This document discusses Ocean Gravity Energy Storage (OGRES), a proposed gravity-based energy storage system. It provides details on:
- Assumptions and technical questions around the OGRES system.
- A cost structure analysis showing estimated costs for system components like weights, floats, anchoring systems, and electricity cables.
- Prototype scenarios to demonstrate and validate the system at various scales from 1 ton to 5 MW.
- The potential OGRES market in mini-grids and macro-grids for renewable energy storage.
Catalysis in hydtotreating and hydrocrackingKaneti Pramod
The document summarizes information about hydrocracking and hydrotreating processes. It discusses how hydrocracking uses hydrogen and catalysts to break down larger hydrocarbon molecules into smaller ones like diesel and jet fuel. Hydrotreating also uses hydrogen and catalysts to remove impurities like sulfur, nitrogen and metals from hydrocarbon feeds. Common catalysts used for these processes include zeolites, alumina and metals like nickel and molybdenum. The document provides details on the objectives, reactions and catalysts involved in hydrocracking and hydrotreating.
Temperature excursions in hydrogenation reactors may have several causes, the most common ones being:-
i) Loss of recycle quench system. This could be either the liquid or gas stream. The condition is made worse if the make-up gas keeps flowing.
ii) Excessive temperatures. The loss of cooling medium ........
1. Supercritical boilers operate above the critical pressure of water (221 bar), where there is no distinction between water and steam.
2. Operating above the critical pressure provides benefits like higher cycle efficiency, lower fuel consumption and emissions, and improved load change flexibility compared to subcritical boilers.
3. The key difference between subcritical and supercritical boilers is that supercritical boilers are drumless, with evaporation occurring in a single pass and flow induced by the feed pump rather than natural circulation.
The document discusses different types of reformers used in ammonia plants, including pre-reformers, primary reformers, and secondary reformers. It provides details on the process, internals, catalysts, and operating conditions of each reformer type. Primary reformers are described as duplex reforming furnaces containing nickel catalyst-loaded tubes that are fired by natural gas burners to drive the endothermic reforming reactions. Key variables that impact the reforming reactions such as temperature, pressure, steam-to-carbon ratio, and catalyst activity are also summarized.
Catalyst Catastrophes in Syngas Production - II
Contents
Review of incidents by reactor
Primary reforming
Secondary reforming
HTS
LTS
Methanator
Reactor loading
Support media
Some general comments on alternative actions when a plant gets into abnormal operation
This document discusses cogeneration and improving energy efficiency in sugar mills. It provides information on:
1) Cogeneration involves the combined production of electrical power and useful thermal energy from a common fuel source. This allows for better utilization of resources and independence in power and steam.
2) Major advantages of cogeneration include lower production costs, quick return on investment, and ability to use biomass fuels. It also provides a solution to power problems when hydropower availability is low.
3) Case studies show potential energy savings through retrofitting with high-pressure boilers, improving control systems, reducing downtime, and acquiring best available technologies for new projects.
Catalysis in hydtotreating and hydrocrackingKaneti Pramod
The document summarizes information about hydrocracking and hydrotreating processes. It discusses how hydrocracking uses hydrogen and catalysts to break down larger hydrocarbon molecules into smaller ones like diesel and jet fuel. Hydrotreating also uses hydrogen and catalysts to remove impurities like sulfur, nitrogen and metals from hydrocarbon feeds. Common catalysts used for these processes include zeolites, alumina and metals like nickel and molybdenum. The document provides details on the objectives, reactions and catalysts involved in hydrocracking and hydrotreating.
Temperature excursions in hydrogenation reactors may have several causes, the most common ones being:-
i) Loss of recycle quench system. This could be either the liquid or gas stream. The condition is made worse if the make-up gas keeps flowing.
ii) Excessive temperatures. The loss of cooling medium ........
1. Supercritical boilers operate above the critical pressure of water (221 bar), where there is no distinction between water and steam.
2. Operating above the critical pressure provides benefits like higher cycle efficiency, lower fuel consumption and emissions, and improved load change flexibility compared to subcritical boilers.
3. The key difference between subcritical and supercritical boilers is that supercritical boilers are drumless, with evaporation occurring in a single pass and flow induced by the feed pump rather than natural circulation.
The document discusses different types of reformers used in ammonia plants, including pre-reformers, primary reformers, and secondary reformers. It provides details on the process, internals, catalysts, and operating conditions of each reformer type. Primary reformers are described as duplex reforming furnaces containing nickel catalyst-loaded tubes that are fired by natural gas burners to drive the endothermic reforming reactions. Key variables that impact the reforming reactions such as temperature, pressure, steam-to-carbon ratio, and catalyst activity are also summarized.
Catalyst Catastrophes in Syngas Production - II
Contents
Review of incidents by reactor
Primary reforming
Secondary reforming
HTS
LTS
Methanator
Reactor loading
Support media
Some general comments on alternative actions when a plant gets into abnormal operation
This document discusses cogeneration and improving energy efficiency in sugar mills. It provides information on:
1) Cogeneration involves the combined production of electrical power and useful thermal energy from a common fuel source. This allows for better utilization of resources and independence in power and steam.
