PEGS Korea 2015 the essential protein engineering summitNicole Proulx
PEGS is Cambridge Healthtech institute (CHI)’s flagship biologics meeting, and is widely considered the industry’s leading event on protein and antibody engineering. Its successful accolades include an annual attendance of over 1800 participants at the PEGS Summit in Boston; a record attendance of over 500 attendees at PEGS Europe this year; a successful launch of PEGS China in 2014, and now, the announcement of the first PEGS Korea to be launched in September 2015.
The 3-day Inaugural PEGS Korea will bring together an international faculty consisting of scientists, engineers and executives from all over the world to share their expertise and experiences in protein and antibody engineering, particularly in developing next-generation therapeutics including ADCs, bispecifics, and immunomodulating antibodies.
Improving Immunohistochemistry Standardization in your Laboratory: Renewable ...Candy Smellie
What is the impact of assay failure in your laboratory and how do you monitor for it?
To develop genetically defined IHC Reference Standards with consistent protein expression levels for analytic validation and quantitative assessment of immunohistochemistry assays.
This ppt file represents a simple overview on what is antibody validation & how to validate an antibody before performing any research.
Used references are also included.
Scientific Validity of Replacements for Animal-Derived AntibodiesRebeccaClewell
Summary of the recommendations by the EURL-ECVAM Scientific Advisory Committee (ESAC) on the Scientific Validity of Replacements for Animal-Derived Antibodies. Presented at the ICCVAM Communities of Practice Webinar 2020, "Use of Animal-free Affinity Reagents", January 2020.
PEGS Korea 2015 the essential protein engineering summitNicole Proulx
PEGS is Cambridge Healthtech institute (CHI)’s flagship biologics meeting, and is widely considered the industry’s leading event on protein and antibody engineering. Its successful accolades include an annual attendance of over 1800 participants at the PEGS Summit in Boston; a record attendance of over 500 attendees at PEGS Europe this year; a successful launch of PEGS China in 2014, and now, the announcement of the first PEGS Korea to be launched in September 2015.
The 3-day Inaugural PEGS Korea will bring together an international faculty consisting of scientists, engineers and executives from all over the world to share their expertise and experiences in protein and antibody engineering, particularly in developing next-generation therapeutics including ADCs, bispecifics, and immunomodulating antibodies.
Improving Immunohistochemistry Standardization in your Laboratory: Renewable ...Candy Smellie
What is the impact of assay failure in your laboratory and how do you monitor for it?
To develop genetically defined IHC Reference Standards with consistent protein expression levels for analytic validation and quantitative assessment of immunohistochemistry assays.
This ppt file represents a simple overview on what is antibody validation & how to validate an antibody before performing any research.
Used references are also included.
Scientific Validity of Replacements for Animal-Derived AntibodiesRebeccaClewell
Summary of the recommendations by the EURL-ECVAM Scientific Advisory Committee (ESAC) on the Scientific Validity of Replacements for Animal-Derived Antibodies. Presented at the ICCVAM Communities of Practice Webinar 2020, "Use of Animal-free Affinity Reagents", January 2020.
Presentation of Frank Hills in 1st International Antibody Validation Forum 2014St John's Laboratory Ltd
After graduating with an honours degree in Biochemistry Dr Hills worked for several years as a Clinical Scientist at St Bartholomew's hospital in London. He was awarded his PhD in 2002 from the faculty of Medicine at Queen Mary University of London. He continued his interest in reproductive science at Imperial College London where he worked as a postdoctoral researcher before joining Middlesex in 2004 as a lecturer. Dr Hills has published many high profile original research articles on various aspects of obstetric pathology including pre-eclampsia, recurrent miscarriage, preterm labour and fetal distress as well as several articles in the area of assisted reproduction. Currently, he is research interests include investigating the role of glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans on the development of placental pathology and breast cancer. Dr Hills teaches a range of topics in biomedical science including clinical biochemistry, cellular and developmental biology as well as statistical analysis. He is author of around 30 peer-reviewed scientific articles and has refereed manuscripts for a variety of journals in the area of reproduction and endocrinology.
