strategic importance of indian ocean.pptxMahamAaqil2
What makes the Indian Ocean so strategically important?
The Indian Ocean is a vast theater, stretching from the Strait of Malacca and western coast of Australia in the East to the Mozambique Channel in
the West. It encompasses the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Sea in the North, all the way down to the southern Indian Ocean.
Indian Ocean Initiative
Along the coasts of this huge geographic expanse are countries that are home to some 2.7 billion people. The Indian Ocean’s key subregions are
South Asia, the Middle East, the eastern coast of Africa, and the islands dotting the ocean from Sri Lanka in the East to the Comoros Archipelago
in the West.
The region’s size and diversity explains its geoeconomic importance. Its regional forum, the Indian Ocean Rim Association, includes countries as
politically and socially different as Australia, Indonesia, Iran, and South Africa, leading to striking new power dynamics. From resource-rich Africa
and the energy-dense Middle East to South Asia’s labor markets and manufacturing industries, the stability of the Indian Ocean is crucial to the
global economy.
Why are countries vying for control over the Indian Ocean?
While it may be difficult today for one nation to control the entire expanse of the Indian Ocean the way the British, French, or Portuguese empires
did during the colonial period, the strategic significance of the Indian Ocean remains the same. In fact, the advent of the Indo-Pacific—the new
geopolitical framework that includes both the Indian and Pacific Oceans—has pushed the Indian Ocean back into the spotlight after a period with
no serious great power competition in the region, following the end of the Cold War.
The importance of trade and the sheer scope of its many subregions make the Indian Ocean critical in terms of military and strategic engagement.
It is a vital trading hub, connecting the Middle East to Southeast and East Asia, as well as Europe and the Americas. Any disruption along its
trading routes will impact the entire globe’s energy security, let alone that of significant economies like China, Japan, and South Korea, which
depend on energy imported primarily via the Malacca strait.
3/19/23, 12:41 PM What Is Happening in the Indian Ocean? - Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
https://carnegieendowment.org/2021/03/03/what-is-happening-in-indian-ocean-pub-83948#:~:text=The importance of trade and,as Europe and the Americas. 2/4
At the heart of the geopolitical struggle in the Indian Ocean is the ability to sustain a military presence near the key choke points connecting its
trade routes. Such a presence gives countries the power to protect and disrupt these valuable maritime channels—known as Sea Lines of
Communications (SLOC) protection and SLOC interdiction in naval terms—during times of peace and war.
Which parts of the Indian Ocean are most contested?
Of the world’s seven key choke points for oil transportation, three are in the Indian Ocean.
strategic importance of indian ocean.pptxMahamAaqil2
What makes the Indian Ocean so strategically important?
The Indian Ocean is a vast theater, stretching from the Strait of Malacca and western coast of Australia in the East to the Mozambique Channel in
the West. It encompasses the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Sea in the North, all the way down to the southern Indian Ocean.
Indian Ocean Initiative
Along the coasts of this huge geographic expanse are countries that are home to some 2.7 billion people. The Indian Ocean’s key subregions are
South Asia, the Middle East, the eastern coast of Africa, and the islands dotting the ocean from Sri Lanka in the East to the Comoros Archipelago
in the West.
The region’s size and diversity explains its geoeconomic importance. Its regional forum, the Indian Ocean Rim Association, includes countries as
politically and socially different as Australia, Indonesia, Iran, and South Africa, leading to striking new power dynamics. From resource-rich Africa
and the energy-dense Middle East to South Asia’s labor markets and manufacturing industries, the stability of the Indian Ocean is crucial to the
global economy.
Why are countries vying for control over the Indian Ocean?
While it may be difficult today for one nation to control the entire expanse of the Indian Ocean the way the British, French, or Portuguese empires
did during the colonial period, the strategic significance of the Indian Ocean remains the same. In fact, the advent of the Indo-Pacific—the new
geopolitical framework that includes both the Indian and Pacific Oceans—has pushed the Indian Ocean back into the spotlight after a period with
no serious great power competition in the region, following the end of the Cold War.
The importance of trade and the sheer scope of its many subregions make the Indian Ocean critical in terms of military and strategic engagement.
It is a vital trading hub, connecting the Middle East to Southeast and East Asia, as well as Europe and the Americas. Any disruption along its
trading routes will impact the entire globe’s energy security, let alone that of significant economies like China, Japan, and South Korea, which
depend on energy imported primarily via the Malacca strait.