2) Major advantages of cogeneration include lower production costs, quick return on investment, and ability to use biomass fuels. It also provides a solution to power problems when hydropower availability is low.
3) Case studies show potential energy savings through retrofitting with high-pressure boilers, improving control systems, reducing downtime, and acquiring best available technologies for new projects.
In the plant, ammonia is produced from synthesis gas containing hydrogen and nitrogen in the ratio of approximately 3:1. Besides these components, the synthesis gas contains inert gases such as argon and methane to a limited extent. The source of H2 is demineralized water and the hydrocarbons in the natural gas. The source of N2 is the atmospheric air. The source of CO2 is the hydrocarbons in the natural gas feed. Product ammonia and CO2 is sent to urea plant. The present article intended the description of ammonia plant for natural gas based plants and the possible material balance of some section.
The presentation describes the coal Handling Plant of a Thermal Power Station. The auxiliaries and operational features also described in the slides. It is very useful for the new trainee engineers in the Power Plants
This document summarizes the design of a water gas shift reactor system. It includes sections on the design objectives, specifications for the feed composition, catalyst properties, and dimensions of the high- and low-temperature shift reactors. It also describes the governing equations, assumptions, and methodology for simulating the reactor system performance. The simulation results show the conversion levels achieved in each reactor, their volumes, and the predicted pressure drops across the reactors. Features of the design are also discussed, along with overall conclusions.
This document provides guidance on residence time distribution (RTD) data for process engineers. It discusses:
1) How RTD data measures mixing in reactors and can be used to model reactor performance.
2) Examples of how RTD data can model reactors for first and second order reactions, and the differences between micro and macromixing models.
3) Techniques for measuring RTD using radioactive tracers and modeling results based on the measured curves.
High level introduction
Mainstream syngas = steam reforming processes
Ammonia; methanol; hydrogen/HyCO
Town gas
Steam reforming; low pressure cyclic
Direct reduction iron (DRI)
HYL type processes; Midrex type processes
Thermal Power Plant Boiler Efficiency ImprovementAnkur Gaikwad
Boiler is one of the central equipment used in power generation & chemical process industries. Consequently, improving boiler efficiency is instrumental in bringing down costs substantially with a few simple measures. Some of these measures are discussed in this presentation
Steam Reformer Surveys - Techniques for Optimization of Primary Reformer Oper...Gerard B. Hawkins
Introduction
Background Radiation and Temperature Measurement
Reformer Survey Inputs
Other Troubleshooting Tools
Safety
Preparation
Onsite Data Collection
TWT Survey
Observation/Troubleshooting
Modelling and Analysis
Results/Outputs
Case Studies
Conclusions
Case Study 1
Case Study 2
Case Study 3
Conclusions
Hydrogenation Reactors
Stirred Vessels
Loop Reactors
Other reactor types
Appendix
- List of contact details for suppliers
- Information from supplier’s websites
Cooling water is used to remove heat from machines and can be recycled or used once. Recirculating systems use cooling towers or ponds to remove heat. Industrial cooling towers use water sources like rivers as makeup water to replace evaporated water. They continuously circulate water through heat exchangers where heat is absorbed and rejected to the atmosphere through partial water evaporation. Different types of cooling towers exist like natural draft, induced draft, and forced draft towers which vary based on design and how air is moved through the tower. Key components, performance parameters, and maintenance factors of cooling towers are discussed.
Look at two main types
Explain mechanisms
Explain prevention of cracking
Three main types
1 Carbon cracking
2 Boudouard carbon formation
3 CO reduction
Optimization of H2 Production in a Hydrogen Generation UnitMárcio Garcia
This article presents the results of the use of advanced process control algorithm
to optimize the H2 production of Henrique Lage Renery (REVAP) located in the state of
S~ao Paulo, Brazil. The control methodology is applied to the second Hydrogen Generation
Unit (HGU) of the Renery and consists of optimizing its production in order to guarantee
the hydrogen supply for the renery's header without production loss. The designed controller
had the support of dynamic simulation for disturbances modelling and identication which
contributed for the improvement of the control strategy. The results in this paper represents
the application of the control methodology in the real plant.
This presentation is a talk given at the 14 November Philadelphia area AIChE meeting. Chemical engineers, especially those in the US, are increasingly being asked to develop incremental increases in plant capacity, say up to 20%. Many plants are now running at maximum capacity, yet tight capital funding and requirements for short payback periods make it difficult to have large investment for new, grassroots facilities. In some cases, engineers need to meet demand increments much less than the capacity of a new plant, while further demand growth is uncertain. The manufacturer must then choose the appropriate capacity increment, instead of overdesigning Debottlenecking projects are undertaken to deliver these capacity increases, by implementing select changes to specific parts of a plant to relieve restrictions. In this session, we will discuss tools and analyses for assessing the process bottlenecks. We will address means of debottlenecking numerous unit operations, while listing points often forgotten in such projects. Finally we will discuss how debottlenecking projects are different from conventional grass roots projects, while treating the practical aspects of how to manage such projects. A list of references is included for further, deeper study. Many of the facts and figures presented in the talk were taken from these references.
