Sirris Smart Coating workshop - Easy-to-clean and Self cleaning Coatings - 19 May 2011 - Non-wetting surfaces: robustness and applications - Robin Ras, Aalto University Finland
This document summarizes a presentation by Dr. Robin Ras on non-wetting surfaces and their robustness and applications. It discusses the history and theory of superhydrophobicity dating back to the 1940s. It outlines the two requirements for the Cassie state of superhydrophobicity: surface topography and hydrophobic chemistry. Loss of the non-wetting state can occur through damage to the topography or chemistry from abrasion, UV radiation, or contamination. Hierarchical, or multi-scale, surface topography is presented as a way to improve durability by protecting smaller surface features. Examples are given of hierarchical structures maintaining the Cassie state after abrasion tests.
Nature provides many examples of efficient and effective designs that can inspire technological innovation. The document discusses several examples from nature like the lotus effect, spider silk, gecko feet, water striders, and water spiders that have unique properties and mechanisms. Researchers are studying these biological materials and structures to develop biomimetic materials and surfaces with applications like self-cleaning, strong composites, dry adhesives, low drag surfaces, and waterproof materials.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
This document discusses techniques for fabricating astronomical soft X-ray spectrographs with high resolving power and effective area. It describes using electron-beam lithography to pattern gratings with high groove densities, then etching the gratings into silicon wafers. Replicas of the gratings can be made through nanoimprint lithography, with sequential imprinting reducing defects. The document also proposes using a thermally-assisted step and flash imprint lithography process to pattern approximately blazed grating profiles in resist before replication, which could provide benefits over current fabrication methods.
The document discusses three examples of biomimetics: the gecko effect, lotus leaf effect, and colors in butterfly wings. The gecko effect explains how geckos can climb surfaces using spatula-shaped setae on their feet that use van der Waals forces. The lotus leaf effect describes the self-cleaning property of lotus leaves through nano-structured papillae that create super hydrophobicity. Colors in butterfly wings are produced through structural coloration without pigmentation, creating iridescent colors that change based on light angles.
This document discusses epitaxial deposition, which is the deposition of a crystalline layer that matches the crystalline structure of the substrate. It describes the mechanisms and methods of epitaxial growth, including vapor phase epitaxy. Epitaxial layers have applications in engineered wafers, III-V semiconductor devices, and other applications that require high quality crystalline layers with abrupt interfaces and controlled doping profiles.
This document discusses the concept of monoblocks in endodontics, which aims to create a single homogeneous unit within the root canal system. It describes primary, secondary, and tertiary monoblocks created using different root filling materials and posts. Resilon and MTA were discussed as materials used to create secondary and primary monoblocks, respectively. Finite element analysis found that stresses within roots increased with additional interfaces, and creating a primary monoblock reduced internal stresses. The ideal monoblock has yet to be achieved due to limitations such as polymerization shrinkage and insufficient strength or stiffness of materials.
dental Monoblock obturation technique or concept in endodonticsAhmed Ali
dental Monoblock obturation technique or concept in endodontics which are classified into primary ,secondary & tertiary based upon resin , now the bioceramics
Nature provides many examples of efficient and effective designs that can inspire technological innovation. The document discusses several examples from nature like the lotus effect, spider silk, gecko feet, water striders, and water spiders that have unique properties and mechanisms. Researchers are studying these biological materials and structures to develop biomimetic materials and surfaces with applications like self-cleaning, strong composites, dry adhesives, low drag surfaces, and waterproof materials.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
This document discusses techniques for fabricating astronomical soft X-ray spectrographs with high resolving power and effective area. It describes using electron-beam lithography to pattern gratings with high groove densities, then etching the gratings into silicon wafers. Replicas of the gratings can be made through nanoimprint lithography, with sequential imprinting reducing defects. The document also proposes using a thermally-assisted step and flash imprint lithography process to pattern approximately blazed grating profiles in resist before replication, which could provide benefits over current fabrication methods.
The document discusses three examples of biomimetics: the gecko effect, lotus leaf effect, and colors in butterfly wings. The gecko effect explains how geckos can climb surfaces using spatula-shaped setae on their feet that use van der Waals forces. The lotus leaf effect describes the self-cleaning property of lotus leaves through nano-structured papillae that create super hydrophobicity. Colors in butterfly wings are produced through structural coloration without pigmentation, creating iridescent colors that change based on light angles.
This document discusses epitaxial deposition, which is the deposition of a crystalline layer that matches the crystalline structure of the substrate. It describes the mechanisms and methods of epitaxial growth, including vapor phase epitaxy. Epitaxial layers have applications in engineered wafers, III-V semiconductor devices, and other applications that require high quality crystalline layers with abrupt interfaces and controlled doping profiles.
This document discusses the concept of monoblocks in endodontics, which aims to create a single homogeneous unit within the root canal system. It describes primary, secondary, and tertiary monoblocks created using different root filling materials and posts. Resilon and MTA were discussed as materials used to create secondary and primary monoblocks, respectively. Finite element analysis found that stresses within roots increased with additional interfaces, and creating a primary monoblock reduced internal stresses. The ideal monoblock has yet to be achieved due to limitations such as polymerization shrinkage and insufficient strength or stiffness of materials.
dental Monoblock obturation technique or concept in endodonticsAhmed Ali
dental Monoblock obturation technique or concept in endodontics which are classified into primary ,secondary & tertiary based upon resin , now the bioceramics
Article presentation: enamel repair with amorphous ceramicsDr. Ritu Gupta
this presentation simplifies and explains the mentioned article which describes newer technology for enamel repair, with this method regenerating enamel stronger and better than before
This document discusses self-cleaning coatings inspired by the Lotus effect. It describes how the self-cleaning properties of Lotus leaves are due to microscale bumps and wax that cause water to form spherical droplets that roll off the leaf surface, carrying dirt particles with them. The document outlines a two-step process to fabricate self-cleaning surfaces: 1) using polymers or ceramics with nanoparticles and 2) mimicking the Lotus leaf structure using silica microstructures. Potential applications mentioned include self-cleaning paints, clothes, and solar panels. The conclusion states that Lotus effect technology has potential to improve the performance of evaporators, condensers, and heat exchangers in chemical
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the bond strength of two root canal filling systems (ActiV GP and gutta-percha with AH Plus sealer) when used with different irrigation protocols. Forty single-rooted teeth were divided into four groups based on the final irrigation used: EDTA, EDTA followed by chlorhexidine, MTAD, or MTAD followed by chlorhexidine. Each group was further divided based on the filling system used. Horizontal sections were taken and subjected to push-out testing to measure bond strength. The results showed that EDTA followed by chlorhexidine yielded the highest bond strength for ActiV GP. MTAD and MTAD followed by chlorhexidine adversely affected the
BrightWater is a gel treatment polymer flooding in which a tightly bounded, thermally activated particle injected as a dilute slug which flows with the water and pops open deep in the reservoir and blocks the swept zones under the effect of high temperature. Its aim is to achieve more efficient sweep of the oil to the producing wells causing flow diversion by swelling and agglomerating of micro gel particles in the injection water.
Synopsis presentation Evaluation of tubular penetration depth of a sealer aft...pratiklovehoney
Evaluation of tubular penetration depth of a sealer after irrigation with four root canal irrigants of different origin- 6% Morinda Citrifolia juice, 0.2% Chitosan, 17% EDTA, 3% NaOCl-an in vitro study
This document summarizes research on bacterial biofilms using advanced scanning electron microscopy techniques. It finds that in a volume of 15 μm x 18 μm x 9 μm of a Staphylococcal biofilm, bacteria occupy 19% of the volume with the remaining portion being extracellular matrix and channels. High-pressure freezing was able to preserve the hydrated biofilm structure, revealing bacteria separated by 0.1 micron and covered by a fine extracellular matrix network as small as 50 nm. Focused ion beam tomography generated a 3D model of the biofilm with 932 individual bacteria occupying 19% of the volume.
