This paper presents the Physics Rotational Method of the simple gravity pendulum, and it also applies Physics Direct Method to represent these equations, in addition to the numerical solutions discusses. This research investigates the relationship between angular acceleration and angle to find out different numerical solution by using simulation to see their behavior which shows in last part of this article.
Ch 06 MATLAB Applications in Chemical Engineering_陳奇中教授教學投影片Chyi-Tsong Chen
The slides of Chapter 6 of the book entitled "MATLAB Applications in Chemical Engineering": Process Optimization. Author: Prof. Chyi-Tsong Chen (陳奇中教授); Center for General Education, National Quemoy University; Kinmen, Taiwan; E-mail: chyitsongchen@gmail.com.
Ebook purchase: https://play.google.com/store/books/details/MATLAB_Applications_in_Chemical_Engineering?id=kpxwEAAAQBAJ&hl=en_US&gl=US
Metal matrix composites (MMCs) possess significantly improved properties including highspecific strength; specific modulus, damping capacity and good wear resistance compared to unreinforced alloys. There has been an increasing interest in composites containing low density and low cost reinforcements. Among various discontinuous dispersoids used, fly ash is one of the most inexpensive and low density reinforcement available in large quantities as solid waste by-product during combustion of coal in thermal power plants. Hence, composites with fly ash as reinforcement are likely to overcome the cost barrier for wide spread applications in automotive and small engine applications.
Internship report nimir industrial chemical ltdZulqarnan Ch
a comprehensive internship report on Internship report nimir industrial chemical, after one month industrial training. it include complete process description and process flow diagrams.
Ch 06 MATLAB Applications in Chemical Engineering_陳奇中教授教學投影片Chyi-Tsong Chen
The slides of Chapter 6 of the book entitled "MATLAB Applications in Chemical Engineering": Process Optimization. Author: Prof. Chyi-Tsong Chen (陳奇中教授); Center for General Education, National Quemoy University; Kinmen, Taiwan; E-mail: chyitsongchen@gmail.com.
Ebook purchase: https://play.google.com/store/books/details/MATLAB_Applications_in_Chemical_Engineering?id=kpxwEAAAQBAJ&hl=en_US&gl=US
Metal matrix composites (MMCs) possess significantly improved properties including highspecific strength; specific modulus, damping capacity and good wear resistance compared to unreinforced alloys. There has been an increasing interest in composites containing low density and low cost reinforcements. Among various discontinuous dispersoids used, fly ash is one of the most inexpensive and low density reinforcement available in large quantities as solid waste by-product during combustion of coal in thermal power plants. Hence, composites with fly ash as reinforcement are likely to overcome the cost barrier for wide spread applications in automotive and small engine applications.
Internship report nimir industrial chemical ltdZulqarnan Ch
a comprehensive internship report on Internship report nimir industrial chemical, after one month industrial training. it include complete process description and process flow diagrams.
Gauss Elimination Method With Partial PivotingSM. Aurnob
Gauss Elimination Method with Partial Pivoting:
Goal and purposes:
Gauss Elimination involves combining equations to eliminate unknowns. Although it is one of the earliest methods for solving simultaneous equations, it remains among the most important algorithms in use now a days and is the basis for linear equation solving on many popular software packages.
Description:
In the method of Gauss Elimination the fundamental idea is to add multiples of one equation to the others in order to eliminate a variable and to continue this process until only one variable is left. Once this final variable is determined, its value is substituted back into the other equations in order to evaluate the remaining unknowns. This method, characterized by step‐by‐step elimination of the variables.
Gauss Seidel Method:
Goal and purposes:
The main goal and purpose of the program is to solve a system of n linear simultaneous equation using Gauss Seidel method.
This Slides includes:
Goal and purpose, Description, Algorithm, C-code, Screenshot etc.
Vector Analysis at Undergraduate in Science (Math, Physics, Engineering) level. The presentation gives a general description of the subject.
Please send comments and suggestions to solo.hermelin@gmail.com, thanks. For more presentations, please visit my website at
http://www.solohermelin.com .