Key words:
capacity, debottlenecking, process engineering, chemical projects optimization, asset utilization, theory of constraints, TOC, revamp, distillation, fouling, throughput, practical
The document discusses various components of a thermal power plant including a boiler, air preheater, and ash handling plant. It provides details on the types, operation, and technical specifications of these systems. The boiler section describes supercritical boilers and includes diagrams of boiler components. The air preheater section explains regenerative and recuperative types. The ash handling plant introduces the collection and disposal of ash from coal combustion.
Underwater windmills, also known as tidal turbines, operate similar to traditional wind turbines but are submerged and use kinetic energy from tidal currents rather than air. They consist of rotor blades connected to a gearbox and generator to produce electricity. While initially expensive to construct and maintain underwater, they provide a renewable and reliable source of energy since tidal patterns are predictable. Research continues to develop more efficient turbine designs and reduce costs to make underwater wind power more competitive with other energy sources.
Isothermal Methanol Converter (IMC) UA Distribution AnalysisGerard B. Hawkins
Isothermal Methanol Converter (IMC) UA Distribution Analysis - Case Study: #0630416GB/H; ACME Co. 9,000 MTD MeOH
This converter uses plates instead of tubes to remove the heat from the reaction gas. The use of the plates and the orientation allow the heat transfer within the converter to be more accurately controlled to follow the maximum rate line.
This case study examines the Radial Flow – Isothermal Methanol Converter (IMC) for ACME Co. 9,000 MTD, based on the Casale Isothermal Methanol Converter (IMC) design.
The Global CCS Institute and USEA co-hosted a briefing on the importance of R&D in advancing energy technologies on June 29 2017. This is the presentation given by Tim Merkel, Director, Research and Development Group at Membrane Technology & Research (MTR)
This document summarizes the theory and operation of methanol synthesis. It describes the typical methanol synthesis flowsheet that involves natural gas processing, reforming, and methanol production and purification steps. It also discusses the methanol synthesis reactions, catalysts used including their properties and deactivation mechanisms. Key factors that affect the equilibrium and kinetics of the synthesis reactions like temperature, pressure and catalyst activity are described. Methods to maximize the reaction rate within operational constraints are covered.
Sink Float Solutions is a European company created in 2014 to develop a new energy storage system called OGRES to address the intermittency of renewable energies at a lower cost. OGRES uses concrete weights on barges in the ocean that can be raised and lowered to store potential energy, acting like a battery. This technology is 5-20 times cheaper than conventional storage options. It is ready for demonstration and aims to accelerate the energy transition by making renewable energy mixes cost competitive without using the public grid.
In the plant, ammonia is produced from synthesis gas containing hydrogen and nitrogen in the ratio of approximately 3:1. Besides these components, the synthesis gas contains inert gases such as argon and methane to a limited extent. The source of H2 is demineralized water and the hydrocarbons in the natural gas. The source of N2 is the atmospheric air. The source of CO2 is the hydrocarbons in the natural gas feed. Product ammonia and CO2 is sent to urea plant. The present article intended the description of ammonia plant for natural gas based plants and the possible material balance of some section.
The presentation describes the coal Handling Plant of a Thermal Power Station. The auxiliaries and operational features also described in the slides. It is very useful for the new trainee engineers in the Power Plants
This document summarizes the design of a water gas shift reactor system. It includes sections on the design objectives, specifications for the feed composition, catalyst properties, and dimensions of the high- and low-temperature shift reactors. It also describes the governing equations, assumptions, and methodology for simulating the reactor system performance. The simulation results show the conversion levels achieved in each reactor, their volumes, and the predicted pressure drops across the reactors. Features of the design are also discussed, along with overall conclusions.
This document provides guidance on residence time distribution (RTD) data for process engineers. It discusses:
1) How RTD data measures mixing in reactors and can be used to model reactor performance.
2) Examples of how RTD data can model reactors for first and second order reactions, and the differences between micro and macromixing models.
3) Techniques for measuring RTD using radioactive tracers and modeling results based on the measured curves.
High level introduction
Mainstream syngas = steam reforming processes
Ammonia; methanol; hydrogen/HyCO
Town gas
Steam reforming; low pressure cyclic
Direct reduction iron (DRI)
HYL type processes; Midrex type processes
Thermal Power Plant Boiler Efficiency ImprovementAnkur Gaikwad
Boiler is one of the central equipment used in power generation & chemical process industries. Consequently, improving boiler efficiency is instrumental in bringing down costs substantially with a few simple measures. Some of these measures are discussed in this presentation
Steam Reformer Surveys - Techniques for Optimization of Primary Reformer Oper...Gerard B. Hawkins
Introduction
Background Radiation and Temperature Measurement
Reformer Survey Inputs
Other Troubleshooting Tools
Safety
Preparation
Onsite Data Collection
TWT Survey
Observation/Troubleshooting
Modelling and Analysis
Results/Outputs
Case Studies
Conclusions
Case Study 1
Case Study 2
Case Study 3
Conclusions
Hydrogenation Reactors
Stirred Vessels
Loop Reactors
Other reactor types
Appendix
- List of contact details for suppliers
- Information from supplier’s websites
Cooling water is used to remove heat from machines and can be recycled or used once. Recirculating systems use cooling towers or ponds to remove heat. Industrial cooling towers use water sources like rivers as makeup water to replace evaporated water. They continuously circulate water through heat exchangers where heat is absorbed and rejected to the atmosphere through partial water evaporation. Different types of cooling towers exist like natural draft, induced draft, and forced draft towers which vary based on design and how air is moved through the tower. Key components, performance parameters, and maintenance factors of cooling towers are discussed.