The document discusses bioceramic materials used in endodontics, focusing on mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). It provides details on the composition, properties, and clinical applications of MTA. MTA has favorable biocompatibility and bioactivity, stimulating tissue regeneration. It forms an excellent seal with good marginal adaptation and push-out bond strength to dentin. MTA is useful for pulp capping, pulpotomies, apexification, and other procedures due to its ability to encourage hard tissue formation.
This document discusses different types of polymers used in construction, including their properties and applications. It notes that polymers like polyethylene provide moisture protection and are used in foam underlay and damp-proof membranes. Polycarbonate provides protection from weathering and impacts and is used in lighting and plumbing. Rubber is used in bridge bearings and flooring as it cushions noise vibration. Epoxy resins are used as coatings, adhesives, and for repairing wood and concrete. The document also discusses the benefits of using natural polymer modified mortar containing seaweed in construction, which can achieve great compressive and tensile strengths.
Programa Semana Cultural 2014 Santa Colomba de SanabriaManuel Barrios
El documento presenta el programa cultural y de fiestas de 2014 que incluye diversos eventos como el inicio de la novena en honor a la Virgen de la Portería, la apertura del chiringuito de las fiestas, campeonatos deportivos como de futbolín e infantiles, proyecciones de cine infantil, colocación de carteles y banderitas por el pueblo, misas y procesiones, partidos de fútbol, cenas para el pueblo, conciertos musicales, pasacalles amenizados y bailes populares.
Dirección. Delegación. Centralización y Descentralización. Motivación. Liderazgo. Comunicación.
Formas de dirección
Estilos de liderazgo
Centralización y su opuesto: Descentralización.
El documento presenta un libro titulado "Matemática, fracciones y números decimales. 5o grado. Páginas para el alumno" que fue creado como parte de un plan plurianual para mejorar la enseñanza en Buenos Aires entre 2004 y 2007. El libro contiene actividades relacionadas con fracciones y números decimales para estudiantes de 5to grado y fue dirigido por Cecilia Parra.
Este boletín informativo presenta:
1) Un resumen de la campaña "Ageconciencia" sobre conciencia ambiental y compromiso con el lugar de trabajo.
2) Las fechas de cumpleaños y aniversarios de empleados en Agosto y Septiembre.
3) Breves descripciones de eventos como la Semana de la Salud y celebraciones de cumpleaños.
This document discusses electronic device architectures for continued scaling beyond traditional CMOS technology. It begins with an introduction on the context and challenges of scaling CMOS devices according to the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors. The document then outlines scaling of silicon MOSFETs, including the use of high-k dielectrics and metal gates. It also discusses alternative channel materials and 3D integration approaches. Finally, it considers opportunities for other materials on silicon as well as alternatives to CMOS that may be needed to continue the pace of innovation in nanoelectronics.
Jöbstl is a 90+ year old logistics company that has evolved from horse-drawn vehicles to a modern logistics provider. It operates across Europe with 10 locations and specializes in freight forwarding, transportation, and warehouse logistics. The company emphasizes quality, environmental protection, and reliability. It has a diverse portfolio of services and a modern fleet of trucks and equipment. Jöbstl aims to exceed customer expectations and shape the future through tradition and innovation.
Terron Sims II is the founder and Senior Partner of Doug Pollard, LLC. He has extensive experience working with the U.S. military and government on national security issues. Sims served in Iraq from 2003-2004 and later worked in civilian roles coordinating military operations. Currently, he holds several leadership positions focused on veterans and military families issues.
Supersuple es un suplemento nutricional que contiene aminoácidos esenciales, vitaminas, minerales y otros nutrientes necesarios para el metabolismo y las funciones vitales del cuerpo. El documento explica que estos nutrientes son necesarios para la acción enzimática y los procesos metabólicos, y que una deficiencia nutricional puede afectar el desarrollo y las funciones del organismo. También incluye tablas comparativas sobre el valor nutricional y la composición de Supersuple en comparación con otros suplementos.
Lone Eagle Consulting Native American Broadband ApplicationsFrank Odasz
This document summarizes best practices for ICT capacity building activities for rural communities presented by Frank Odasz of Lone Eagle Consulting. Some key points include:
1. Lone Eagle Consulting has 25 years of experience with rural ICT innovations, including fast-track training, distance learning, and designing local, regional, and national ICT adoption strategies.
2. Case studies are presented showing the potential of ICT for economic development, education, and social benefits in rural communities worldwide.
3. Metrics for meaningful rural ICT capacity building should focus on what citizens actually do with technologies and ensure genuine, positive outcomes are achieved.
4. A community inclusion process is recommended that raises awareness of opportunities
I1M2010-T24: Programación dinámica en HaskellJosé A. Alonso
Se implementan en Haskell el patrón de programación dinámica y se aplica a los siguientes problemas: producto de cadenas de matrices, árboles binarios de búsqueda optimales, caminos mínimos entre todos los pares de nodos de un grafo y problema del viajante.
Este es el tema 24 del curso de introducción a Haskell. El código y los restantes temas se encuentran en http://www.cs.us.es/~jalonso/cursos/i1m-10/temas.html
This document describes the Aqua Power Vitatronic device, which creates electromagnetic vibrations to harmonize disruptions in magnetic fields from various sources. It summarizes the sources of these disruptions as underground water streams, tectonic plate movements, Earth layer rolling, global grids, and electromagnetic smog. The device operates as an electronically-controlled resonator to bring magnetic field levels into a healthy range and reduce the negative health effects associated with imbalances, such as joint pain, depression, and cancer. It can be used in homes, offices, schools, hospitals, and vehicles to improve overall well-being.
La World Wide Web fue creada en 1990 por Tim Berners-Lee y permite visualizar documentos relacionados mediante hipervínculos. Los usuarios acceden a los sitios web a través de navegadores y los documentos se almacenan en servidores web, mientras que los DNS convierten las direcciones web en direcciones IP. Los gestores de contenido permiten administrar páginas web de forma independiente al contenido y diseño.
Pro Evolution Soccer 2014 es un videojuego de fútbol de la serie Pro Evolution Soccer desarrollado y publicado por Konami. El juego fue anunciado el 30 de mayo de 2013 y lanzado el 19 de septiembre de 2013 para PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Portable, Xbox 360, Nintendo 3DS, y Microsoft Windows.
Article presentation: enamel repair with amorphous ceramicsDr. Ritu Gupta
this presentation simplifies and explains the mentioned article which describes newer technology for enamel repair, with this method regenerating enamel stronger and better than before
This document discusses self-cleaning coatings inspired by the Lotus effect. It describes how the self-cleaning properties of Lotus leaves are due to microscale bumps and wax that cause water to form spherical droplets that roll off the leaf surface, carrying dirt particles with them. The document outlines a two-step process to fabricate self-cleaning surfaces: 1) using polymers or ceramics with nanoparticles and 2) mimicking the Lotus leaf structure using silica microstructures. Potential applications mentioned include self-cleaning paints, clothes, and solar panels. The conclusion states that Lotus effect technology has potential to improve the performance of evaporators, condensers, and heat exchangers in chemical
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the bond strength of two root canal filling systems (ActiV GP and gutta-percha with AH Plus sealer) when used with different irrigation protocols. Forty single-rooted teeth were divided into four groups based on the final irrigation used: EDTA, EDTA followed by chlorhexidine, MTAD, or MTAD followed by chlorhexidine. Each group was further divided based on the filling system used. Horizontal sections were taken and subjected to push-out testing to measure bond strength. The results showed that EDTA followed by chlorhexidine yielded the highest bond strength for ActiV GP. MTAD and MTAD followed by chlorhexidine adversely affected the
BrightWater is a gel treatment polymer flooding in which a tightly bounded, thermally activated particle injected as a dilute slug which flows with the water and pops open deep in the reservoir and blocks the swept zones under the effect of high temperature. Its aim is to achieve more efficient sweep of the oil to the producing wells causing flow diversion by swelling and agglomerating of micro gel particles in the injection water.