This presentation is about Extraction of Aluminium. It covers meaning of 'Extraction of Metal', Hall Heroult's process, Bayer's process and Uses of Aluminium. To make such presentations for a reasonably cheaper price, please visit https://sbsolnlimited.wixsite.com/busnedu/bookings-checkout/hire-designer-for-powerpoint-slides
ABSTRACT : In this paper, the simulation of a double pendulum with numerical solutions are discussed. The double pendulums are arranged in such a way that in the static equilibrium, one of the pendulum takes the vertical position, while the second pendulum is in a horizontal position and rests on the pad. Characteristic positions and angular velocities of both pendulums, as well as their energies at each instant of time are presented. Obtained results proved to be in accordance with the motion of the real physical system. The differentiation of the double pendulum result in four first order equations mapping the movement of the system.
REPORT SUMMARYVibration refers to a mechanical.docxdebishakespeare
REPORT SUMMARY
Vibration refers to a mechanical phenomenon involving oscillations about a point. These oscillations can be of any imaginable range of amplitudes and frequencies, with each combination having its own effect. These effects can be positive and purposefully induced, but they can also be unintentional and catastrophic. It's therefore imperative to understand how to classify and model vibration.
Within the classroom portion of ME 345, we discussed damped and undamped vibrations, appropriate models, and several of their properties. The purpose of Lab 3 is to give us the corresponding "hands-on" experience to cement our understanding of the theory.
As it turns out, vibration can be modeled with a simple spring-mass system (spring-mass-damper system for damped vibration). In order to create a mathematical model for our simple spring-mass system, we apply Newton's second law and sum the forces about the mass. After applying some of our knowledge of differential equations, the result is a second order linear differential equation (in vector form). This can easily be converted to the scalar version, from which it's easy to glean various properties of the vibration (i.e. natural frequency, period, etc.).
In the lab, we were provided with a PASCO motion sensor, USB link, ramp, and accompanying software. All of the aforementioned equipment was already assembled and connected. The ramp was set up at an angle with a stop on the elevated end and the motion sensor on the lower end. The sensor was connected to the USB link, which was in turn connected to the computer. We chose to use the Xplorer GLX software to interface with the sensor and record our data. After receiving our equipment, we gathered data on our spring's extension with a known load to derive a spring constant. We were provided with a small cart to which we attached weights to increase its mass. In order to model free vibration, we placed the cart on the track and attached it to the stop at the top of the ramp with a spring. After displacing the cart a certain distance from its equilibrium point, the cart was released and was allowed to oscillate on the track while we recorded its distance from the sensor. This was done with displacements of -20cm, -10cm, +10cm, and +20cm from the system's equilibrium point. After gathering this data for the "free" case, a magnet was attached to the front of the car, spaced as far from the track as possible. As the track is magnetic, this caused a slight damping effect, basically converting our spring-mass system to an underdamped spring-mass-damper system. After repeating the procedure for the "free" case, we moved the magnets as close to the track as possible (causing the system to become overdamped) and again repeated the procedure for the "free" case.
We were finally able to determine the period, phase angle, damping coefficients, and circular and cyclical frequencies for the three systems. There were similarities and differ ...
Gauss Elimination Method With Partial PivotingSM. Aurnob
Gauss Elimination Method with Partial Pivoting:
Goal and purposes:
Gauss Elimination involves combining equations to eliminate unknowns. Although it is one of the earliest methods for solving simultaneous equations, it remains among the most important algorithms in use now a days and is the basis for linear equation solving on many popular software packages.
Description:
In the method of Gauss Elimination the fundamental idea is to add multiples of one equation to the others in order to eliminate a variable and to continue this process until only one variable is left. Once this final variable is determined, its value is substituted back into the other equations in order to evaluate the remaining unknowns. This method, characterized by step‐by‐step elimination of the variables.
Gauss Seidel Method:
Goal and purposes:
The main goal and purpose of the program is to solve a system of n linear simultaneous equation using Gauss Seidel method.
This Slides includes:
Goal and purpose, Description, Algorithm, C-code, Screenshot etc.
Vector Analysis at Undergraduate in Science (Math, Physics, Engineering) level. The presentation gives a general description of the subject.
Please send comments and suggestions to solo.hermelin@gmail.com, thanks. For more presentations, please visit my website at
http://www.solohermelin.com .