Look at two main types
Explain mechanisms
Explain prevention of cracking
Three main types
1 Carbon cracking
2 Boudouard carbon formation
3 CO reduction
Optimization of H2 Production in a Hydrogen Generation UnitMárcio Garcia
This article presents the results of the use of advanced process control algorithm
to optimize the H2 production of Henrique Lage Renery (REVAP) located in the state of
S~ao Paulo, Brazil. The control methodology is applied to the second Hydrogen Generation
Unit (HGU) of the Renery and consists of optimizing its production in order to guarantee
the hydrogen supply for the renery's header without production loss. The designed controller
had the support of dynamic simulation for disturbances modelling and identication which
contributed for the improvement of the control strategy. The results in this paper represents
the application of the control methodology in the real plant.
This presentation is a talk given at the 14 November Philadelphia area AIChE meeting. Chemical engineers, especially those in the US, are increasingly being asked to develop incremental increases in plant capacity, say up to 20%. Many plants are now running at maximum capacity, yet tight capital funding and requirements for short payback periods make it difficult to have large investment for new, grassroots facilities. In some cases, engineers need to meet demand increments much less than the capacity of a new plant, while further demand growth is uncertain. The manufacturer must then choose the appropriate capacity increment, instead of overdesigning Debottlenecking projects are undertaken to deliver these capacity increases, by implementing select changes to specific parts of a plant to relieve restrictions. In this session, we will discuss tools and analyses for assessing the process bottlenecks. We will address means of debottlenecking numerous unit operations, while listing points often forgotten in such projects. Finally we will discuss how debottlenecking projects are different from conventional grass roots projects, while treating the practical aspects of how to manage such projects. A list of references is included for further, deeper study. Many of the facts and figures presented in the talk were taken from these references.
Key words:
capacity, debottlenecking, process engineering, chemical projects optimization, asset utilization, theory of constraints, TOC, revamp, distillation, fouling, throughput, practical
The document discusses various components of a thermal power plant including a boiler, air preheater, and ash handling plant. It provides details on the types, operation, and technical specifications of these systems. The boiler section describes supercritical boilers and includes diagrams of boiler components. The air preheater section explains regenerative and recuperative types. The ash handling plant introduces the collection and disposal of ash from coal combustion.
Underwater windmills, also known as tidal turbines, operate similar to traditional wind turbines but are submerged and use kinetic energy from tidal currents rather than air. They consist of rotor blades connected to a gearbox and generator to produce electricity. While initially expensive to construct and maintain underwater, they provide a renewable and reliable source of energy since tidal patterns are predictable. Research continues to develop more efficient turbine designs and reduce costs to make underwater wind power more competitive with other energy sources.
Isothermal Methanol Converter (IMC) UA Distribution AnalysisGerard B. Hawkins
Isothermal Methanol Converter (IMC) UA Distribution Analysis - Case Study: #0630416GB/H; ACME Co. 9,000 MTD MeOH
This converter uses plates instead of tubes to remove the heat from the reaction gas. The use of the plates and the orientation allow the heat transfer within the converter to be more accurately controlled to follow the maximum rate line.
This case study examines the Radial Flow – Isothermal Methanol Converter (IMC) for ACME Co. 9,000 MTD, based on the Casale Isothermal Methanol Converter (IMC) design.
The Global CCS Institute and USEA co-hosted a briefing on the importance of R&D in advancing energy technologies on June 29 2017. This is the presentation given by Tim Merkel, Director, Research and Development Group at Membrane Technology & Research (MTR)
This document summarizes the theory and operation of methanol synthesis. It describes the typical methanol synthesis flowsheet that involves natural gas processing, reforming, and methanol production and purification steps. It also discusses the methanol synthesis reactions, catalysts used including their properties and deactivation mechanisms. Key factors that affect the equilibrium and kinetics of the synthesis reactions like temperature, pressure and catalyst activity are described. Methods to maximize the reaction rate within operational constraints are covered.
Sink Float Solutions is a European company created in 2014 to develop a new energy storage system called OGRES to address the intermittency of renewable energies at a lower cost. OGRES uses concrete weights on barges in the ocean that can be raised and lowered to store potential energy, acting like a battery. This technology is 5-20 times cheaper than conventional storage options. It is ready for demonstration and aims to accelerate the energy transition by making renewable energy mixes cost competitive without using the public grid.
Ocean Gravitational Energy Storage (OGRES) from Sink Float Solutions:
Reducing the cost of energy storage to make competitive energy mixes 100% renewable without CO2 emissions.
