GH
• 2. PROLACTIN—PRO
• 3. MELANOCYTE STIMULATING HORMON—MSH
• HORMON TROPIK
• 1. THYROID STIMULATING HORMON—TSH
• 2. ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMON—ACTH
• 3. FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMON—FSH
• 4. LUTENINIZING HORMON—LH

11. PITUITARY GLAND
• HORMON PITUITARI POSTERIOR
• 1. ANTIDIURETIC HORMON—ADH
• 2. OXYTOCIN—OXY

12. secrete releasing and
inhibiting hormones
pituitari
anterior

13. Figure 18–9
Summary: Hormones of the Pituitary Gland

14. Hipersekresi & hiposekresi
hormon pituitari

15. Pituitary dwarfism
kekurangan GH
Pada masa anak-2
Gigantism
kelebihan GH
Pada masa anak-2

16. age 9 age 16 age 33 age 52
Acromegaly
Kelebihan GH pada masa dewasa

17. Hypogonadism
• Produksi gonadotropins rendah
• In children:
– will not undergo sexual maturation
• In adults:
– cannot produce functional sperm or oocytes
Diabetes Insipidus
• Jumlah ADH yang dihasilkan tidak cukup
• Kegagalam konservasi air pada ginjal

18. Thyroid gland

19. Thyroid Follicles
Figure 18–11a, b
• Thyroglobulin
– Protein Globular
– Mengandung asam amino
tyrosin
• Thyroxine (T4)
– Contains 4 iodide ions
• Triiodothyronine (T3)
– Contains 3 iodide ions

20. Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
• Jika TSH tidak ada  folikel thyroid menjadi inaktif:
– Sintesis dan sekresi tidak terjadi
Hormon tiroid
• Memasuki sel target melalui sistem transportasi
• Mempengaruhi hampir semua sel tubuh
• Terikat pada reseptor dalam:
– sitoplasma, permukaan mitokondria, nukleus
• Pada anak-anak penting untuk perkembangan
sistem rangka, otot dan saraf

21. Sintesis tiroksin

22. goiter
exophthalmia
Hipersekresi & hiposekresi
hormon tiroid

24. Cretinism
• Endemic goiter because
of a lack of iodine
• Protruding: Belly,
tongue, umbilicus, goiter?,

25. Parathyroid gland

27. hyperparahyroidsm
Pseudoclubbing of
finger
Hipersekresi & hiposekresi
hormon paratiroid

28. ADRENAL GLAND

30. Adrenal Glands
• Terletak pada bagian atas tiap ginjal
• Terdiri dari korteks adrenal dan medulla adrenal
• Adrenal Cortex
– Menyimpan lipid : cholesterol and fatty acids
– Produksi hormon steroid:
• adrenocortical steroids (corticosteroids)

31. Adrenal Cortex • Subdivided into 3 regions:
1. zona glomerulosa
2. zona fasciculate
3. zona reticularis

32. CUSHING’S SYNDROME
Hipersekresi

33. Cushing’s Syndrome
• CUSHINGS BAD MD
– Cataracts
– Up all night
– Suppression of HPA axis
– HTN / Hump
– Infections
– Necrosis
– Gain weight
– Straie
– Bone loss
– Acne
– Diabetes
– Myopathy / moon facies
– Depression

34. Pankreas

35. • 4 Types of Cells in Pancreatic
Islets
– Alpha cells: produce glucagon
– Beta cells: secrete insulin
– Delta cells: produce peptide
hormone identical to GH-IH
– F cells: secrete pancreatic
polypeptide (PP)

36. Pancreatic Islets
Figure 18–16

37. Kadar gula darah
• When levels rise:
– beta cells secrete insulin, stimulates transport of glucose
across cell membranes
Insulin
• Meningkatkan uptake glukosa
• Meningkatkan penggunaan glukosa dan produksi ATP
• Menstiulasi pembentukan glikogen
• Menstimulasi absorpsi asam amino dan sintesis protein
• Menstimulasi pembentukan triglyceride dalam jaringan
adipose

38. Glucagons
• When levels decline:
•alpha cells secrete glucagons, stimulates
glucose release by liver
• Effects
• Menstimulasi penguraian glikogen dalam otot
rangka dan hati
• Stimulates breakdown of triglycerides in adipose
tissue
• Menstimulasi produksi glukosa dalam hati
Kadar gula darah

39. Glucose
Metabolism
Many cells, especially muscle
cells, take up glucose and use
it as an energy source or
convert it to glycogen.
Liver converts glucose
to glycogen, fats, proteins.
Blood glucose levels decline
to a set point; stimulus calling
for insulin diminishes.
Stimulus:
Cells use or store glucose
between meals.
Alpha cells of pancreas
release glucagon into blood.
Liver converts glycogen
to glucose, stops
synthesizing glycogen.
Blood glucose levels increase
to a set point; stimulus calling
for glucagon diminishes.
Stimulus:
Glucose is absorbed
following a meal.
Beta cells of pancreas
release insulin into blood.
GLUCAGON
INSULIN