3/19/23, 12:41 PM What Is Happening in the Indian Ocean? - Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
https://carnegieendowment.org/2021/03/03/what-is-happening-in-indian-ocean-pub-83948#:~:text=The importance of trade and,as Europe and the Americas. 2/4
At the heart of the geopolitical struggle in the Indian Ocean is the ability to sustain a military presence near the key choke points connecting its
trade routes. Such a presence gives countries the power to protect and disrupt these valuable maritime channels—known as Sea Lines of
Communications (SLOC) protection and SLOC interdiction in naval terms—during times of peace and war.
Which parts of the Indian Ocean are most contested?
Of the world’s seven key choke points for oil transportation, three are in the Indian Ocean.
Classical Empires built powerful military machines and
administrative institutions that were capable of organizing human activities over long distances. They created new groups of military and political elites to manage their affairs. Overproduction and corruption, along with the growing social inequalities, contributed to the decline of these empires. Social institutions, such as Christianity and Buddhism, emerged stronger in the ashes of the Classical period.
The Rimland is a concept championed by Nicholas John Spykman, professor of international relations at Yale University. To him geopolitics is the planning of the security policy of a country in terms of its geographical factors. He described the maritime fringe of a country or continent; in particular the densely populated western, southern, and eastern edges of the Eurasian continent.
Mackinder in 1904 to the Royal Geographical Society that advances his heartland theory
Classical Empires built powerful military machines and
administrative institutions that were capable of organizing human activities over long distances. They created new groups of military and political elites to manage their affairs. Overproduction and corruption, along with the growing social inequalities, contributed to the decline of these empires. Social institutions, such as Christianity and Buddhism, emerged stronger in the ashes of the Classical period.
The Rimland is a concept championed by Nicholas John Spykman, professor of international relations at Yale University. To him geopolitics is the planning of the security policy of a country in terms of its geographical factors. He described the maritime fringe of a country or continent; in particular the densely populated western, southern, and eastern edges of the Eurasian continent.
Mackinder in 1904 to the Royal Geographical Society that advances his heartland theory
Presentation by Antonio T. Carpio, Chair of the Second Division and Chair of the Senate Electoral Tribunal of the Philippines, at the Elcano Royal Institute on 11 May 2015.
- o -
Presentación de Antonio T. Carpio, magistrado de Filipinas, en una reunión realizada el 11 de mayo de 2015 en la sede del Real Instituto Elcano.
Nine-dashed Line Map Submitted by China to United Nations on 7 May 2009 China did not explain the legal basis for the dashes. The dashes had no fixed coordinates. “China has indisputable sovereignty over the islands in the South China Sea and the adjacent waters, and enjoys sovereign rights and jurisdiction over the relevant waters as well as the seabed and subsoil thereof.” - China’s Note Verbale of 7 May 2009 The Vietnam, Malaysia and Indonesia promptly protested China’s claim under this dashed lines map. The Philippines belatedly protested on 11 April 2011.
World War II; America Fights Back in the PacificWayne Williams
World War Ii in the Pacific Theater; pivotal battles, leapfrogging strategies, Bataan Death March, Iwo Jima, Battle of Okinawa, Kamikaze strategy following the Battle of Leyte Gulf, damage to the USS LaGrange at Okinawa
Chapter TwoAmerican Foreign PolicyGlenn P. HastedtDaJinElias52
Chapter Two
American Foreign Policy
Glenn P. Hastedt
Dateline: The South China Sea
By definition, foreign policy is outward-looking and seeks to promote the national interest. Disagreement exists over how best to anticipate threats and recognize opportunities found beyond state borders. Do we look at the structure of the international system, changing relations between countries, or specific events? Each of these focal points presents itself as the United States formulates a foreign policy to respond to Chinese actions in the South China Sea.1
Some 648,000 square nautical miles, the South China Sea is one of the world’s largest semi-enclosed seas. Five countries (six if Taiwan is counted) with a combined population of about 270 million are found along its borders: China, Vietnam, the Philippines, Brunei, and Malaysia. All claim 28sovereignty over some or all of it. China argues that these islands have been Chinese territory “since antiquity.” At issue is control not only over the waters and the airspace above it, but also over some four hundred to six hundred rocks, reefs, atolls, and islands. The two largest groupings of land in the South China Sea are the Spratly and Paracel Islands. Both have been the focal point of military-political conflicts involving competing claims made by China, Vietnam, and the Philippines. The United States has taken no official position on these conflicting territorial claims, other than rejecting China’s claim to sovereignty over virtually all of it.