For more details about 1st international antibody validation forum please check on http://www.stjohnslabs.com/ac_cms/blog
Enzyme immunoassays (EIAs), also known as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), combine antibody binding with enzymatic detection to quantify molecules of interest.
Does your cell line have a secret? Avoid surprises with characterizationMerck Life Sciences
Watch the recording of this webinar here: https://bit.ly/2Y05bV4
The first step to avoiding an unpleasant and costly contamination event is characterization of your cell banks.
Regardless of the biotech product, careful characterization of the cell banks used in its production is the first step in mitigating the risk of a contamination event. In fact, cell line characterization is an important component of the overall viral safety strategy for the product. We will describe the testing necessary to ensure cell banks are free from infectious and other adverse agents and that meets current regulatory expectations. Different levels of testing are performed for master, working, and end of production cell banks, and the differences in testing for each of these types of banks will be discussed.
In this webinar, you will learn:
• The types of tests that are needed to fully characterize your cell banks
• The best tests to use for your particular cell line
• Reasons why a viral contaminant may be missed
Automated system for bacterial identificationDEEKSHANT KUMAR
[DOWNLOAD IT OPEN IT WITH MICROSOFT POWERPOINT THEN YOU WILL BE ABLE TO UNDERSTAND THE TOPIC COVERED.]
1. WHOLE TEXT IS RELIABLE.
2. TEXT HAS BEEN TAKEN FROM STANDARD TEXT BOOK FOR MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY.
3. SOME PICTURE HAS BEEN TAKEN FROM JOURNAL.
Antibodies are compelling proteins that are essential to the immune system and extremely powerful in biotechnology applications; existing as major players in our defence against external agents (viruses, bacteria, etc.), they are also widely used as tools for research, diagnosis and treatments.
PEGS Europe Protein & Antibody Engineering Summit 2014 AgendaNicole Proulx
PEGS Europe is the largest European event covering all aspects of protein and antibody engineering. With two consecutive years of 40% growth in attendance, and another year of expanded program coverage, this year’s event will feature:
•500 attendees
•150 technical presentations
•70+ scientific posters
•40+ sponsors & exhibitors
•Dedicated networking opportunities
•Exclusive exhibit & poster hours
•Interactive roundtable, breakout & panel discussions
Presentation of Frank Hills in 1st International Antibody Validation Forum 2014St John's Laboratory Ltd
After graduating with an honours degree in Biochemistry Dr Hills worked for several years as a Clinical Scientist at St Bartholomew's hospital in London. He was awarded his PhD in 2002 from the faculty of Medicine at Queen Mary University of London. He continued his interest in reproductive science at Imperial College London where he worked as a postdoctoral researcher before joining Middlesex in 2004 as a lecturer. Dr Hills has published many high profile original research articles on various aspects of obstetric pathology including pre-eclampsia, recurrent miscarriage, preterm labour and fetal distress as well as several articles in the area of assisted reproduction. Currently, he is research interests include investigating the role of glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans on the development of placental pathology and breast cancer. Dr Hills teaches a range of topics in biomedical science including clinical biochemistry, cellular and developmental biology as well as statistical analysis. He is author of around 30 peer-reviewed scientific articles and has refereed manuscripts for a variety of journals in the area of reproduction and endocrinology.
For more details about 1st international antibody validation forum please check on http://www.stjohnslabs.com/ac_cms/blog
Enzyme immunoassays (EIAs), also known as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), combine antibody binding with enzymatic detection to quantify molecules of interest.
Does your cell line have a secret? Avoid surprises with characterizationMerck Life Sciences
Watch the recording of this webinar here: https://bit.ly/2Y05bV4
The first step to avoiding an unpleasant and costly contamination event is characterization of your cell banks.