Synopsis presentation Evaluation of tubular penetration depth of a sealer aft...pratiklovehoney
Evaluation of tubular penetration depth of a sealer after irrigation with four root canal irrigants of different origin- 6% Morinda Citrifolia juice, 0.2% Chitosan, 17% EDTA, 3% NaOCl-an in vitro study
This document summarizes research on bacterial biofilms using advanced scanning electron microscopy techniques. It finds that in a volume of 15 μm x 18 μm x 9 μm of a Staphylococcal biofilm, bacteria occupy 19% of the volume with the remaining portion being extracellular matrix and channels. High-pressure freezing was able to preserve the hydrated biofilm structure, revealing bacteria separated by 0.1 micron and covered by a fine extracellular matrix network as small as 50 nm. Focused ion beam tomography generated a 3D model of the biofilm with 932 individual bacteria occupying 19% of the volume.
The document discusses bioceramic materials used in endodontics, focusing on mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). It provides details on the composition, properties, and clinical applications of MTA. MTA has favorable biocompatibility and bioactivity, stimulating tissue regeneration. It forms an excellent seal with good marginal adaptation and push-out bond strength to dentin. MTA is useful for pulp capping, pulpotomies, apexification, and other procedures due to its ability to encourage hard tissue formation.
This document discusses different types of polymers used in construction, including their properties and applications. It notes that polymers like polyethylene provide moisture protection and are used in foam underlay and damp-proof membranes. Polycarbonate provides protection from weathering and impacts and is used in lighting and plumbing. Rubber is used in bridge bearings and flooring as it cushions noise vibration. Epoxy resins are used as coatings, adhesives, and for repairing wood and concrete. The document also discusses the benefits of using natural polymer modified mortar containing seaweed in construction, which can achieve great compressive and tensile strengths.
Programa Semana Cultural 2014 Santa Colomba de SanabriaManuel Barrios
El documento presenta el programa cultural y de fiestas de 2014 que incluye diversos eventos como el inicio de la novena en honor a la Virgen de la Portería, la apertura del chiringuito de las fiestas, campeonatos deportivos como de futbolín e infantiles, proyecciones de cine infantil, colocación de carteles y banderitas por el pueblo, misas y procesiones, partidos de fútbol, cenas para el pueblo, conciertos musicales, pasacalles amenizados y bailes populares.
Dirección. Delegación. Centralización y Descentralización. Motivación. Liderazgo. Comunicación.
Formas de dirección
Estilos de liderazgo
Centralización y su opuesto: Descentralización.
El documento presenta un libro titulado "Matemática, fracciones y números decimales. 5o grado. Páginas para el alumno" que fue creado como parte de un plan plurianual para mejorar la enseñanza en Buenos Aires entre 2004 y 2007. El libro contiene actividades relacionadas con fracciones y números decimales para estudiantes de 5to grado y fue dirigido por Cecilia Parra.
Este boletín informativo presenta:
1) Un resumen de la campaña "Ageconciencia" sobre conciencia ambiental y compromiso con el lugar de trabajo.
2) Las fechas de cumpleaños y aniversarios de empleados en Agosto y Septiembre.
3) Breves descripciones de eventos como la Semana de la Salud y celebraciones de cumpleaños.
This document discusses electronic device architectures for continued scaling beyond traditional CMOS technology. It begins with an introduction on the context and challenges of scaling CMOS devices according to the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors. The document then outlines scaling of silicon MOSFETs, including the use of high-k dielectrics and metal gates. It also discusses alternative channel materials and 3D integration approaches. Finally, it considers opportunities for other materials on silicon as well as alternatives to CMOS that may be needed to continue the pace of innovation in nanoelectronics.
Jöbstl is a 90+ year old logistics company that has evolved from horse-drawn vehicles to a modern logistics provider. It operates across Europe with 10 locations and specializes in freight forwarding, transportation, and warehouse logistics. The company emphasizes quality, environmental protection, and reliability. It has a diverse portfolio of services and a modern fleet of trucks and equipment. Jöbstl aims to exceed customer expectations and shape the future through tradition and innovation.
Terron Sims II is the founder and Senior Partner of Doug Pollard, LLC. He has extensive experience working with the U.S. military and government on national security issues. Sims served in Iraq from 2003-2004 and later worked in civilian roles coordinating military operations. Currently, he holds several leadership positions focused on veterans and military families issues.
Supersuple es un suplemento nutricional que contiene aminoácidos esenciales, vitaminas, minerales y otros nutrientes necesarios para el metabolismo y las funciones vitales del cuerpo. El documento explica que estos nutrientes son necesarios para la acción enzimática y los procesos metabólicos, y que una deficiencia nutricional puede afectar el desarrollo y las funciones del organismo. También incluye tablas comparativas sobre el valor nutricional y la composición de Supersuple en comparación con otros suplementos.
Lone Eagle Consulting Native American Broadband ApplicationsFrank Odasz
This document summarizes best practices for ICT capacity building activities for rural communities presented by Frank Odasz of Lone Eagle Consulting. Some key points include:
1. Lone Eagle Consulting has 25 years of experience with rural ICT innovations, including fast-track training, distance learning, and designing local, regional, and national ICT adoption strategies.
2. Case studies are presented showing the potential of ICT for economic development, education, and social benefits in rural communities worldwide.
3. Metrics for meaningful rural ICT capacity building should focus on what citizens actually do with technologies and ensure genuine, positive outcomes are achieved.
4. A community inclusion process is recommended that raises awareness of opportunities
I1M2010-T24: Programación dinámica en HaskellJosé A. Alonso
Se implementan en Haskell el patrón de programación dinámica y se aplica a los siguientes problemas: producto de cadenas de matrices, árboles binarios de búsqueda optimales, caminos mínimos entre todos los pares de nodos de un grafo y problema del viajante.
Este es el tema 24 del curso de introducción a Haskell. El código y los restantes temas se encuentran en http://www.cs.us.es/~jalonso/cursos/i1m-10/temas.html
This document describes the Aqua Power Vitatronic device, which creates electromagnetic vibrations to harmonize disruptions in magnetic fields from various sources. It summarizes the sources of these disruptions as underground water streams, tectonic plate movements, Earth layer rolling, global grids, and electromagnetic smog. The device operates as an electronically-controlled resonator to bring magnetic field levels into a healthy range and reduce the negative health effects associated with imbalances, such as joint pain, depression, and cancer. It can be used in homes, offices, schools, hospitals, and vehicles to improve overall well-being.
La World Wide Web fue creada en 1990 por Tim Berners-Lee y permite visualizar documentos relacionados mediante hipervínculos. Los usuarios acceden a los sitios web a través de navegadores y los documentos se almacenan en servidores web, mientras que los DNS convierten las direcciones web en direcciones IP. Los gestores de contenido permiten administrar páginas web de forma independiente al contenido y diseño.