Three geostrategic factors come together to frame the South China Sea foreign policy problem facing the United States. First, the South China Sea is a critical passageway for global commercial shipping and naval operations linking the Middle East and Africa to Asia. The amount of oil passing through its waters is six times larger than that going through the Suez Canal. Second, evidence points to the presence of potentially significant natural energy reserves beneath the South China Sea that the Chinese media refer to as “the second Persian Gulf.” Third, the South China Sea is of great strategic importance to China. It is often spoken of in terms comparable to the United States’ traditional view of the Caribbean Sea. To a considerable degree it was in recognition of China’s growing economic and military power, along with the key role that the South China Sea played in China’s foreign policy thinking, that President Obama called for a “pivot” to Asia when he became president.
Tensions between the United States and China have grown noticeably over the past decade. As China’s military and economic power have increased, the U.S. has placed greater emphasis on Asia in its foreign policy. In November 2013, after China unilaterally claimed the right to police a contested portion of the airspace over the South China Sea, the United States sent two B-52 bombers into that zone without asking permission. In May 2014, without notice, China unilaterally placed a $1 billion deep ...
Understanding the South China Sea: An Explorative Cultural Analysis.Hans-Dieter Evers
Evers, Hans-Dieter. 2014. "Understanding the South China Sea: An Explorative Cultural Analysis." International Journal of Asia Pacific Studies 10(1):80-95.
The South China Sea has attracted considerable attention among politicians, journalists and scholars since it has become a contested maritime space. Most works concentrate on conflicts and negotiations to resolve the ensuing issues. In this paper, a cultural theory will be applied to stress the importance of conceptions of space found in different cultures. The South China Sea is defined as "Mediterranean." By comparing it to other maritime spaces, like the Baltic and the Mediterranean Sea, lessons will be drawn from the "longue durée" of history, as analysed by French historian Fernand Braudel and from concepts of the cultural theory of Oswald Spengler. The paper will look at the South China Sea from two perspectives. The political perspective will discuss various events that have happened due to political tensions because of territorial demarcations, fishing rights and access to natural resources. Comparing three "Mediterranean seas," I shall argue that Mediterranean seas share certain properties that give rise to tensions and even armed conflict, but also solutions to its problems. The second perspective uses macro-sociology and cultural anthropology to classify and understand actions of the general population as well as political leaders when they ascertain property rights to Mediterranean seas.
We all do our research and put an effort in making a clear and an accurate presentation, but I'd be glad if this could help especially for those who are taking Education courses. Good luck!
A proper credit would be appreciated.
• Jay-ar A. Padernal, BSEd Major in English, University of Mindanao
role of women and girls in various terror groupssadiakorobi2
Women have three distinct types of involvement: direct involvement in terrorist acts; enabling of others to commit such acts; and facilitating the disengagement of others from violent or extremist groups.
In a May 9, 2024 paper, Juri Opitz from the University of Zurich, along with Shira Wein and Nathan Schneider form Georgetown University, discussed the importance of linguistic expertise in natural language processing (NLP) in an era dominated by large language models (LLMs).
The authors explained that while machine translation (MT) previously relied heavily on linguists, the landscape has shifted. “Linguistics is no longer front and center in the way we build NLP systems,” they said. With the emergence of LLMs, which can generate fluent text without the need for specialized modules to handle grammar or semantic coherence, the need for linguistic expertise in NLP is being questioned.
‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
03062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
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हम आग्रह करते हैं कि जो भी सत्ता में आए, वह संविधान का पालन करे, उसकी रक्षा करे और उसे बनाए रखे।" प्रस्ताव में कुल तीन प्रमुख हस्तक्षेप और उनके तंत्र भी प्रस्तुत किए गए। पहला हस्तक्षेप स्वतंत्र मीडिया को प्रोत्साहित करके, वास्तविकता पर आधारित काउंटर नैरेटिव का निर्माण करके और सत्तारूढ़ सरकार द्वारा नियोजित मनोवैज्ञानिक हेरफेर की रणनीति का मुकाबला करके लोगों द्वारा निर्धारित कथा को बनाए रखना और उस पर कार्यकरना था।
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2. Outline of Presentation
1) Historical origins of Diaoyu/Senkaku
disputes through some official
documents
2) The root causes of the dispute
3) The three scenarios of the
Diaoyu/Senkaku disputes in particular and
Sino-Japanese relations in general
3. Geographically, Diaoyu/Senkaku islands are located at
the northeast of Taiwan and on the voyage from China
to the Okinawa. (Japan)
They are close to important
shipping lanes, offer rich
fishing grounds and lie near
potential oil and gas reserves.
They are also in a
strategically significant
position, amid rising
competition between the US
and China for military primacy
in the Asia-Pacific region.
