Shri ram bajiya contol ppt
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This document presents information on first-order systems and the effect of time constant on system response. It provides two examples of typical first-order systems: cruise control of a car's velocity and liquid level control of a tank. It then discusses the modeling of the tank system as a first-order system and defines the time constant as the time it takes for the system response to reach 63% of its final value. Finally, it explains that a smaller time constant results in a faster system response.
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Here are the steps to solve this problem:
1. Given:
Inlet diameter (d1) = 200 mm = 0.2 m
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Specific gravity of oil (Sf) = 0.9
2. Calculate the areas:
Inlet area (A1) = πr12 = π(0.1)2 = 0.0314 m2
Throat area (A2) = πr22 = π(0.05)2 = 0.00785 m2
3. Use the venturimeter discharge equation:
Q = Cd * A1*
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This document discusses instrumentation and control systems. It provides information on common devices used to measure process variables like pressure, temperature, and flow rate. These include transducers, sensors, and transmitters. It also discusses final control elements like control valves and how they are used to manipulate process variables. The document explains the characteristics of different types of control valves and how their flow properties are defined by equations. It also covers topics like pneumatic control systems, calibration of instruments, and algorithms for digital PID control.
Process control handout new1
This document provides an overview of process control concepts including:
1. Process control refers to methods used to control process variables when manufacturing a product. Modeling the process is important for understanding how to control it.
2. The basic elements of a process control loop include a measurement, controller, actuator, and process. Common signals are the process variable and manipulated variable.
3. Common types of controllers are on-off, proportional, integral, derivative, and PID. On-off is simple but ineffective. Proportional reduces offset but has steady state error. Integral eliminates offset but can oscillate. Derivative reduces oscillations. PID combines all three for optimal control.
4. Cascade control uses
Surge in compressor
Surge is a phenomenon seen in gas turbine engines where there is a sudden decrease in the supply pressure to the compressor inlet. This causes air to flow in the reverse direction through the compressor, creating vibrations throughout the engine. Surge can be generated by diffuser vanes retarding the airflow or rotating stall causing breakdowns of the air flow between compressor blades. Repeated surging can damage components like rotor seals, bearings, and the compressor driver through high vibrations and temperature increases. Anti-surge systems aim to prevent surge by maintaining a minimum air flow through the compressor.
Control systems diagraming
This document discusses various control system strategies including on-off, proportional, derivative, modulating, and digital control. On-off control uses a switch to supply an on or off correcting signal, resulting in oscillations. Proportional control relates the controller output to the error size through a gain constant. Derivative control relates the controller output change to the error rate of change. Modulating control gradually adjusts the valve opening based on the level error. Digital control uses computers running control law programs to calculate control signals from sampled plant outputs and inputs.
chap-1(1).pdf
1. The document discusses the components and types of control systems. It provides examples of temperature control, robot arm control, and autonomous vehicle control to illustrate control loops.
2. The main components of a control loop are sensors, controllers, actuators, and the plant being controlled. Sensors measure controlled variables and provide feedback, while actuators implement changes to manipulate variables based on controller signals.
3. Control systems can be linear or nonlinear, time-invariant or time-varying, open-loop or closed-loop. Open-loop systems do not use feedback, while closed-loop systems incorporate feedback to increase accuracy. Analog systems use traditional analog devices, while digital systems use computers and converters.
lesson1et438a (1).ppsx
This document provides an introduction to automatic control systems, including:
- Explaining the functions of control systems like maintaining variables and rejecting disturbances.
- Identifying components in block diagrams representing physical systems.
- Explaining the differences between open-loop and closed-loop control systems.
- Defining transfer functions and computing gains for sinusoidal input/output cases.
- Demonstrating how to reduce block diagram systems using algebra.
Measurement
The document discusses the static and dynamic performance characteristics of measuring instruments. It describes how instruments can be modeled as zero-order, first-order, or second-order systems depending on how their output responds to changes in input over time. Zero-order instruments have an immediate output response, while first-order instruments exhibit a lag due to a time constant. Second-order instruments may also oscillate before reaching steady-state. Examples are given like thermometers and potentiometers to illustrate different order responses. Dynamic inputs like step, ramp and periodic signals are also discussed to analyze instrument behavior under transient and steady-state conditions.
Performance investigation of hydraulic actuator based mass lift system using ...
A hydraulic actuator is a system that can provide a large power amplification in industries and
factories. In this paper, mass lifter hydraulic actuator system to a desired displacement is designed
using optimal control theory. MPC and LQR controllers are used to design and improve the
performance of the hydraulic actuator. The hydraulic actuator system is linearized using Taylor
series linearization method and designed using Matlab/Simulink tool. Comparison of the hydraulic
actuator with MPC and LQR controllers using three desired output displacement signals (step, sine
wave and white noise) is done and simulation results have been analyzed successfully. For the
desired step input signal, the hydraulic actuator system with MPC controller lower rise and settling
times with small percentage overshoot as compared to the hydraulic actuator system with LQR
controller and for the desired sine wave signal, the hydraulic actuator system with MPC controller
almost track the desired sine wave input signal correctly as compared to the hydraulic actuator
system with LQR controller. While for the desired white noise input signal, the hydraulic actuator
system with MPC controller have tried to track the desired white noise input signal with small
variation in amplitude as compared to the hydraulic actuator system with LQR controller. Finally
the comparative simulation results prove the effectiveness of the proposed hydraulic actuator
system with MPC controller.