Regardless of the biotech product, careful characterization of the cell banks used in its production is the first step in mitigating the risk of a contamination event. In fact, cell line characterization is an important component of the overall viral safety strategy for the product. We will describe the testing necessary to ensure cell banks are free from infectious and other adverse agents and that meets current regulatory expectations. Different levels of testing are performed for master, working, and end of production cell banks, and the differences in testing for each of these types of banks will be discussed.
In this webinar, you will learn:
• The types of tests that are needed to fully characterize your cell banks
• The best tests to use for your particular cell line
• Reasons why a viral contaminant may be missed
Automated system for bacterial identificationDEEKSHANT KUMAR
[DOWNLOAD IT OPEN IT WITH MICROSOFT POWERPOINT THEN YOU WILL BE ABLE TO UNDERSTAND THE TOPIC COVERED.]
1. WHOLE TEXT IS RELIABLE.
2. TEXT HAS BEEN TAKEN FROM STANDARD TEXT BOOK FOR MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY.
3. SOME PICTURE HAS BEEN TAKEN FROM JOURNAL.
Antibodies are compelling proteins that are essential to the immune system and extremely powerful in biotechnology applications; existing as major players in our defence against external agents (viruses, bacteria, etc.), they are also widely used as tools for research, diagnosis and treatments.
PEGS Europe Protein & Antibody Engineering Summit 2014 AgendaNicole Proulx
PEGS Europe is the largest European event covering all aspects of protein and antibody engineering. With two consecutive years of 40% growth in attendance, and another year of expanded program coverage, this year’s event will feature:
•500 attendees
•150 technical presentations
•70+ scientific posters
•40+ sponsors & exhibitors
•Dedicated networking opportunities
•Exclusive exhibit & poster hours
•Interactive roundtable, breakout & panel discussions
Antibody-oligonucleotide (Ab-Oligo) conjugates have been used in
numerous applications from diagnostics to therapeutics and were
developed through an unmet need for precise and efficient detection of low-abundance proteins.
Antibody-oligonucleotide (Ab-Oligo) conjugates have been used in
numerous applications from diagnostics to therapeutics and were
developed through an unmet need for precise and efficient detection of low-abundance proteins. Ab-Oligo conjugates have since played a significant role in enhancing an extensive range of biological techniques that include immunological and proteomic research, biomarker discovery, clinical diagnostics – including point-of-care, as well as other novel techniques. Antibodies can be readily conjugated to oligonucleotides via their amino acid residues, making them suitable for most in vitro applications, as they possess several functional groups.
Towards Immunoassay Platform Convergence: From ELISA to Multiplex ImmunoassaysAnteo Technologies
Antibody immobilisation is critical to assay performance and whilst antibodies are less prone to denaturation than other proteins, even minimal perturbation of the tertiary structure, may expose hydrophobic regions, increasing non-specific protein binding and potentially affecting assay sensitivity.
Mix&Go™ technology helps overcome these issues by creating an activated surface that gently yet strongly binds proteins using metal chelation rather than covalent chemistry. In particular, scientists using the Luminex® xMAP® platform may encounter problems associated with coupling certain proteins to microspheres. There are many reasons why this happens, from protein incompatibility with covalent attachment to sub-optimal conditions during the coupling process. By using Mix&Go in combination with the Luminex® xMAP® technology, researchers will ensure gentle and secure antibody binding through metal chelation resulting in, less damage to antibodies, decreased background and less sample volume required to achieve comparable results to those obtained using ELISA.
We have 13 research and development projects within:
• Research
• Oncology
• Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity
• Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease
• Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering
• Pathology
• Biopharmaceutical Development
• Cell Culture and Fermentation Sciences
• Formulation Sciences
• Analytical Biotechnology Science
ELISA is a well know term that is an abbreviation of Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay. This microplate based technique relies on the use of an antibody that has been linked to an enzyme. In the presence of an appropriate substrate, enzymatic activity produces a color change as the ELISA readout, which can be measured and provides information about the presence and quantity of the target antigen in the sample material.