This presentation is about Extraction of Aluminium. It covers meaning of 'Extraction of Metal', Hall Heroult's process, Bayer's process and Uses of Aluminium. To make such presentations for a reasonably cheaper price, please visit https://sbsolnlimited.wixsite.com/busnedu/bookings-checkout/hire-designer-for-powerpoint-slides
ABSTRACT : In this paper, the simulation of a double pendulum with numerical solutions are discussed. The double pendulums are arranged in such a way that in the static equilibrium, one of the pendulum takes the vertical position, while the second pendulum is in a horizontal position and rests on the pad. Characteristic positions and angular velocities of both pendulums, as well as their energies at each instant of time are presented. Obtained results proved to be in accordance with the motion of the real physical system. The differentiation of the double pendulum result in four first order equations mapping the movement of the system.
REPORT SUMMARYVibration refers to a mechanical.docxdebishakespeare
REPORT SUMMARY
Vibration refers to a mechanical phenomenon involving oscillations about a point. These oscillations can be of any imaginable range of amplitudes and frequencies, with each combination having its own effect. These effects can be positive and purposefully induced, but they can also be unintentional and catastrophic. It's therefore imperative to understand how to classify and model vibration.
Within the classroom portion of ME 345, we discussed damped and undamped vibrations, appropriate models, and several of their properties. The purpose of Lab 3 is to give us the corresponding "hands-on" experience to cement our understanding of the theory.
As it turns out, vibration can be modeled with a simple spring-mass system (spring-mass-damper system for damped vibration). In order to create a mathematical model for our simple spring-mass system, we apply Newton's second law and sum the forces about the mass. After applying some of our knowledge of differential equations, the result is a second order linear differential equation (in vector form). This can easily be converted to the scalar version, from which it's easy to glean various properties of the vibration (i.e. natural frequency, period, etc.).
In the lab, we were provided with a PASCO motion sensor, USB link, ramp, and accompanying software. All of the aforementioned equipment was already assembled and connected. The ramp was set up at an angle with a stop on the elevated end and the motion sensor on the lower end. The sensor was connected to the USB link, which was in turn connected to the computer. We chose to use the Xplorer GLX software to interface with the sensor and record our data. After receiving our equipment, we gathered data on our spring's extension with a known load to derive a spring constant. We were provided with a small cart to which we attached weights to increase its mass. In order to model free vibration, we placed the cart on the track and attached it to the stop at the top of the ramp with a spring. After displacing the cart a certain distance from its equilibrium point, the cart was released and was allowed to oscillate on the track while we recorded its distance from the sensor. This was done with displacements of -20cm, -10cm, +10cm, and +20cm from the system's equilibrium point. After gathering this data for the "free" case, a magnet was attached to the front of the car, spaced as far from the track as possible. As the track is magnetic, this caused a slight damping effect, basically converting our spring-mass system to an underdamped spring-mass-damper system. After repeating the procedure for the "free" case, we moved the magnets as close to the track as possible (causing the system to become overdamped) and again repeated the procedure for the "free" case.
We were finally able to determine the period, phase angle, damping coefficients, and circular and cyclical frequencies for the three systems. There were similarities and differ ...
Phyisics explaination on simple harmonic motion for first and second year university students , includes practical and theory about waves and some practical applications
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International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
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Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
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The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
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Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
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1. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 6726
www.ijesi.org ||Volume 6 Issue 4|| April 2017 || PP. 33-38
www.ijesi.org 33 | Page
Simulation of Simple Pendulum
Abdalftah Elbori1
, Ltfei Abdalsmd2
1
(MODES Department Atilim University Turkey)
2
(Material Science Department, Kastamonu University Turkey)
Abstract :This paper presents the Physics Rotational Method of the simple gravity pendulum, and it also
applies Physics Direct Method to represent these equations, in addition to the numerical solutions discusses.
This research investigates the relationship between angular acceleration and angle to find out different
numerical solution by using simulation to see their behavior which shows in last part of this article.