This document summarizes a presentation on increasing the energy, power, and efficiency of ultracapacitors. It describes the need for energy storage and harvesting applications without batteries. It also discusses challenges with batteries and opportunities for ultracapacitors. The presentation explores approaches to reducing ultracapacitor inner resistance and increasing energy density through hybrid electrode designs.
On-Site Renewables in a Post-Subsidy LandscapeEMEX
This document outlines a presentation on on-site renewables given by Dr. Mike Pedley. It discusses the economics of on-site renewables including electricity prices, technology costs, and subsidies. It then provides brief overviews of various renewable technologies like solar PV, wind, hydro, and anaerobic digestion. The presentation emphasizes combining multiple renewables and using storage to increase flexibility. It also discusses commercial arrangements and maintaining the viability of on-site renewables.
Printed supercapacitors based on graphene and other carbon materials show promise for energy storage applications. Supercapacitors provide higher power density than batteries and longer lifespan than electrolytic capacitors. Graphene is a promising material for supercapacitors due to its large surface area, high conductivity, short ion diffusion path, and ability to be manufactured at scale. Methods for producing graphene-based supercapacitors include direct laser writing, lithography, and direct printing of graphene inks. These graphene microsupercapacitors show energy densities comparable to lithium-ion batteries with orders of magnitude higher power density. Further cost reductions could enable broader adoption of printed supercapacitors for portable devices, electric vehicles, and stationary energy storage.
1. The document advertises the opportunity for engineers and subject matter experts to contribute articles and case studies or serve as peer reviewers for a new online technical reference collection called Engineering & Technology Reference (ETR).
2. ETR aims to provide practical solutions to common engineering challenges through real-world articles and case studies written by practicing engineers, with the goal of helping readers better understand and solve technical problems.
3. Contributors and peer reviewers will gain professional recognition and can showcase their work and organizations, while supporting the development of other engineers.
Future possibilities for utilization of solar energy serc 2009 05-20Stefan Larsson
This is a presentation about the growing field of solar fuels and the balanced carbon cycle concept (B3C) that I made during my research in how we save the climate of planet earth within the economic boundaries we have in the current energy system.
The document discusses microgeneration and fuel cells. It presents information on several projects involving different types of fuel cells for stationary and transport applications. These include residential fuel cell co-generation systems using PEM fuel cells in Japan providing electricity, hot water and achieving over 40% heat recovery efficiency. It also discusses European Union projects aiming to develop solid oxide and PEM fuel cells for combined heat and power generation with electrical efficiencies over 45% and overall efficiencies over 70% by 2020.
The document proposes the TETHYS floating multi-purpose marine renewable energy platform. TETHYS would be located far offshore to take advantage of strong wind and wave resources. It would support a floating wind farm and integrate wave energy conversion to provide synergistic renewable energy production. Analysis found the concept to be technically feasible and profitable compared to a mothership design, with economics dependent on platform costs and wave energy converter performance. The conclusions were that TETHYS could be a stabilized, multi-use platform that safely expands offshore renewable energy development.
Engineering the power system of the futureemmaroche
The document discusses several megatrends driving the need for increased renewable energy capacity and a connected European electricity grid or "supergrid". It outlines the potential of offshore wind power, particularly in the North Sea, to meet Europe's future energy demands many times over. The challenges of integrating high volumes of renewable energy are also examined, along with potential solutions like demand side management, electricity storage, larger turbines, floating foundations, and greater grid interconnectivity enabled by technologies such as HVDC transmission and multi-terminal grids. Realizing this vision will require significant innovation across the offshore wind, grid, and civil engineering sectors.
This document discusses the transition to renewable energy and a circular economy. It makes three key points:
1. Past energy transitions were driven by growth and electricity needs, while today's is driven by decarbonization and reducing fossil fuel dependence.
2. DNV GL's approach to advancing the circular economy involves identifying opportunities, assessing systems and products, developing improvements, and implementing changes. Checklists and workshops are used to screen ambitions and define follow-up projects.
3. Examples of potential circular economy projects are presented, including second-life batteries, electronic waste recycling, composite reuse/recycling, thin-film photovoltaics, polymer automotive cycles, and chemical sector byproduct reuse.
This document provides an overview and guidelines for using ACCC® conductors on electrical transmission lines. Some key points:
- ACCC® conductors achieve high capacity while offering significantly lower sag than other conductors due to their composite core made of aluminum and fiberglass. This allows longer spans or fewer structures.
- They operate at cooler temperatures than other high-capacity conductors under high loads, resulting in lower line losses of up to 35%. This saves on energy costs and reduces environmental impacts.
- Over 24,000 km of ACCC® conductor have been installed worldwide on over 275 projects. Guidelines cover their mechanical, electrical, and economic advantages for reconductoring existing lines or new projects to increase capacity
Guest speaker presentation at 'Seminar Offshore Wind Energy' UGent – June 201...Pieter Jan Jordaens
Introduction seminar to the new study program in 'Offshore Wind Energy' organized by the Faculty of Engineering Technology of the KU Leuven and the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of the University of Ghent (UGent). Goals of the seminar was to give an overview of the current developments in the Belgian Offshore Wind industry. This seminar gave an overview in fields such as offshore wind energy technology, grid integration & operation and maintenance. My contribution gave an overview of the current drivers, technological evolutions, ongoing market trends and technical challenges within this relative new industry. Also insights in reliability issues, risk mitigation pathways and case studies from testing and monitoring projects within OWI-Lab have been presented.