Pro Evolution Soccer 2014 es un videojuego de fútbol de la serie Pro Evolution Soccer desarrollado y publicado por Konami. El juego fue anunciado el 30 de mayo de 2013 y lanzado el 19 de septiembre de 2013 para PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Portable, Xbox 360, Nintendo 3DS, y Microsoft Windows.
This document provides a summary of the master site planning process for Camp Rota Kiwan. It discusses the camp's history and outlines the planning process, which included multiple meetings to develop a conceptual site plan to serve up to 450 campers per session for the next 50 years. The proposed plan envisions a single-purpose camp with updated facilities, including a new dining hall, welcome center, staff housing, shelters, and other improvements at an estimated cost of $12 million. Next steps include finalizing the master plan by March and seeking approval from the Council Board by June.
Michiel Frederik Botha is applying for a position as a heavy duty mechanic with over 12 years of experience working on heavy equipment such as haul trucks, drills, cranes, and shovels. He has extensive experience servicing, repairing, and performing preventative maintenance on equipment. His qualifications include Red Seal certifications as a heavy duty mechanic and millwright from Canada and South Africa. He is looking for new opportunities to utilize his skills and experience in equipment maintenance and repair.
This document provides a summary of events being held by the Office of Multicultural Student Affairs (OMSA) at the University of Chicago in mid-February 2013, including:
- A 5th anniversary winter festival being held on February 26th to celebrate the opening of the 5710 South Woodlawn student center featuring student performances, food, and activities.
- A lecture by author Michelle Alexander on February 21st presented by the Organization of Black Students.
- A community conversation on February 28th titled "No Such Thing as Closure" hosted by the Emerging Minds Project.
- Additional events being held on February 19th-20th related to Black Heritage month, LGBTQ student life
NADIR: the European “Network for Animal Diseases Infectiology Research” faci...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
The document describes the NADIR project, a European network of animal disease research facilities. The objectives of NADIR are to 1) promote collaboration between animal research centers, 2) facilitate research to improve existing facilities, and 3) provide transnational access to external researchers. NADIR received 7.5 million euros in funding to coordinate its 17 partner institutions over 5 years. Activities included networking exchanges, joint research projects, and providing access to facilities for 45 external research projects covering various animal species and disease topics. The project aims to optimize European research on infectious livestock diseases and zoonoses.
El país de las hojas sueltas. tomo i. desde la época prehispánica hasta el fi...avitiadgo
El país de las hojas sueltas
Colección de hojas sueltas, históricas y de ficción, de imprentas populares mexicanas
Tomo I. Desde la época prehispánica hasta el fin del siglo XIX
A farewell letter from supplier-Grunewald.gifYIFAT BEN ARIE
Monika is sad that Yifat is leaving her job but understands her desire for change. She has enjoyed working with Yifat and will miss her. Monika appreciates all of Yifat's help, efforts, and kindness during their years working together. She wishes Yifat the best for her future.
Similar to Sirris Smart Coating workshop - Easy-to-clean and Self cleaning Coatings - 19 May 2011 - Non-wetting surfaces: robustness and applications - Robin Ras, Aalto University Finland
This document summarizes a technical presentation on superhydrophobic materials and coatings. It discusses the motivation for studying superhydrophobic surfaces, defines key concepts like contact angle and wetting models. It also reviews recent breakthroughs in developing volumetric superhydrophobic coatings, creating "water marbles" using partially functionalized particles, and forming "resin marbles" through the interaction of superhydrophobic particles with molten resins. Historically, superhydrophobic surfaces faced challenges with cost, stability of nanostructures, durability, and susceptibility to condensation and surfactants/oils reducing their effects.
I. The document discusses textiles and their unique properties compared to other man-made materials. It notes that textiles are the class of material closest to humans and nature due to their flexibility, softness, and ability to drape on the body.
II. It further discusses how textiles are closely related to emotions and mental states due to their role in communicating status, identity, belonging, aesthetics, culture, gender, and more.
III. The document provides examples of how textiles can address various sustainability issues like ensuring clean water, supporting healthcare, harvesting sustainable energy, and addressing the shortage of raw materials through new feedstocks and recycling.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Professor Yves Chabal and his collaborators are investigating the surface properties of semiconductors, like silicon, at the atomic scale to develop nanoelectronic devices. They have made progress stabilizing and functionalizing hydrogen-terminated silicon surfaces, which act as a "blank canvas" for chemical modifications without oxidation. Recently, they developed a method to produce a nanopattern of functional groups on silicon surfaces, extending possibilities for functionalization. Their collaborative, fundamental research aims to further applications using silicon-based materials through a multiscale understanding of interface formation between materials.
This document describes a project to develop a manufacturing process for thin film resistors with very high sheet resistance (TFRVHs) using tungsten-silicon-nitride (WSiN) for use in high-frequency integrated circuits. The goal was to produce TFRVHs with a sheet resistance of 2000 Ω/sq using reactive sputtering. Experimental results found that the developed process successfully produced TFRVHs within the target specifications for thickness, sheet resistance, and standard deviation, but uniformity was slightly outside the target range. The process is evaluated to be cost-effective and reliable for manufacturing the TFRVHs.
This document summarizes research on super hydrophobic materials conducted by a group of 4 students. It defines hydrophobicity and super hydrophobicity, and explains the theories of Wenzel and Cassie-Baxter wetting states. The group studied the surface properties, coatings, and self-cleaning effects of super hydrophobic materials. They describe common fabrication methods like templating, nanocasting, and plasma treatment. The applications of super hydrophobic glass powder and coatings in industries like aerospace, automobiles, and buildings are also outlined. In conclusion, the development of long-lasting super hydrophobic surfaces remains an ongoing challenge.
Compaction increases the density and engineering properties of soils through mechanical means. The standard Proctor test determines the optimum moisture content and maximum dry density of a soil through compacting specimens at different moisture contents and measuring their dry densities. Higher compactive effort through modified Proctor testing results in higher densities. Well-compacted soils have increased shear strength and reduced compressibility, permeability, and liquefaction potential. Laboratory compaction curves may differ from field compaction due to degradation and replacement of oversized particles in the lab. The structure and properties of compacted fine-grained soils, like permeability and compressibility, depend on the compactive effort and proximity to the optimum moisture content.
1) Geostatistics provides tools to describe spatial continuity in data, estimate values at unsampled locations, and create multiple equiprobable subsurface models that account for uncertainty.
2) Variograms quantify the dissimilarity between data points over distance and are used to model spatial correlation.
3) Multiple scales of heterogeneity often exist, with longer correlation ranges related to large-scale variations and shorter ranges corresponding to smaller features.
Epitaxial deposition is a method for growing high quality crystalline films on crystalline substrates. There are two main types: homoepitaxy, where the film and substrate are the same material, and heteroepitaxy, where they differ. Key parameters that affect the epitaxial growth process include temperature, pressure, and reactant flow. Common techniques include vapor phase epitaxy, liquid phase epitaxy, and molecular beam epitaxy, each with their own advantages and disadvantages for producing films for semiconductor and optoelectronic devices.