4. 11 billion barrels of oil in
East China Sea.
190 trillion cubic feet
of natural gas.
5.
6.
7. Historical origins of Diaoyu/Senkaku disputes
through official documents
According to Chinese sources the first mention of
the Diaoyu islands is in a 15th-century document
now held at the Bodleian Library in Oxford.
Early sources tended to mention only the islands
location on the voyage to the Ryukyus from China
By the 17th century Chinese sources clearly
named the maritime boundary between the Diaoyu
islands and the Ryukyus as the Heishuigou
(‘Black Water Trench’).
8. Qing period (1644-1911) records
substantiate Chinese ownership of the
Diaoyu Islands prior to 1895.
After a number of Chinese defeats in the first
Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895),
The Meiji government, following a secret
cabinet decision in early 1895, promptly
incorporated the islands.
9. China was forced to sign the Treaty of
Shimonoseki (April 1895) and cede to
Japan “the island of Formosa (Taiwan)
together all islands belonging to said
island of Formosa.”
10. The Diaoyu islands are part of Taiwan
This is to say, Japan annexed the Diaoyu islands
as the war booty.
12. 2002 to 2012: the Ministry of Internal Affairs and
Communications paid the Kurihara family ¥25
million a year to rent Uotsuri, Minami-Kojima and
Kita-Kojima.
11 September 2012: the Japanese government
nationalized its control over islands by purchasing
them from the Kurihara family for ¥2.05 billion
(£16.4 million) .
13. II. In November 2013, China also
announced the creation of a new air-
defence identification zone, which
would require any aircraft in the zone -
which covers the islands - to comply
with rules laid down by Beijing.
I. China's Foreign Ministry
objected saying Beijing would not
"sit back and watch its territorial
sovereignty violated."
14. Mutual mistrust between China and Japan led to wrong
interpretation, which caused military response.
18. What is Japan's claim?
oIt surveyed the islands for 10 years in the 19th Century and determined
that they were uninhabited. On 14 January 1895 Japan raised up a
sovereignty marker and formally incorporated the islands into Japanese
territory.
19. Why the Japanese government made the decision
to purchase and nationalize the Diaoyu/Senkaku
islands in September 2012 can be explained as
follows:
1) The rise of right-wing politicians and
conservative nationalism trying to gloss over
Japanese war history and overturn the
fundamental order after the Second World
War.
2) The rise of China and Japan’s
concern about it
20.
21.
22. Islands have been part of its territory since ancient
times, serving as important fishing grounds
administered by the province of Taiwan.
Taiwan was ceded to Japan in the Treaty of
Shimonoseki in 1895, after the Sino-Japanese war.
When Taiwan was returned in the Treaty of San
Francisco, China says the islands should have been
returned too.
* Separately, Taiwan also claims the islands.
What is China's claim?
25. After WWII, Japan renounced claims to a number of territories
in the 1951 Treaty of San Francisco.
Senkaku islands, however, came under US trusteeship and were
returned to Japan in 1971 under the Okinawa reversion deal.
* Japan says China raised no objections to the San Francisco deal.
26. The Potsdam Declaration (26
Jul 1945) stipulated that:
"Japanese sovereignty shall be
limited to the islands of Honshu,
Hokkaido, Kyushu, Shikoku
and such minor islands as we
determine."
27. When the US reformulated its global strategy and placed more
emphasis on the Pacific Asia, Japan has made full use of this
opportunity to fortify itself as America’s partner in East Asia and
stand up against China.
What is the role of the US?
28. Sustaining U.S. Global Leadership: Priorities for
21st Century Defense (2012) notes that the United
States "will of necessity rebalance toward the
Asia-Pacific region"
“As a Pacific nation that takes our Pacific
partnership seriously, the United States will
continue to build on our active and enduring
presence.”
– Secretary of State John Kerry
29. Three scenarios of Diaoyu / Senkaku
disputes between China and Japan:
1) A crisis management mechanism should
be established between the military forces
and maritime administrations jointly by
China and Japan, so as to prevent the
escalation of tensions, especially the
breakout of an unintended war between the
two countries.
30. 2) Chinese and Japanese leaders need to put
bilateral relations back and develop the
mutually beneficial strategic partnership in
issues like: FTA negotiations, climate change
and environmental cooperation, and non-
traditional security issues.
31. 3) The real and ultimate resolution of the
territorial dispute over Diaoyu/Senkaku
islands will take a long time only after
China, Japan and the US establish more
balanced great triangular relations and
substantial progress is made in regional
cooperation and community-building in
East Asia.