Electricity storage technologies like flow batteries and sodium sulfur batteries can store excess energy from windfarms and industrial sites. While these technologies are not yet economically viable for widespread windfarm or industrial use, their economics may improve with mass production and reduced costs. A research project at Dundalk Institute of Technology is installing a flow battery to develop optimal control algorithms and gain practical experience with the technology to help advance its economic viability over time.
VACON NXP Grid Converter - Cleaner power for ports and ships Vacon Plc
The document discusses how Vacon NX Grid Converter technology can help reduce emissions and improve efficiency for ships and ports. It allows ships to connect to local power grids while docked, eliminating the need for onboard diesel generators. This significantly cuts emissions and noise pollution for ports. It can also optimize engine speed for improved fuel efficiency when at sea. Case studies show installations in major ports like Shanghai saving thousands of tons of emissions annually.
The document summarizes the results of a project that assessed the influence of smart grid technologies like decentralized storage and demand response on long-term energy system planning for a region. Surveys were conducted in Switzerland to evaluate acceptance of demand response programs and using electric vehicles as temporary energy storage. Results showed around 80% acceptance of demand response scenarios and 84% acceptance of electric vehicle storage scenarios, with little sensitivity to implementation details. Energy system modeling was also used to assess different technology and policy scenarios over 10-50 year time horizons.
The document describes a new e-propulsion system for boats developed by Innovanautic. The system uses electric motors powered by batteries and/or generators for propulsion. This improves efficiency over internal combustion engines. The system's energy management optimizes energy usage from various renewable and conventional sources. It allows boats to be powered electrically for comfort while reducing environmental impact. Innovanautic tailors e-propulsion systems for different boat sizes and uses, with the goal of providing energy savings, environmental friendliness, safety, and economic benefits over fossil fuel-powered boats.
Similar to Sink float solutions ogres 20160427 v3 (20)
Explore the key differences between silicone sponge rubber and foam rubber in this comprehensive presentation. Learn about their unique properties, manufacturing processes, and applications across various industries. Discover how each material performs in terms of temperature resistance, chemical resistance, and cost-effectiveness. Gain insights from real-world case studies and make informed decisions for your projects.
3. OGRES video
How the energy storage system works
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EzdQAnDJjfg
4. Christophe Stevens – April 27th 2016
100
Tesla
Batteries
1 MWh
Theory
« Low cost energy storage »
320 k€
5. Reality
« Other components are necessary … »
« … all of them are proven technology at an industrial scale»
Standard components
Barge, ballasts, pulleys, gearbox, brake, motor/generator, transfo, converter, control, cables (lifting,
anchoring), floats, lanyards, hooks, ROV’s, compressor, heave compensators, etc
6. Cost structure
« 50 €/kWh? … we need to present some figures ! »
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Seuil de compétitivité Très dévaforable Exemple détaillé Favorable
Opérations (10 ans)
Câble électrique (HVDC ou AC)
Barge et son câble ascenseur
Système d'ancrage
Flotteurs des lests
Lests
(€/kWh)
FavorableCompetitor
Average
(Example)
Unfavorable
Operations (10 years)
Electric cable
Barge and lifting cable
Anchoring cables
Floats
Weights
7. 0
20
40
60
80
100
120
WEIGHTS
FLOATS
ANCHORING
ELECTRIC
CABLE
BARGE
OPERATIONS 600 k€/year during 10 years, 50 MW, MWh/MW=12h
Hypothesis
Power 50 MW
Distance 100 km
Cable + installation +
converters = 3 k€/km/MW
Trenching 90 k€/km
Included
Barge
Mechanics (pulleys, cable, gear reducer)
Electricity (motor/generator, transfo. converter, etc.)
Other (propulsion, steering, other …)
See details on next page
Anchors (concrete block), edge floats, etc.
Wire rope (breaking strength 2000 N/mm2 - coef séc 5 -
2,5 €/kg)
equivalent
20 €/kg PVC
…
Lower floats + ….
Upper floats + …
Reinforced concrete: 200 €/m3, density 2,3
Design: cylinders H/D = 4, v 20 km/h, drag. losses <15%
Other …
Depth:
4000meters
Storage capacity investment
(€/kWh)
8. 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
46 €/kW
€/kWh €/kW (x12h)
Converter DC/AC
(option)
Transformer
Motor/generator
Gearbox (reducer, 3
speed)
Brake
Pulleys
Lifting cable (+l,
hooks, lanyards, etc.)
Other …
Barge
(Float capacity)
Ballasts (option)
Propulsion, etc
Dead time
46 k€/MW
Hypothesis
33 k€/MW
32 k€/MW
96 k€/MW
12 k€/MW
The best existing machine for the OGRES purpose are wind
turbines electromechanical components (gearbox ratio and
generator with variable speed: torque/speed variation). The
référence for cost structure, is a 2 MWC DFIG machine with
15 rpm (650 kN.m/MW).