Threshold hydrophobicity for inhibition of salt scale formation on SAMmodifie...Pawan Kumar
Fouling of solid surfaces is a ubiquitous problem in industrial processes. As unwanted material accumulates on
components, their function is impaired and costly repairs are required. Most fouling occurs from impurities
present in water that are deposited when the water contacts a solid surface. It follows that if the adhesive forces
at the water-solid interface are minimized, less fouling will result. In this study, we present a novel method to
minimize fouling by fabricating a hydrophobic surface based upon self-assembled monolayer (SAM)-modified
titanium dioxide nanotube arrays (TNTAs). We demonstrate a direct correlation between hydrophobicity and the
formation of scale from dissolved salts by comparison of the surface’s static contact angle and degree of precipitation deposition. Furthermore, by tailoring the surface hydrophobicity through employment of a wide
variety of SAMs with different alkyl chain lengths, we determine the threshold level of hydrophobicity that
inhibits fouling in the SAM-TNTA system; surfaces with a static contact angle greater than 144° display vastly
increased fouling resistance. The surface morphology, surface composition, and stability of the alkyl phosphonic
acid- and perfluoroalkyl phosphonic acid-SAM-TNTAs were characterized using scanning electron microscopy
(SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS).
Threshold hydrophobicity for inhibition of salt scale formation on SAM-modifi...Pawan Kumar
Fouling of solid surfaces is a ubiquitous problem in industrial processes. As unwanted material accumulates on components, their function is impaired and costly repairs are required. Most fouling occurs from impurities present in water that are deposited when the water contacts a solid surface. It follows that if the adhesive forces at the water-solid interface are minimized, less fouling will result. In this study, we present a novel method to minimize fouling by fabricating a hydrophobic surface based upon self-assembled monolayer (SAM)-modified titanium dioxide nanotube arrays (TNTAs). We demonstrate a direct correlation between hydrophobicity and the formation of scale from dissolved salts by comparison of the surface’s static contact angle and degree of precipitation deposition. Furthermore, by tailoring the surface hydrophobicity through employment of a wide variety of SAMs with different alkyl chain lengths …
This document discusses the importance of grain size in materials and methods for producing ultrafine grain and nanomaterials. Decreasing grain size improves mechanical properties through increasing dislocations and grain boundaries. Severe plastic deformation techniques like equal channel angular pressing and high pressure torsion are used to refine grains down to the nanoscale in a top-down process. These nanomaterials exhibit high strength, ductility, and thermal stability due to their small, uniformly distributed grains.
This document discusses research into how marine biofouling affects the durability of concrete sea defences. The research investigates how cleaning methods can alter the susceptibility of concrete to algal growth and how factors like nutrients, surface roughness, and moisture influence colonization. A predictive model will be developed to show how cleaning impacts colonization over time. Trials are testing photocatalytic self-cleaning concrete coatings to reduce maintenance costs by destroying organic pollutants that cause deterioration. The research aims to understand how surface topography and coatings can prevent spore settlement and develop long-term testing of coatings and precast units in marine environments.
Resistance of Superhydrophobic Surface-Functionalized TiO2 Nanotubes to Corro...Pawan Kumar
The availability of robust superhydrophobic materials with the ability to withstand harsh environments are in high demand for many applications. In this study, we have presented a simple method to fabricate superhydrophobic materials from TiO 2 nanotube arrays (TNTAs) and investigated the resilience of the materials when they are subjected to harsh conditions such as intense cavitation upon ultrasonication, corrosion in saline water, water-jet impact, and abrasion. The TNTAs were prepared by anodization of Ti foil in buffered aqueous electrolyte containing fluoride ions. The hydrophilic TNTAs were functionalized with octadecylphosphonic acid (ODPA) or 1H, 1H′, 2H, 2H′-perfluorodecyl phosphonic acid (PFDPA) to form a self-assembled monolayer on the TNTA surface to produce superhydrophobic [email protected] or [email protected] surfaces. The superhydrophobic [email protected] and [email protected] have contact angles of 156.0±1.5 and 168±1.5, and contact angle hysteresis of 3.0 and 0.8, respectively. The superhydrophobic [email protected] and [email protected] were subjected to ultrasonication, corrosion in saline water, and water-jet impact and abrasion, and the resilience of the systems was characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), contact angle (CA) measurements, diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS), and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The results presented here show that superhydrophobic [email protected] and [email protected] are robust and resilient under the harsh conditions studied in this work, and indicate the potential of these materials …
The availability of robust superhydrophobic materials with the ability to withstand harsh environments are in high demand for many applications. In this study, we have presented a simple method to fabricate superhydrophobic materials from TiO2 nanotube arrays (TNTAs) and
investigated the resilience of the materials when they are subjected to harsh conditions such as
intense cavitation upon ultrasonication, corrosion in saline water, water-jet impact, and abrasion. The TNTAs were prepared by anodization of Ti foil in buffered aqueous electrolyte containing fluoride ions. The hydrophilic TNTAs were functionalized with octadecylphosphonic acid (ODPA) or
1H, 1H0, 2H, 2H0-perfluorodecyl phosphonic acid (PFDPA) to form a self-assembled monolayer
on the TNTA surface to produce superhydrophobic ODPA@TNTA or PFDPA@TNTA surfaces.
The superhydrophobic ODPA@TNTA and PFDPA@TNTA have contact angles of 156.0+-1.5 and 168+- 1.5, and contact angle hysteresis of 3.0 and 0.8, respectively. The superhydrophobic
ODPA@TNTA and PFDPA@TNTA were subjected to ultrasonication, corrosion in saline water, and water-jet impact and abrasion, and the resilience of the systems was characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), contact angle (CA) measurements, diffuse reflectance
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS), and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The results presented here show that superhydrophobic ODPA@TNTA and PFDPA@TNTA are robust and resilient under the harsh conditions studied in this work, and indicate the potential of
these materials to be deployed in practical applications.
Pore scale dynamics and the interpretation of flow processes - Martin Blunt, Imperial College London, at UKCCSRC specialist meeting Flow and Transport for CO2 Storage, 29-30 October 2015
The document discusses different techniques for epitaxial deposition used in semiconductor thin film technology. Epitaxy involves the crystalline growth of a film on a crystalline substrate, where the film takes on the properties of the substrate. The key techniques described are liquid phase epitaxy, molecular beam epitaxy, metalorganic chemical vapor deposition, hydride vapor phase epitaxy, and sputtering. The techniques are compared in terms of their strengths, weaknesses, and applications for growing semiconductor films for electronic and optoelectronic devices.
This document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of superhydrophobic coatings. It describes a simple spraying method used to apply coatings to various substrates like glass, polymer, paper, etc. The coatings were characterized through SEM analysis, contact angle measurements, thickness analysis, adhesion testing and FTIR. SEM images showed the coatings had a rough structure that contributed to their superhydrophobicity. Contact angle measurements found water droplets formed spherical shapes on all coated substrates, indicating they were superhydrophobic. Thickness analysis found the coating to be approximately 0.299mm thick. Adhesion testing required a force of 30.52N to remove the coating. The coatings showed potential for applications like anti-cor
Similar to Sirris Smart Coating workshop - Easy-to-clean and Self cleaning Coatings - 19 May 2011 - Non-wetting surfaces: robustness and applications - Robin Ras, Aalto University Finland (20)
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👉 Check out our full 'Africa Series - Automation Student Developers (EN)' page to register for the full program:
https://bit.ly/Automation_Student_Kickstart
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UiPath Studio CE Installation and Setup
💻 Extra training through UiPath Academy:
Introduction to Automation
UiPath Business Automation Platform
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Mydbops Opensource Database Meetup 16
Topic: Must-Know PostgreSQL Extensions for Developers and DBAs During Migration
Speaker: Deepak Mahto, Founder of DataCloudGaze Consulting
Date & Time: 8th June | 10 AM - 1 PM IST
Venue: Bangalore International Centre, Bangalore
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Key Takeaways:
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Our team offers a wide range of services, including assistance, support, consulting, 24/7 operations, and expertise in all relevant technologies. We help organizations improve their database's performance, scalability, efficiency, and availability.