40. Sex hormone axis
Hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary
Gonads
Reproductive
tract and organs
GnRH (Gonadotropin-releasing hormone)
FSH & LH (Follicle-stimulating/Luteinising)
Sex hormones (androgens/estrogens)

41. Testes
• Male hormones - androgens
• Leydig cells produce testosterone
• Pelepasan dikontrol oleh
luteinising hormone yang
diproduksi anterior pituitary
• Wide range of body changes
• Variable during the day
• Seasonal in many species

42. Ovaries
• More complicated than male
hormones!
• Ovarian hormones produced in cycle
– 4 weeks in humans, 4 days in rats
• 2 major classes:
–Progestins: progesterone
–Estrogens: estradiol
• Also produce T (in theca cells)

43. Differentiation
• Sex is determined at time of
conception
• Sperm contribute either X or Y
chromosome
• XX = female, XY = male
• Differentiation first seen in gonads

44. Differentiation

45. Differentiation

46. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
(CAH)
XX – females – but produce
androgens
Intermediate levels of androgens
between male & female
• CAH patients appear
androgynous -
between male &
female

47. Social effects
• Males and females behaviour can
sometimes be linked to
differences in sex hormones
• E.g. Risk-taking, sensation-
seeking

49. Testosterone and aggression
• T varies during
and between
games
• Higher when
playing at home or
against bitter rivals
• Even in women
(Aizawa et al 2004)
Neave & Wolfson (2003)

50. Intermezzo

51. • Lima kelompok
• @ Digestive, Respirasi, Kardiovaskular,
Urinary dan reproduksi
• Tiap kelompok 9 – 10 mhs
• Kelompok 1 -2
• Kelompo2 -3
• Kelompok 3 -4
• Kelompok 4-5
• Kelompok 5 -1

52. Digit Ratio: an indicator of
natural variations in prenatal
testosterone
Fact or Fiction?

53. Outline
•What is digit ratio (2D:4D)?
•History of digit ratio
•Sexually dimorphic and stable (humans & other species)
•Indirect evidence of digit ratio as an indicator of prenatal
testosterone
•CAH studies
•Hox genes
•Androgen receptor gene
•fetal testosterone study

54. What is digit ratio (2D:4D)?
Basal Crease
Finger Tip
2D
4D

55. Males and Females Differ
•Digit Ratio is a sexually dimorphic trait
Female Male

56. First year U of A students’ 2D:4D

57. Digit ratio is stable
-by 13th week of
development hand
bone proportions
are stable
- digit ratio not
affected by age (but
see Buck et al., 2003)

58. Sexual dimorphism in digit ratio
• Larger on the right than the left side
(humans, mice, & zebra finches)
• Suggested that androgenization affects
the right more than the left
• Stronger effects on the right hand when
digit ratio has been correlated with
psychological factors
• Not due to bones in hand
• 2D:4D most sexually dimorphic of all ratio
combinations

59. Digit ratio
• Finger length distribution is
sexually dimorphic (Manning et
al., 2000)
• Look at ring finger and index
finger

60. Digit ratio
1
2
3 4
5

61. Digit ratio
Feminine

62. Digit ratio
Masculine

63. Digit ratio
• Finger length as marker of T in
adult men women seems to hold
• Linked to fertility in both men and
women
• Low 2D4D (masculine) linked to
aggressiveness in both sexes

64. Pineal Gland and Melatonin
Figure 7-22 (1 of 3)

65. Figure 7-22 (2 of 3)
Pineal Gland and Melatonin

66. Figure 7-22 (3 of 3)
Pineal Gland and Melatonin

67. Summary of the Endocrine System

68. Summary of the Endocrine System

69. TUGAS:
• MEMBUAT CATATAN PEKULIAHAN
SISTEM ENDOKRIN
Bahan
• materi yang diberikan +
• Sumber lain
• Dikumpulkan minggu depan

70. PRESENTASI
• Satu kelas dibagi 5 kelompok
• Tiap kelompok membuat semua tugas
presentasi
• Presentasi dimulai minggu depan
• Daftar kelompok harus diberikan besok
rabu, 20 April 2011

71. Tugas presentasi
• Sistem digestive
• Sistem respirasi
• Sistem transportasi & darah
• Sistem urinari
• Sistem reproduksi

72. Tugas kelompok dalam bentuk Word
• Sistem digestive (I)
• Sistem respirasi (II)
• Sistem transportasi & darah (III)
• Sistem urinari (IV)
• Sistem reproduksi (V)
Dikumpulkan sebelum UAS, disertai
pertanyaan PG (10) dan uraian (5)

73. • 18 April  sistem endokrin
• 25 April  sistem digestive
• 2 Mei  sistem respirasi
• 9 Mei  sistem transportasi
• 16 Mei  sistem urinari
• 23 Mei  sistem reproduksi
• 30 Mei  review