18 k€/MW
0,15 €/N.m
150 €/ton(CMU)/pulley
(ratio D/d = 85)
Continuous cycle => 1 cable (length = 2x4000 mètres)
Wire rope breaking point 2000 N/mm2 - coef sécu 5 - 2,5 €/kg
650 €/ton
Total capacity = 3,3 x weight
Hypothesis: cost + 10%. Several options can solve the « dead time »
during the hanging/dropping phases: Several barges (N+1) can operate
together + speed increase, ancilliary storage systems: flywheels, super
capacitors, batteries, unique weight OGRES, etc.
Sources
BARGE
* … and certified connectable to the grid
9. 200 €/m3
(concrete)
30 m3
(180 €/m3)
2 to 5 MW
> >100 kgf
(thruster)
Barge < 650 €/ton
(load capacity)
(230 k€/MW)
Standard components for
5 MW barge
1 MWh weights (20 km/h)
16 barge modules
Cable = 5 cm
Pulley = 2 m
Ratio = 40
10. ROV with simple tool
(no need articulated arm)
Each weight includes 2 lanyards with 1 hook and 1 float each and each
side of the lifting cable includes 1 lanyard with 1 hook
Swell impact on
hooks movement
11. Container ship
(capacity 200 kT)
OGRES 500 MW barge
(total capacity 30 kT)
Standard components for
500 MW barge
100 MWh weights (20 km/h)
Autonomous weights
(no anchoring)
10 kT
D 13 m
H 45 m
Height 150 m
Upper float (barge) = 5% total
capacity
10 kt = 200 x 50 m3
= Leak hazard resilience
100 t = 3 x 30 m3
= capex destruction if leak
16 barge modules
12. Cable lifting systems don’t have « max load » limitations
Capacity = 10 kT (500 MW)
Diam. pulley = 4 m
diam. cable = 5 cm
Ratio D/d= 80
Sea bed
13. 290
150
35
Investment
(€/kWh)
Scale economies
Physical law
Electricity
Hydrodynamics
Industrial
Large series quotation
Electricity transport cost
Engineering, optimization
Solutions and spec. choice (best combinations)
Automation
Reinforced concrete calculation (ref 200 €/m3…)
Levelized cost
(LCOE)
For more information about LCOE and sensitivity study, a tool is available on our website www.sinkfloatsolutions.com
cost = f (RE+SE combination, power, location)
Batteries OGRES
1
0
Life time Dismantling cost
Batteries < 10 years Yes
OGRES Barge >> 30 ans
Transport >> 60 ans
Other ±20 ans
Negative
(barge steel price =
150 €/ton)
14. Technical questions
« Heavy swell is patent friendly »
Not exhaustive list (2 years of challenges with experts in different sectors)
Swell movements impact the hooks and lanyards
- Hanging operations (death time)
- Dropping operations (shock with seabed)
- Torque fluctuation
- Resonance frequency and cable strength
- Sea state percentage vs operation rate (best economical
choice). Eg Bay of Biscay different from Mediterranean Sea
Kinetic energy impact on cable strength
Temperature (and volume) variation due to
compression/expansion
Cable elasticity, power/speed/torque control, etc.
Constant power (death time, acceleration, deceleration, kinetic
energy impact on cable strength, PV=constant, …)
Animals curiosity, HVDC power cable weight (4000 m),
operation cost, heavy lanyards, heavy hooks, 4000 m depth
seabed hook accuracy. Freeboard, certification, etc
Main solutions
7 patent solutions necessary for
economical viability (all of them Sink
Float perimeter, 3 patents including 2
with 100% A category research report)
Secondary solutions
Different solutions can be developed for
each problem, and might improve
slightly the economical performance
(Sink Float > 40 claims)
Other solutions (free)
Solutions
Frequent comments and asked questions
More information is available in appendix
15. A B C
D
E
F G
H, I ?
Sink Float Solutions
Energy storage (Sink Float) Délivrance
Technologies Other Gravity 3 patents deliveries are guaranteed for Sink Float (until
2032)Inventor Christophe Autre
Patents G F D E H? I?
7 main solutions Each main solution can be developed independently of one
to an other and could be « sold » as different licenses (even
inside the same patent). Each one of the main solutions
(used as unique) is necessary to develop a competitive
storage solution.
Solution 1 v
Solution 2 v
Solution 3 v
Solution 4 v
Solution 5 v
Solution 6 v
Solution 7 v v
Secondary solutions In different situations, secondary solutions can be combined
(independantly of the patent), they do not solve the same
technical problems.
None of these secondary solutions is absolutely
indispensable for the financial viability of OGRES. However
they allow to improve the economical performance in many
situations.