Keywords: Physics Rotational Method, Simple Pendulum, Numerical Solution, Simulation
I. INTRODUCTION
A pendulum is a weight suspended from a pivot so that it can swing freely. When a pendulum is
displaced sideways from its resting equilibrium position, it is subject to a restoring force due to gravity that will
accelerate it back toward the equilibrium position [1] and [2] . When released, the restoring force combined with
the pendulum's mass causes it to oscillate about the equilibrium position, swinging back and forth. The time for
one complete cycle, a left swing and a right swing, is called the period. The period depends on the length of the
pendulum and also on the amplitude of the oscillation. However, if the amplitude is small, the period is almost
independent of the amplitude [3] and [4].
Many things in nature wiggle in a periodic fashion. That is, they vibrate. One such example is a simple
pendulum. If we suspend a mass at the end of a piece of string, we have a simple pendulum. Here, we try to
represents a periodic motion used in times past to control the motion of grandfather and cuckoo clocks. Such
oscillatory motion is called simple harmonic motion[5]. It was Galileo who first observed that the time a
pendulum takes to swing back and forth through small distances depends only on the length of the pendulum[3].
In this paper applies Physics - Rotational Method and Physics Direct Method to represent these equations. In the
second step, it discusses Numerical Solution and Linearization of simple pendulum. In the third step in this
paper figures out how to use Simulation of Simple pendulum and compare with double pendulum, finally we
will find the relationship between angular acceleration and angle to investigate the numerical solution and
simulation to see their behavior.
II. PHYSICS – ROTATIONAL METHOD
The pendulum is modeled as a point mass at the end of a massless rod. We define the following variables as in
the figure 1:
θ = angle of pendulum (0=vertical).
R = length of rod.
T = tension in rod.
m = mass of pendulum.
g = gravitational constant.
Figure.1. Pendulum variables
We will derive the equation of motion for the pendulum using the rotational analog of Newton's second law for
motion about a fixed axis, which is τ = I α, where τ = net torque, I = rotational inertia α=θ= acceleration. The
rotational inertia about the pivot is I=mR². Torque can be calculated as the vector cross product of the position
vector and the force. The magnitude of the torque due to gravity works out to be . So, we
have:
Which simplifies to
This is the equation of motion for the pendulum.
2. Simulation of Simple Pendulum
www.ijesi.org 34 | Page
III. PHYSICS - DIRECT METHOD
Let us consider Newton's second law . To show that there is nothing new in the rotational version of
Newton's second law, we derive the equation of motion here without the rotational dynamics. As you will see,
this method involves more algebra. We'll need the standard unit vectors, as in the Figure 2.
Figure.2. standard unit vectors
= unit vector in horizontal direction, = unit vector in vertical direction.
Figure.3. One Pendulum
By Figure 3 is easy to derive the kinematics of the pendulum as follows:
,
,
The position is derived by a fairly simple application of trigonometry. The velocity and acceleration are then the
first and second derivatives of the position. Next, we draw the free body diagram for the pendulum. The forces
on the pendulum are the tension in the rod T and gravity. So, it is possible to write the net force as in the figure
4:
Figure.4. Pendulum forces
Using Newton's law and the pendulum acceleration we found earlier, we have
It is possible to rewrite the vector components of the above equation as separate equations. This gives us two
simultaneous equations: the first components is and the second is for the component.
&
Next, by doing some algebraic manipulations to eliminate the unknown T. Multiply the first equation by
and the second by .
mg
T
3. Simulation of Simple Pendulum
www.ijesi.org 35 | Page
(2)
(3)
By adding the equation (2) and (3) together, we obtain
Therefore,
,
hence,
θ''+ =0
IV. NUMERICAL SOLUTION AND LINEARIZATION
Let us discuss how we can solve the equations of motion numerically, so that we can drive the simulation, we
use the Runge-Kutta method for solving sets of ordinary differential equations. Firstly let us define a variable
for the angular velocity Then we can write the second order equation (1) as two first order equations.
Such as,
Then, &
(4)
The restoring force must be proportional to the negative of the displacement. Here we have: ,
which is proportional to and not to itself.
By using Talyor series to get approximation of the function at the equlibrium point , we obtain
.
Figure.5. Motion of Simple Pendulum
Therefore, for small angles, we have
, where .
We have also the period and frequency are: , and ,
where
and let
We obtain
FT
4. Simulation of Simple Pendulum
www.ijesi.org 36 | Page
(5)
V. SIMULATION OF SIMPLE PENDULUM.
This simulation shows a simple pendulum operating under gravity. For small oscillations, the pendulum is
linear, but it is non-linear for larger oscillations.
