The shoulder joint is formed by the rounded head of the humerus articulating with the shallow glenoid cavity of the scapula. It is stabilized by the rotator cuff muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis) and ligaments. The shoulder allows for flexion, extension, abduction, circumduction, lateral rotation, and medial rotation through actions of the deltoid, rotator cuff, and other muscles. The shoulder joint is vulnerable to inferior dislocations which can damage the axillary nerve and radial nerve. Blood supply comes from branches of the subclavian and axillary arteries.
Above power point wil give detailed explanation aboutthe cubital fossa.knowledge of this cubital fossa is clinically very important for all clinicians.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Above power point wil give detailed explanation aboutthe cubital fossa.knowledge of this cubital fossa is clinically very important for all clinicians.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
1. Shoulder Joint -
Upper Limb
Dr. Brijendra Singh
Prof & Head
Department of Anatomy
AIIMS Rishikesh
2. Learning objectives
•Anatomy of shoulder joint
•Formation , type & components
•Rotator cuff
•Relations /nerve & blood supply
•Movements & muscles producing them
•Dislocations /nerve injuries
3. Articulation - Rounded head of humerus &
Shallow , glenoid cavity of scapula.
Glenoid
cavity
4. • Articular surfaces are covered by articular - hyaline cartilage.
• Glenoid cavity is deepened by fibro cartilaginous rim called glenoid labrum.
5. Synovial membrane
•lines fibrous capsule & attached to
margins of the cartilage covering the
articular surfaces.
•forms a tubular sheath around the
tendon of the long head of biceps brachii.
•It extends through anterior wall of
capsule to form subscapularis bursa
beneath subscapularis muscle.
7. Musculotendinious/Rotator cuff
•Supraspinatus – superiorly
•Infraspinatus & Teres minor- posteriorly
•Subscapularis – anteriorly
•Long head of triceps – inferiorly ( axillary n &
post circumflex humeral artery – lax and least
supported) –
•most common dislocations – Inferiorly axillary n
palsy –loss of abduction
9. NERVE SUPPLY of Shoulder joint
1. axillary n 2. suprascapular n &
3. lateral pectoral nerve.
10. Shoulder joint - spaces
Quadrangular space
•Sup - teres minor
•Inf - teres major
•Medially - long head of
triceps
•Laterally – lateral head
of triceps (humerus)
•Contents – axillary
nerve & posterior
circumflex humeral
artery
Triangular space
•Sup – teres major
•Medially- long head
of triceps
•Laterally –
triceps(humerus)
•Contents – in spiral
groove Radial nerve
& profunda brachii
artery
11. Shoulder Joint -
Upper Limb
Dr Brijendra Singh
Prof & Head
Department of Anatomy
AIIMS Rishikesh
14. Flexion - 90°
1. Deltoid - ant
2. Pectoralis major
3. Biceps brachii
4. Coracobrachialis
15. Extension is - 45°
•Deltoid post
•Latissimus dorsi
•Teres major
16. Abduction:
•Initiated - supraspinatus 0 to 18
•19 120 - middle fibers of deltoid.
•Subscapularis
•Infraspinatus
•Teres minor
•Above 90 by rotation of scapula
•Trapezius & Serratus Anterior
17. •Supraspinatus: initiates abduction(0 to 15) and
holds the head of the humerus against glenoid
fossa of scapula;
•Latter function of supraspinatus allows deltoid
muscle to contract and abduct humerus at
shoulder joint.
19. Lateral rotation
Is about 40 - 45°.
POST -
•infraspinatus
•teres minor
•posterior fibers of
the deltoid muscle
19
20. Medial rotation:
•Normal medial rotation is
about 55°.
•performed by : muscles
attached at BG - ANT
•pectoralis major
•Subscapularis
•latissimus dorsi
•teres major
•anterior fibers of deltoid.
21. Circumduction:
This is a movement
in which distal end
of humerus moves
in circular motion
while proximal end
remains stable.
•It is -
1.Flexion,
2.Abduction,
3.Extension &
4.Adduction
Successively
22.
23. Inferiorly:
1. the long head of
the triceps muscle
2. the axillary
nerve
3. the posterior
circumflex humeral
vessels
24. Stability of the shoulder joint
•This joint is unstable because of :
•shallowness of glenoid fossa
•weak ligaments
•Its strength almost entirely depends on tone of
rotator cuff muscles.
•Tendons of these muscles are fused to
underlying capsule of shoulder joint.
•Least supported part of joint lies in inferior
location, where it is unprotected by muscles.
25. • A subglenoid displacement of the head of the humerus into the quadrangular
space can cause damage to the axillary nerve.
• This is indicated by paralysis of the deltoid muscle and loss of skin sensation
over the lower half of the deltoid.
• Downward displacement of the humerus can also stretch and damage the
radial nerve.
Wrist drop
26. •A subglenoid displacement of head of
humerus into quadrangular space can
cause damage to axillary nerve.
•This is indicated by paralysis of the
deltoid muscle and loss of skin
sensation over lower half of the deltoid.
•Downward displacement of humerus
can also stretch and damage radial
nerve.
28. Branches from 1st part of subclavian artery
• suprascapular artery,
(branch from 1st part of
subclavian artery)
distributed to supraspinous
and infraspinous fossae of
scapula.
• superficial cervical artery,
which gives off a deep
branch that runs down
medial border of scapula.
29. Branches from 3rd part of axillary artery
• subscapular artery and its
circumflex scapular branch
supply subscapular and
infraspinous fossae of scapula.
• anterior & posterior circumflex
humeral artery.
• Both circumflex arteries form
an anastomosing circle around
surgical neck of the humerus.