Contact us: info@mydbops.com
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Sirris Smart Coating workshop - Easy-to-clean and Self cleaning Coatings - 19 May 2011 - Non-wetting surfaces: robustness and applications - Robin Ras, Aalto University Finland
1. Dr.
Robin
Ras,
Aalto
University,
Finland
Non-‐we9ng
surfaces:
Robustness
and
applica@ons
Dr.
Robin
Ras
Molecular
Materials
Dept.
Applied
Physics
Aalto
University
(formerly
Helsinki
Univ.
Technology)
Helsinki,
Finland
hJp://Ly.tkk.fi/molmat/
robin.ras@aalto.fi
2. Dr.
Robin
Ras,
Aalto
University,
Finland
Milestones
of
superhydrophobicity
• 1940’s-‐1950’s
– Theory
• Wenzel
• Cassie-‐Baxter
• 1977
(BarthloJ,
Univ.
Bonn)
– plant
systema@cs
– assessing
the
value
of
certain
surface
structures
for
taxonomic
differen@a@on
• 1997
(BarthloJ
&
Neinhuis)
– first
comprehensive
experimental
study
on
self-‐cleaning
of
plant
surfaces
– results
pointed
to
a
structural
basis
of
effec@ve
self-‐cleaning
“Superhydrophob*”
based
on
Web
of
Knowledge
-‐
May
2011
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
#
publica@ons
3. Dr.
Robin
Ras,
Aalto
University,
Finland
A droplet takes up the dirt
while rolling downWater droplets roll down the
leaf of the Lotus flower
Glue rolls down the leaf
of the Lotus flowerhJp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XXHSM8ePuZw
Lotus
leaf:
archetype
of
a
self-‐cleaning
surface
4. Dr.
Robin
Ras,
Aalto
University,
Finland
Loss
of
non-‐we9ng:
caused
by
damage
Remember
the
two
requirements
for
the
Cassie
state
of
superhydrophobicity:
1. Topography
at
nano/micronscale
2. Hydrophobic
surface
chemistry
Cassie
state:
• low
contact
angle
hysteresis
(Δθ)
• low
sliding
angle
Δθ
=
θadv
−
θrec
Damage
to
1.
or
2.
leads
to
significantly
reduced
θrec
and
thus
increased
hysteresis
The
maximum
lateral
force
Flat
that
a
distorted
pinned
droplet
can
build
up
depends
on
θadv
and
θrec
Flat
=
cos
θrec
−
cos
θadv
≅
Δθ
sinθ
(for
small
θ)
Droplet
pinning
Low
fric@on
Verho,
Ras
et
al.,
Adv.
Mater.
2011,
23,
673–678
5. Dr.
Robin
Ras,
Aalto
University,
Finland
Loss
of
non-‐we9ng:
caused
by
we9ng
transi@ons
• The
Cassie
state
of
we9ng
is
in
general
most
desired.
• Droplet
is
in
contact
mostly
with
air
• However,
transi@ons
from
Cassie
to
Wenzel
state
of
we9ng
are
possible.
• e.g.
hydrosta@c
pressure,
dissolu@on
of
the
trapped
air,
a
drop
falling
from
a
certain
height
• This
also
leads
to
loss
of
non-‐we9ng,
even
though
the
contact
angle
can
s@ll
be
high
• The
reverse
Wenzel-‐to-‐Cassie
transi@on
is
difficult,
though
possible
in
some
cases.
Not
only
damage
to
the
surface,
but
also
we9ng
transi@ons
can
lead
to
pinning
of
droplets
Important
for
underwater
applica@ons
(long-‐@me
contact
with
water)
e.g.
Ship
hull
• prevent
bio-‐fouling
(algae,
mussels,
…)
• drag
reduc@on
Wenzel
Cassie
transi@on
6. Dr.
Robin
Ras,
Aalto
University,
Finland
Damage
to
non-‐we9ng
surfaces
(1)
Two
types
of
damage
• loss
of
roughness
(increases
the
area
of
contact
between
water
and
the
surface)
– Mechanical
abrasion
• intrinsic
hydrophobicity
of
the
surface
is
reduced
– Damage
to
a
hydrophobic
surface
layer
• Mechanical
abrasion
• Ultraviolet
radia@on
• …
– Contamina@on
(organic/bio)
As
a
consequence,
the
Cassie
state
may
become
unstable
or
contact
angle
hysteresis
may
increase
due
to
hydrophilic
defects.
Verho,
Ras
et
al.,
Adv.
Mater.
2011,
23,
673–678
7. Dr.
Robin
Ras,
Aalto
University,
Finland
Damage
to
non-‐we9ng
surfaces
(2)
• Most
superhydrophobic
surfaces
work
well
in
controlled
laboratory
condi@ons
• But
fail
in
real-‐life
applica@ons.
The
requirements
for
durability
depend
on
the
area
of
applica@on.
Different
kinds
of
durability
• Robustness
in
weather
condi@ons
(e.g.
windows
of
traffic
cameras,
coa@ng
of
weather
sta@ons)
– Fouling-‐resistant
– UV-‐resistant
• Robustness
against
skin
contact
(e.g.
touch
screens)
– Mechanically
durable
– Resistant
against
finger
grease
• Food
packaging
/
kitchen
utensils
– Resistant
against
oil-‐contamina@on
– (Mechanically
durable)
• …
8. Dr.
Robin
Ras,
Aalto
University,
Finland
Hierarchical
roughness
=
topography
at
two
or
more
length
scales
Only
microroughness
is
present.
Abrasion
causes
the
bumps
to
wear
off,
making
the
Cassie
state
no
longer
stable.
One
length
scale
Two
length
scales
Microbumps
with
a
nanoroughness
on
them.
Most
of
the
nanoroughness
is
unaffected
by
wear
and
the
Cassie
state
remains
stable.
9. Dr.
Robin
Ras,
Aalto
University,
Finland
Hierarchical
roughness:
example
1
• PET
fabric
coated
with
nanofilaments
before
and
awer
a
wear
test
that
simulates
skin
contact.
• majority
of
the
filaments
are
protected
by
the
3D
microstructure
of
the
fabric
• Since
the
residual
layer
awer
abrasion
is
also
s@ll
hydrophobic,
the
overall
superhydrophobic
proper@es
of
the
tex@le
are
retained.
• Contact
angle
hysteresis
has
increased
slightly
Adv.
Funct.
Mater.
2008,
18,
3662–3669
10. Dr.
Robin
Ras,
Aalto
University,
Finland
Hierarchical
roughness:
example
2
Despite
an
increase
in
contact
angle
hysteresis,
the
surface
remained
superhydrophobic,
showing
that
the
microscale
pyramids
protected
the
nanoscale
features
on
the
walls
of
the
pyramids
Nanotechnology
21
(2010)
155705
Micropyramids
with
nanoscale
roughness
Abrasion
with
Technicloth
paper
Sand
abrasion
(6
min)
θ=168°
Δθ=2°
θ=167°
Δθ=13°
θ=161°
Δθ=70°
Hydrophilic
pinning
site
θrec(Si02)=0°
11. Dr.
Robin
Ras,
Aalto
University,
Finland
Hierarchical
roughness:
example
2
Nanotechnology
21
(2010)
155705
Micropyramids
with
nanoscale
roughness
Abrasion
with
Technicloth
paper
Sand
abrasion
(6
min)
θ=168°
Δθ=2°
θ=167°
Δθ=13°
θ=161°
Δθ=70°
Hydrophilic
pinning
site
• Hydrophilic
bulk
materials
lead
to
pinning
sites
when
worn
off
• Solu@on:
hydrophobic
bulk
material
Verho,
Ras
et
al.,
Adv.