Solution 21 v
Solution 22 v v
Solution 23 v v
Solution 24 v
Solution 25 v
Solution 26 v
Solution 27 v
Solution 28 v
… v
… v
Solution 31 v
Solution 32 v
Solution 33 v
…
16. Prototype scenarios
« Improving the perceived value with proofs »
PROTOTYPE SCENARIOS DEMONSTRATION CONSEQUENCES
Budget Size OGRES
availability
(meteo)
Economics Validation
level
1 million € Barge = 1 ton/weight
(max for crowd funding
budget)
/ 50% of cost
structure
assumption
validation*
40% Increase the value
of the project**
5 millions € Barge = 500 to 1 MW
(20 tons/weight)
+ anchoring system
resistance trials
50 to 90%
(Mediterranean
Sea)
Cost <
competitor*
80% First customers
x millions €
***
Barge = 5 MW
Grid connection
> 75% Cost RE + ES <
market price
95% Market 10 Mds €
Optimisation
(autonomous weights, >
50 MW units, etc.
> 90% Market > 100 Mds €
* Transport and operation are not taken into account (since theoretical validation is acceptable)
** For new fund raising and/or first IP licensing
*** It depends on site location
A
B
C
17. Possible
contributions
If Sink Float If …the industrial partner…
Prototype financing Via crowd funding (only scenario A),
and/or private and/or industrial
partnership (suppliers). Several options
identified, co investment possible
Scenario A possible, but it would
make sense to go directly to
scenario B or C in order to create
value faster
Prototype assembly
and trials
Project management by SFS possible if
scenario A (can be fast) and B. Scenario
B, C => subcontracting experts. Possible
partnership for PV grid project
Project management for proto > 1
MW with grid connection
Additional engineering Subcontracting all Electromechanics and transport (+
marine energy?)
Suppliers We got quotation from at least one
supplier for each component. Several
suppliers want to invest (apport en
industrie)
It would make sense in order to
reduce the prototype cost (supplier
base) and "make or buy" strategy
integration
Market Product could be IP licenses or storage
system (both can be sold by project or by
geographic perimeter)
Global strategy, energy mix strategy
(renewable + storage combo)
Possible partnerships
We can manage all but it would make sense to be associated soon with a
major of energy sector. Several partnership combinations seem possible.
18. Market
2 MARKET
DYNAMICS
MINI GRIDS MACRO GRIDS
New PV or wind farm will be developed
together with OGRES, for a particular
customer (industry, municipality)
A progressive deployment of OGRES will
follow the progressive replacement of
conventional power plants by renewable
energy facilities.
MWh/MW ratio 12h to 48 h 3h to 18h
Power 5 to 100 MW > 20 MW
Electricity market > 10 c€/kWh < 15 c€/kWh
Customer location Close to the sea Far from the sea
Additional backup capacity factor = 0 to 30% /
PRODUCT STRATEGY
Patent licenses
(royalties €/kWh a/o €/kW)
By project
By geographic perimeter
Storage systems Industrial (make)
Business (buy)
Turnover = benefit*
2017 – 2020 > 1 bn €
2021 – 2030 > 100 bn €
* Patent licensing scenario
19. Christophe STEVENS
Sink Float Solutions
Email: christophe.stevens@sinkfloatsolutions.com
Tél: +33.6.74.12.96.75
Web: www.sinkfloatsolutions.com
Thank you for your attention
21. Solution 1
Solution 2
Solution 3
Solution 4
Solution 5
Solution 6
Solution 7
Main solutions (Sink Float Solutions IP)
presented in the video
Inventor C Stevens
Capex + 15%, energy losses + 2%, operation
ratio 100%
Cost constant in all locations (for a given depth) :
eg Mexico Gulf cost = Mediterranean cost
Possible to build a prototype with only very
standard additional components (by comparison
to solution 1, 2)
100% A
(research report)
Synergies with the 2 main challenges:
More difficult the technical challenges (state of the sea) = more value of the IP solutions
22. Anchoring cable
concrete
Upstream reservoir dam: 600
kg/kWh
Tunnel excavation volume,
turbine/pump infrastructure
are not included
PVC 1 kg/kWh
Reinforcement (for concrete)Concrete 75 liters
Barge
Mechanics
Lifting cable
Barge
Anchoring
Weights
steel
20 kg/kWh
Lead 35 kg/kWh
Lead 35 kg
Lead 35 kg
Lead 35 kg
Lead 35 kg
Lithium 10 kg Lithium 10 kg
Downstream reservoir dam:
130 kg/kWh
150 x 5 = 750 €/kWh
320 x 2 = 640 €/kWh
How much raw material for 1 kWh of storage capacity?
With pumped storage hydro
(eg Bath County)
With batteries
(for 20 years lifetime)
With OGRES
Copper (submarine electric cable HVDC 100 km, 50 MW)
91 €/kWh (prototype maturity)
23. Barge 1 Barge 2 Barge 3
20 MW 20 MW 20 MW
HVDC Cable (60 MW)
Mothership
(crew: ROV,
maintenance, etc)
ROV
ombilical
Etc.
Switch on the number of barge as
function of the power need (optimal
speed for better energy efficiency)
24. Why OGRES solutions was not economically viable earlier?
Market evolution:
Intermittent energies cost reduction
Technology improvement:
Submarine HVDC
ROV
Power electronics (generator)
Dynamic positioning (GPS)
Offshore engineering (oil, gas, RE)