Electrophoresis is a simple, rapid, and highly sensitive analytical technique to study the properties of proteins and nucleic acids, and has become a principle tool in analytical chemistry, biochemistry, and molecular biology. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) can be used to analyze the size, amount, purity, and isoelectric point of polypeptides and proteins. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide discontinuous gel electrophoresis (SDS PAGE) is the most commonly used system whereby proteins become separated strictly by their size, but there are different variations of this technique.
His Tag Protein Production and PurificationExpedeon
The study of protein regulation, structure, and function relies heavily on the expression and purification of recombinant proteins. Many recombinant proteins are expressed as fusion proteins, meaning that they contain an affinity / epitope tag. A tag is a short sequence of DNA that codes for a specific amino acid, which is frequently inserted into a target gene at the point of coding for expression at either the N or C terminal of the protein required.
GELFrEE® 8100 Fractionation System Tech NoteExpedeon
Successful sample preparation is a key step during any analytical
procedure and begins with a defined experimental design. Important steps in sample preparation include proteolytic digestion of proteins into peptide fragments, and peptide fractionation. This is especially important prior to applications such as mass spectrometry (MS).
Proteomics of small proteins from plant tissuesExpedeon
Small genes and the proteins that they encode can play important biological roles including signaling, development, and mediation of plant-microbe interactions in organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to mammals (Frith et al.; Basrai et al.; Galindo et al.; Hemm et al. 2008, 2010; Kastenmeyer et al.). However, genes that encode proteins containing <100 residues are difficult to identify reliably solely by DNA sequence analysis (Dinger et al.)
Proteomic profiling of fractionated post-myocardial infarctionExpedeon
Acute myocardial infarction remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide.Heart failure is the result of adverse remodeling of the collagenous scar that replaces the
damaged myocardium after MI. Markers of LV remodeling can be either identified in the circulation (e.g. serum or plasma) or detected in the heart by imaging technologies or biopsy.
NVoy technology is a quantum leap in protein processing, production and analysis. It uses proprietary NV polymers to enhance protein solubility and stability through the formation of multi-point reversible complexes with proteins without altering their structure.
Circular dichroism spectroscopy is an analytical technique used to estimate the secondary and tertiary structure of proteins. This technique can be used to confirm whether structure has been retained during protein processing, but is frequently adversely affected by additives such as solubility enhancers and detergents.
NVoy technology is a quantum leap in protein processing, production and analysis. It uses proprietary NV polymers to enhance protein solubility and stability through the formation of multi-point reversible complexes with proteins without altering their structure.
Protein processing and production is often hampered by the formation of aggregates that restrict and complicate
the handling of proteins, antibodies and enzymes. NVoy is designed to minimise the sequential losses in consecutive
protein processing steps which would otherwise dramatically reduce the overall protein yield.
NVoy technology is a quantum leap in protein processing, production and analysis. It uses proprietary NV polymers to enhance protein solubility and stability through the formation of multi-point reversible complexes with proteins without altering their structure.
NVoy technology is a quantum leap in protein processing, production and analysis. It uses proprietary NV polymers to enhance protein solubility and stability through the formation of multi-point reversible complexes with proteins without altering their structure.
Top down proteomics of soluble and integral membrane proteinsExpedeon
Mitochondria provide important cellular functions including
oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid biosynthesis, and acting as
gatekeepers to apoptosis.
GELFrEE1 affords rapid mass-based protein separation over a range 10-150 kDa. Here, we demonstrate a multiplexed design enabling increased loading capacity and throughput. We
demonstrate comprehensive analysis of the yeast proteome using GELFrEE coupled to LC-MS/MS analysis.
Identification and characterization of intact proteins in complex mixturesExpedeon
The ability to fully characterize proteins in their intact forms allows thorough biological investigation of the functional importance of changes such as post-translational modifications, protein isoforms/sequence variations, and protease cleavages.