Mater.
2011,
23,
673–678
12. Dr.
Robin
Ras,
Aalto
University,
Finland
Hydrophobic
bulk
material
polishing
with
sandpaper
increased
the
contact
angle
hysteresis
only
from
4°
to
10°
even
though
scanning
electron
microscopy
showed
that
the
surface
had
suffered
considerable
damage.
Applied
Physics
Express
(2009)
125003
An
organoclay-‐polymer
nanocomposite
before
and
awer
abrading
with
sand
paper
hJp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HxVnFlKiFRw
13. Dr.
Robin
Ras,
Aalto
University,
Finland
Weather
durability
(1)
Conven@onal
(A–D)
and
Lotus-‐Effect®
(E–F)
façade
paint
specimens
awer
six
years
of
exposure
under
deciduous
trees.
Bioinsp.
Biomim.
2
(2007)
S126–S134
14. Dr.
Robin
Ras,
Aalto
University,
Finland
Weather
durability
(2)
Colloids
and
Surfaces
A:
Physicochem.
Eng.
Aspects
302
(2007)
234–240
12
months
exposure
Untreated
glass
Superhydrophobic
glass
Organic
contamina@on
Silicone
nanofilaments
Awer
12
months
exposure
to
weather
elements
15. Dr.
Robin
Ras,
Aalto
University,
Finland
Laundering
Durability
of
Superhydrophobic
CoJon
Fabric
Adv.
Mater.
2010,
22,
5473–5477
1H,1H,2H,2H-‐nonafluorohexyl-‐1-‐acrylate
grawed
onto
a
coJon
fabric.
Grawing
=
polymeriza@on
onto
a
solid
surface
16. Dr.
Robin
Ras,
Aalto
University,
Finland
Laundering
Durability
of
Superhydrophobic
CoJon
Fabric
Adv.
Mater.
2010,
22,
5473–5477
Fluorinated
groups
are
covalently
bonded
to
the
coJon
fabric
superhydrophobicity
s@ll
retained
its
superhydrophobicity
awer
50
accelerated
laundering
cycles
(=
equivalent
to
250
commercial
or
domes@c
launderings).
binding
between
the
coJon
fiber
and
the
fluorinated
graw
chains
is
strong
enough
to
withstand
the
shear
force
of
the
water
and
the
stainless
steel
balls.
17. Dr.
Robin
Ras,
Aalto
University,
Finland
Transparent,
Thermally
Stable
and
Mechanically
Robust
Superhydrophobic
Surfaces
Made
from
Porous
Silica
Capsules
The
coa@ng
retains
its
superhydrophobicity
under
adhesion
tape
peeling
and
sand
abrasion
Adv.
Mater.
(2011)
DOI:
10.1002/adma.201100410
18. Dr.
Robin
Ras,
Aalto
University,
Finland
SuperHYDROphobic
superOLEOphobic
or
superOMNIphobic
?
Young
equa@on
γsg
–
γsl
=
γlg
cos
θ
• The
interfacial
energy
for
water
•
γlg=72.8
mN/m
(high)
• The
interfacial
energy
for
oils
and
organic
maJer
much
lower
• hexadecane
γlg=27.5
mN/m
• decane
γlg=23.8
mN/m
• octane
γlg=21.6
mN/m
• Difficult
to
increase
contact
angle,
• Remember:
The
lowest
known
are
for
fluorinated
chemical
groups
•
γsg
=
6.7
mN/m
for
-‐CF3,
a
bit
higher
for
–CF2-‐
Superoleophobic
surfaces:
The
contact
angle
>
150°
for
oils
Three
requirements:
• Low
surface
energy
• Roughness
• Re-‐entrant
curvature
e.g.
Science
2007,
318,
1618.
19. Dr.
Robin
Ras,
Aalto
University,
Finland
Self-‐healing
superhydrophobicity
(1):
a
property
from
nature
Chem.
Commun.,
2011,
47,
2324–2326
20. Dr.
Robin
Ras,
Aalto
University,
Finland
Self-‐healing
superhydrophobicity
(2)
Angew.
Chem.
Int.
Ed.
2010,
49,
6129-‐6133
21. Dr.
Robin
Ras,
Aalto
University,
Finland
Self-‐healing
superhydrophobicity
and
superoleophobicity
(3)
Chem.
Commun.,
2011,
47,
2324–2326
22. Dr.
Robin
Ras,
Aalto
University,
Finland
Superhydrophobicity
=
Water
repellency
Superhydrophobic
applica@ons
• Self-‐cleaning
• No
water
absorp@on
(tex@le
remains
dry)
– Energy
efficient
• An@-‐icing
• An@-‐fogging
• Dew
collec@on
• Floata@on
– Locomo@on
• Drag
reduc@on
• Thermal
insula@on
• Gas
extrac@on
from
water
Superhydrophobicity
in
nature
• Plant
leaves
• Insect
wings
• Insect
eyes
• Desert
beetle
• Water
strider
• Breathing
by
underwater
insects
plastron
23. Dr.
Robin
Ras,
Aalto
University,
Finland
Staying
dry
Cicada
wings
Ras
et
al.
JACS
(2008)
130,
11253
Clothing
Adv.
Funct.
Mater.
2008,
18,
3662–3669
Silicone
nanofilaments
24. Dr.
Robin
Ras,
Aalto
University,
Finland
Superhydrophobic
Tracks
for
Low-‐Fric@on,
Guided
Transport
of
Water
Droplets
• A
water
droplet
does
not
penetrate
through
a
hole/groove
in
a
superhydrophobic
surface
• Track
edge
keeps
the
drop
inline
with
the
track
Mertaniemi,
Ras
et
al.
Advanced
Materials
(2011)
in
press.
DOI:10.1002/adma.201100461
gravita@on
Electrosta@c
force
Superhydrophobic
knife
25. Dr.
Robin
Ras,
Aalto
University,
Finland
An@-‐Icing
Superhydrophobic
Coa@ngs
Langmuir
2009,
25(21),
12444–12448
Langmuir
2011,
27(1),
25–29
hJp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mxQy73rL3a8
Note:
also
robustness
is
a
problem
here,
as
the
growing
ice
crystals
may
damage
the
nano/micronscale
topography
26. Dr.
Robin
Ras,
Aalto
University,
Finland
Delayed
Freezing
on
Water
Repellent
Materials
Ini@al
water
temperature
25°C
Copper
plate
at
-‐7°C
Figure
1.
Comparison
between
two
water
drops
(Ω
=
1200
μL)
deposited
on
microtextured
superhydrophobic
(black)
copper
(lew)
and
flat
(orange)
copper
(right),
both
at
a
temperature
T
=
-‐7
C.
First
row:
the
drops
were
just
deposited;
their
colors
reflect
the
substrates.
Second
row:
the
drop
on
flat
copper
has
frozen.
Third
row:
both
drops
are
frozen.
There
is
no
difference
in
contact
angle
between
the
drops,
because
a
thin
ring
(of
radius
R
=
10
mm)
has
been
etched
in
both
plates,
providing
pinning
for
the
contact
line
and
allowing
us
to
compare
the
freezing
of
drops
of
same
volume
and
same
surface
area.