We have where is positive constant. Hence
θ''+ =0 (6)
let us use represent state to solve this ordinary differential equation (6). Let’s start with a same step
.
Then,
&
(7)
Open up a m-file and type:
function dudt=pendulum (t,u)
w=10;
dudt(1,:) = u(2);
dudt(2,:) = -w*sin(u(1));
end
we note that, by looking at the figure.6, a number of frequencies increase as we decrease the value w. Let us
save this file as “pendulum m”. We need to use MATLAB to solve l the differential equation by this code
clear all
tspan=[0,2*pi];
u0=[pi/4;0];
[t,u]=ode45(@pendulum,tspan,u0,[]);
plot(t,u(:,1),'b-', 'Line Width', 2)
xlabel('time')
ylabel('angle')
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
time
angle
w=10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
time
angle
w=100
Figure.6 Angular Displacement
Note that as we increase then oscillations will increase. By another word if we decrease R = length of rod we
will increase number of oscillations
5. Simulation of Simple Pendulum
www.ijesi.org 37 | Page
V.1 Euler method
We can also use Euler method, let us describe here is the code for the numerical solution of the equations of
motion for a simple pendulum using the Euler method. There is important this, we note that these oscillations
grow with time. The MATLAB code has already existed [1], just we insert our data as in the figure.7
length= 1;
g=9.8;
npoints = 250;
dt = 0.04;
omega = zeros(npoints,1);
theta = zeros(npoints,1);
time = zeros(npoints,1);
theta (1) =0.2;
for step = 1: npoints-1
omega(step+1) = omega(step) - (g/length) *theta(step)*dt;
theta(step+1) = theta(step)+omega(step)*dt
time(step+1) = time(step) + dt;
end
plot (time,theta,'r' ); xlabel('time (seconds) ');
ylabel ('theta (radians)');
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
time (seconds)
theta(radians)
Simple Pendulum - Euler Method
Figure.7 Numerical Solution by Euler Method
VI. SIMULATION OF SIMPLE NON‐LINEAR.
Although finding an analytical solution to the simple non‐linear model is not evident, it can be solved
numerically with the aid of MATLAB‐Simulink. Start by isolating the highest order derivative from the linear
model:
The MATLAB‐Simulink model that solves this equation is given by the figure.8.
Figure.8 Simulation of Simple Nonlinear Pendulum
Note that the drag force must change sign based on the angular velocity of the pendulum. In other words,
although the drag force is taken as constant, it must always act opposite to the direction of motion.
If we run the figure.9, we obtain figure.9 and it depends on initial condition and the mass =55 and time=12
second, inertia= [ 1.25e-4 0 0; 0 0.208 0; 0 0 0.208], we obtain
6. Simulation of Simple Pendulum
www.ijesi.org 38 | Page
Figure.9 coordinates axes
VII. CONCLUSION
The length of the simple pendulum is directly proportional to the square of the period of oscillation, we
found that the pendulum goes slower than simple pendulum theory at larger angles. The time of this motion is
called the period, the period does not depend on the mass of the pendulum or on the size of the arc through
which it swings. Another factor involved in the period of motion is, the acceleration due to gravity (g), which on
the earth is 9.8 m/s2. It follows then that a long pendulum has a greater period than a shorter pendulum.
REFERENCES
[1]. Kidd, R.B. and S.L. Fogg, A simple formula for the large-angle pendulum period. The Physics Teacher, 2002. 40(2): p. 81-83.
[2]. Kenison, M. and W. Singhose. Input shaper design for double-pendulum planar gantry cranes. in Control Applications, 1999.
Proceedings of the 1999 IEEE International Conference on. 1999. IEEE.
[3]. Ganley, W., Simple pendulum approximation. American Journal of Physics, 1985. 53(1): p. 73-76.
[4]. Shinbrot, T., et al., Chaos in a double pendulum. American Journal of Physics, 1992. 60(6): p. 491-499.
[5]. Åström, K.J. and K. Furuta, Swinging up a pendulum by energy control. Automatica, 2000. 36(2): p. 287-295.