Improved coverage of the proteome using gel eluted liquidExpedeon
It has long been understood that sample fractionation is critically important to generating quality, comprehensive proteomics data. In spite of the continual improvements in speed and sensitivity of mass spectrometers, these instruments are still unable to adequately overcome the enormous challenge
of most biological samples without multiple dimensions of separation prior to mass analysis.
Optimization of experimental protocols for cellular lysisExpedeon
In this project, we have compared existing sample preparation methods for proteomics studies against newly developed FASP method and our in-house developed SDS-TCA protocol. For our
preliminary studies, we have chosen a very well characterized soil microbe Pseudomonas putida.
Characterization of intact antibodies by pre-fractionation using gel electrop...Expedeon
Antibodies represent an important class of proteins due to their central role in the immune response. Moreover, there is an increasing interest in the use of recombinant antibodies as novel drug therapies.
Advances in Capillary Liquid Chromatography for High-Throughput Top Down Prot...Expedeon
Top Down proteomics has benefited greatly from advances in
mass spectrometry instrumentation and database searching,
yet it has been hindered by the lack of robust separation
platforms for intact proteins. Recently, the use of Gel-Eluted
Liquid Fraction Entrapment Electrophoresis (GELFrEE)1,2
followed by capillary liquid chromatography-MS/MS has
enabled hundreds of Top Down identifications from a single
proteome run.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
1. Nick Gee, Ph.D.
A
ntibodies are widely employed in
the quantification of antigens in
complex biological samples. Using
techniques such as Western blotting, ELISA,
and immunohistochemistry researchers are
able to measure a single antigen, or perhaps
a limited number of antigens, in each sam-
ple. In the post-genomics era, advances in
multiplex immunoassay technologies now
allow scores or even hundreds of antigens
to be measured simultaneously.
While almost all antibody-based detec-
tion techniques require a label of some
description, which confers measurability,
the vast majority of commercially avail-
able antibodies are not labeled. Only anti-
bodies with the greatest commercial value
might be offered in conjugate form by
suppliers, and then perhaps only with a
few key labels.
In order to use unlabeled antibodies it is
necessary to adopt an indirect detection
method. In this approach, the primary
antibody binds to its target antigen and is
then detected with a secondary reagent,
commonly another antibody that bears
the required label. In multiplex assays it
becomes increasingly difficult to create a
panel of secondary reagents with the
desired selectivity and lack of unwanted
cross-reactions if there are more than two
or three primary antibodies.
By covalently attaching the label direct-
ly to the primary antibody it is possible to
overcome these difficulties and to reduce
the complexity of immunoassays. Histor-
ically, antibody conjugation has been con-
ducted by those with specialist knowledge
of chemical-modification techniques. Most
strategies for conjugating two molecules,
A and B, involve chemical modification of
each entity to introduce reactive groups.
The resulting derivatives of A and B are
separated from excess chemical reagents by
column chromatography and then mixed,
with the aim of creating soluble AB conju-
gates. One difficulty is that the introduc-
tion of too many reactive groups can lead
to the formation of polymers and insoluble
aggregates. Today, because of significant
advances in conjugation technology, the
production of labeled antibodies is one of
the simplest procedures performed in a
research lab.
Lightning-Link
Innova Biosciences (www.innovabiosci
ences.com) has developed a conjugation
technology called Lightning-Link™ (Fig-
ure 1) that eliminates almost all of the
steps employed in a traditional conjugation
process. The elimination of column separa-
tions from Innova’s process has probably
had the greatest impact. Issues that have
beset traditional conjugation procedures—
losses of material, sample dilution, batch-
to-batch variation and difficulties in scaling
up—have now been removed.
The Lightning-Link process is summa-
rized in Figure 2. The researcher pipettes
the antibody to be labeled into a vial of
lyophilized mixture containing the label
of interest. Dissolution of the contents
activates the chemicals that mediate the
conjugation reaction. Despite its appar-
ent simplicity, the Lightning-Link
process is sophisticated and generates
conjugates with performance characteris-
tics identical with, or better than, those
prepared with laborious multistep conju-
gation procedures.