C045051318
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
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Linear control system Open loop & Close loop Systems
Open-loop systems & Close loop Systems in Linear control system with its positive and negative system
lecture 2 courseII (4).pptx
1. The document describes the components of a closed loop control system including the process, measuring element, comparator, controller, and control valve. Block diagrams and transfer functions are developed for each component.
2. Transfer functions relating the output Co(s) to the input Ci(s) and setpoint Csp(s) are derived for the example of a mixing process.
3. For a step change in input Ci of 2 units, the final output Co is calculated to be 1.515 units.
Process Control and Instrumentation.pdf
This document contains class notes on process instrumentations from CHE660 Process Control & Instrumentations taught by Abdul Aziz Ishak at Universiti Teknologi MARA. The notes cover various types of instrumentation including differential pressure transmitters, level transmitters, flow meters, and temperature devices. It discusses the operating principles, advantages, and considerations for differential pressure level transmitters, ultrasonic level transmitters, capacitance level transmitters, magnetic flowmeters, and vortex flowmeters.
J08 d common rail
The document summarizes the operation of a common rail diesel injection system used in Hino trucks. It describes the main components, including the supply pump that pressurizes the fuel, rail that distributes it, and injectors that provide injection. The electronic control unit controls the injection timing and quantity by opening and closing the injectors using electromagnetic valves. The system allows for precise control of injection pressure and timing to improve performance and reduce emissions compared to conventional diesel systems.
Similar to Shri ram bajiya contol ppt (20)
Automatic generation control&voltage control(module 5:ktu syllabus)
Automatic generation control&voltage control(module 5:ktu syllabus)
Performance investigation of hydraulic actuator based mass lift system using ...
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Linear control system Open loop & Close loop Systems
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Shri ram bajiya contol ppt
- 1. Presentation on TYPICAL EXAMPLE OF 1st ORDER SYSTEM AND EFFECT OF TIME CONSTANT ON SYSTEM REPONSE By SHRI RAM BAJIYA 100104123
- 2. Content Example of 1st order system Cruise Control Velocity of car on the road Level control of a tank Effect of time constant on system response
- 3. Typical example of 1st order System Velocity of car on the road • Control of velocity of rotating system • Electric systems where energy is essentially stored in one component • Incompressible fluid flow in a pipe • Level control of a tank • Pressure control in a gas tank • Temperature in a body with essentially uniform temperature distribution e.g., a vessel filled with a mixture of steam and water.
- 4. Velocity of car on the road Cruise Control The purpose of cruise control is to keep the velocity of a car constant. The driver drives the car at the desired speed, the cruise control system is activated by pushing a button and the system then keeps the speed constant. The major disturbance comes from changes of the slope of the road which generates forces on the car due to gravity. The cruise control system measures the difference between the desired and the actual velocity and generates a feedback signal which attempts to keep the error small in spite of changes in the slope of the road. The feedback signal is sent to an actuator which influences the throttle and thus the force generated by the engine.
- 5. the momentum balance can be written as mdv/dt + cv = F − mgθ where the term cv describes the momentum loss due to air resistance and rolling and F is the force generated by the engine. Level control of a tank The couple tank is used as a control system, the input flowrate (qi) is controlled by adjusting the applied voltage to the pump motor amplifier (vi). The liquid level is sensed by a pressure transducer that produces an output voltage (y1), which is proportional to the liquid level (h1). Desired Velocity ∑ ∑Controller velocityThrottle bodyEngine F Slope of road
- 6. PP v1 q1 h1 y1 PUMP TANK SYSTEM MODEL LEVEL SENSOR Schematic Diagram of the overall system Where; vi = applied voltage to the pump motor amplifier qi= input flow rate h1= liquid level y1=output voltage The pump flow rate, qi and the input voltage, vi, are related by an actuator characteristic that is assumed to be linear as shown in figure. The same is true of the level sensor characteristic.
- 7. . Flow rate Slope=Ki Pump input voltage Vi qi Sensor output Slope=Ks y1 Liquid Level h1 Pump and Level Sensor Characteristic If Ki and Ks are the pump and sensor gain constants respectively, then qi = ki . vi y1=ks . h1 H1(s)= {kb/(Ts+1)}.q1(s) From above equation can takes from the modeling of tank system.Combined these with the system transfer function equation gives the standard first order system transfer function,
- 8. (Y1/Vi)= G/(Ts+1) G = ki.ks.kb Where, G = the system gain T = the system time constant Ki = pump characteristic Ks = sensor characteristic
- 9. Vi qi =kivi (Y1/Vi)= G/(Ts+1) Y1=ksh1 Y1 h1qi LEVEL SENSOR TANK SYSTEM PUMP Schematic Diagram of the overall system Above Diagram shows the overall diagram of the tank system. Finally, the experimental result of open loop test will be use to obtain transfer function of the single tank system. The gain and time constant can be taken from the output response of the open loop result.
- 10. Effect of time constant on system response Time constant is the time it takes for the step response to rise 63% of its final value. Consider the step response of fig. 1 By the figure we get that at t=T1 the response will be 63% of its maximum value i.e. time constant of this response is T1 Consider the step response of fig 2 By the figure we get that at t=T2 the response will be 63% of its maximum value i.e. time constant of this response is T2 Fig. 1 Fig 2
- 11. Now comparing the two responses As it is clear form the figure that T1 is smaller than T2 and figure also clear that the first response is faster then the second step response . Therefore because of this , the time constant is use to measure how fast a system can respond Smaller the time constant, faster is the system response.
- 12. .. THANK YOU