Langmuir
2009,
25(13),
7214–7216
Roughened
fluorinated
copper
=superhydrophobic
Smooth
fluorinated
copper
Normal
copper
The
drop
on
a
superhydrophobic
surface
contacts
more
air
than
solid
Insula@ng
proper@es
27. Dr.
Robin
Ras,
Aalto
University,
Finland
An@-‐fogging
Adv.
Mater.
2007,
19,
2213–2217
Prevents
moisture
from
nuclea@ng
28. Dr.
Robin
Ras,
Aalto
University,
Finland
Harvesting of water
by a desert beetle
10
µm
Superhydrophobic
Hydrophilic peaks
Applica@on:
Fog
harves@ng
Tent
fabrics
and
roof
@les
to
collect
moisture
in
arid
areas.
Nature
(2001)
414,
33
29. Dr.
Robin
Ras,
Aalto
University,
Finland
Floata@on
on
water
using
surface
tension
forces
Advances
in
Insect
Physiology
(2008)
34,
117
30. Dr.
Robin
Ras,
Aalto
University,
Finland
Floata@on
on
water
using
surface
tension
forces
Hydrophilic
claws
to
grab
the
water
surface
Dimple:
stretching
of
the
water
surface
Advances
in
Insect
Physiology
(2008)
34,
117
31. Dr.
Robin
Ras,
Aalto
University,
Finland
Meniscus-‐climbing
Nature
(2005)
437,
733
32. Dr.
Robin
Ras,
Aalto
University,
Finland
Water
strider
look-‐alikes:
water-‐
walking
devices
Exp
Fluids
(2007)
43:769–778
IEEE
TRANSACTIONS
ON
ROBOTICS,
VOL.
23,
NO.
3,
JUNE
2007
hJp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=756Tk9y0aNg
hJp://nanolab.me.cmu.edu/projects/waterstrider/
33. Dr.
Robin
Ras,
Aalto
University,
Finland
Content
Superhydrophobic
and
Superoleophobic
Nanocellulose
Aerogel
Membranes
as
Bioinspired
Cargo
Carriers
on
Water
and
Oil
Chemical
vapor
deposi@on
of
perfluorinated
trichlorosilane
• Low-‐surface-‐energy
coa@ng
• Roughness
from
nano-‐
to
microscale
• Overhangs
Jin,
KeJunen,
Laiho,
Pynnönen,
Paltakari,
Marmur,
Ikkala,
Ras,
Langmuir
(2011)
1930.
Nanocellulose
aerogel
34. Dr.
Robin
Ras,
Aalto
University,
Finland
TiO2-‐coated
nanocellulose
aerogel
KeJunen
(née
Pääkkö),
Silvennoinen,
Houbenov,
Nykänen,
Ruokolainen,
Sainio,
Pore,
Kemell,
Ankerfors,
Lindström,
Ritala,
Ras,
Ikkala,
Adv.
Funct.
Mater.
(2011)
510.
Nanocellulose aerogel
(highly porous solvent-free
network)
TiO2-coated nanocellulose aerogel
(coated by chemical vapor deposition
CVD or atomic layer deposition ALD)
Precursor:
TiO2 thickness ca. 7 nm
on nanocellulose fibril
ALD
or
CVD
Korhonen,
Hiekkataipale,
Malm,
Karppinen,
Ikkala,
Ras,
ACS
Nano
(2011)
1967.
35. Dr.
Robin
Ras,
Aalto
University,
Finland
Op@cally
controlled
water
absorp@on
within
TiO2-‐coated
cellulose
aerogel
No illumination Ultraviolet illumination
λ = 350 nm
After ultraviolet
illumination
Rejects water Absorbent Rejects water
High
contact
angle on
surface
Water
expelled
from the
pores
High
contact
angle on
surface
Water
expelled
from the
pores
Zero contact
angle on
surface
Water
absorbed in
the pores:
16 x water
vs the
aerogel
weight
Recovering
slowly
KeJunen
(née
Pääkkö),
Silvennoinen,
Houbenov,
Nykänen,
Ruokolainen,
Sainio,
Pore,
Kemell,
Ankerfors,
Lindström,
Ritala,
Ras,
Ikkala,
Adv.
Funct.
Mater.
(2011)
510.
36. Dr.
Robin
Ras,
Aalto
University,
Finland
Humidity
sensing
using
TiO2
nanotube
aerogels
Korhonen,
Hiekkataipale,
Malm,
Karppinen,
Ikkala,
Ras,
ACS
Nano
(2011)
1967.
Nanotube
films
act
as
fast
resis@ve
humidity
sensors.
37. Dr.
Robin
Ras,
Aalto
University,
Finland
Plastron:
a
thin
layer
of
trapped
air
at
the
surface
of
an
immersed
superhydrophobic
surface
SoL
MaMer,
2010,
6,
714
Angew.
Chem.
Int.
Ed.
2007,
46,
1710
–1712
Mirror-‐like
silvery
appearance
Reflec@vity
96%
Bioinsp.
Biomim.
2
(2007)
S126–S134
38. Dr.
Robin
Ras,
Aalto
University,
Finland
Slip
and
drag
reduc@on:
lower
fric@on
of
flowing
water
To
analyze
con@nuum
liquid
flows,
a
so-‐called
“no-‐slip”
boundary
condiUon
is
typically
made.
This
condiUon
implies
that
the
flow
velocity
of
a
given
fluid
at
a
solid
wall
is
zero.
True
for
most
surfaces,
not
for
superhydrophobic
surfaces
39. Dr.
Robin
Ras,
Aalto
University,
Finland
Superhydrophobic
Copper
Tubes
with
Possible
Flow
Enhancement
and
Drag
Reduc@on
40. Dr.
Robin
Ras,
Aalto
University,
Finland
Underwater
breathing:
plastron
func@ons
as
external
lung
O2
CO2
J.
Fluid
Mech.
(2008),
vol.
608,
pp.
275–296.
41. Dr.
Robin
Ras,
Aalto
University,
Finland
Gas
extrac@on
from
water
APPLIED
PHYSICS
LETTERS
89,
104106
(2006)
A
sphere
of
3m
diameter
would
provide
enough
oxygen
for
a
human
to
survive
42. Dr.
Robin
Ras,
Aalto
University,
Finland
Conclusion
• Robustness
of
superhydrophobic
surfaces
was
long
@me
ignored
• Last
two
years
progress
made
towards
robust
superhydrophobic
surfaces
• Some
promising
routes,
but
more
work
needed
• We
can
learn
a
lot
from
nature
(=biomime@cs)
• Wide
range
of
applica@ons
beyond
self-‐cleaning
for
non-‐we9ng
surfaces
43. Dr.
Robin
Ras,
Aalto
University,
Finland
Acknowledgements
Aalto
Univ.
(Finland)
• O.
Ikkala,
H.
Mertaniemi,
T.
Verho,
H.
Jin,
M.
KeJunen
(née
Pääkkö),
J.
Korhonen,
P.
Hiekkataipale,
A.
Laiho.,
M.
Karppinen,
J.
Malm,
S.
Franssila,
V.
Jokinen,
L.
Sainiemi.
Technion
(Israel)
• A.
Marmur
Nokia
Research
Center
-‐
Cambridge
(UK)
• P.
Andrew
and
C.
Bower
Funding
• Nokia
Research
Center,
UPM
Kymmene,
TEKES,
Acad.
Finland.
Dr.
Robin
Ras
Aalto
University,
Helsinki,
Finland
robin.ras@aalto.fi
hJp://Ly.tkk.fi/molmat/