Moreover, it is possible to use the result-
ing Lightning-Link conjugates without
purification, as the byproducts of the reac-
tion are completely benign. Because the
reactive groups are created in situ in a con-
trolled manner the risk of unwanted poly-
merization is reduced.
The approach is also tolerant of sodi-
um azide, which is commonly employed
as an antimicrobial agent in commercial-
ly available antibodies. In addition, BSA,
another common additive, has only a
modest impact on Lightning-Link conju-
gation reactions.
This simpler approach to conjugation is
likely to shift the balance of indirect detec-
tion technologies toward those of direct
detection. Researchers carrying out
immunodetection procedures can eliminate
the tedious secondary incubation and wash
steps. Intuitively, one can also see how data
quality is likely to be improved by a reduc-
tion in the number of assay variables.
In flow cytometry, it is quite common
to combine three or more directly labeled
primary antibodies, each with a different
fluorescent label.
The benefits of simple conjugation
technology and direct labeling are even
greater in the case of multiplex im-
munoassay technologies, where large
panels of antigen-specific reagents can
be constructed from the best available
antibody tools, without the usual limi-
tations that apply to indirect detection
methods.
Simple conjugation technologies also
greatly facilitate conjugate optimization
and scale-up.
It is now possible with just 100 micro-
grams of antibody to create 20 trial conju-
gates, allowing one to reach a level of per-
formance that is limited only by the attrib-
utes of the antibody itself. A similar
approach can also be used to identify the
best antibody, or best antibody pair, from a
library of monoclonal antibodies against a
common antigen.
The best conjugate can be scaled eas-
ily as there are so few variables in the
conjugation process. For example, in
Figure 3, conjugates prepared at 50
microgram scale and 50 milligram scale
show identical ELISA performance;
both reactions required a hands-on time
of 30 seconds.
We also expect simple state-of-the-art
conjugation methods to be deployed for
manufacturing of tomorrow’s immunodi-
agnostics reagents, because of greater
product consistency, higher yields, and
reduced costs.
Available Labels
The labels presently available in the one-
step Lightning-Link format include
enzymes (horseradish peroxidase, glucose
oxidase, and alkaline phosphatase), fluo-
rescent proteins (phycoerythrin, allophyco-
cyanin, PerCP), streptavidin, biotin, and
fluorescent dyes that cover the entire visible
spectrum. Recently, oligonucleotides have
also been integrated into the Lightning-
Link format allowing the development of
reagents for use in ultrasensitive immuno-
PCR diagnostics tests.
The availability of an increasing number
of labels will facilitate the exploration of
the human proteome. Researchers might
also expect the percentage of commercially
available antibody tools available in
labeled form to increase, and for there to be
a broader range of labels for each antibody.
Finally, in view of the simplification of
bioconjugation technology one can imag-
ine in the near future a vast library of excit-
ing research tools, comprising millions of
antibodies and several hundred labels,
which can be combined in any way to cre-
ate an almost infinite number of virtual
conjugates, any of one which can be turned
into reality on demand.
38 Drug Discovery Technote
Simplifying Antibody Conjugation Process
September 1, 2009 genengnews.com Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News
Elimination of Column Separations Is One
Benefit of Lightning-Link Technology
Nick Gee, Ph.D. (nick.gee@innovabio
sciences.com), is CEO/CSO at Innova
Biosciences.
Web: www.innovabiosciences.com.
Figure 2. Lightning-Link conjugation process: The conjugation reaction can be set up in seconds by
adding the antibody to a special lyophilized mixture that contains the label of interest. The
byproducts of the conjugation reaction are benign and the conjugate can be used directly from the
pot without purification.
Figure 1. Lightning-Link eliminates almost all of the
steps employed in a traditional conjugation process.
Figure 3. Comparison in ELISA of HRP conjugates prepared at two scales.