This document provides an overview of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including common types like chlamydia, gonorrhea, and HIV. It notes that over 1 million people acquire an STI daily, with many experiencing no symptoms. STIs can have serious health consequences if left untreated, such as infertility, increased HIV risk, and mother-to-child transmission. The document defines and describes various STIs, their symptoms, testing and treatment options. Prevention methods like abstinence, mutual monogamy, and condom use are recommended to reduce STI spread.

1. SEXUAL
TRANSMITED
DISEASE (STD/I)
By ; En Mohd Najib Bin Kamarolzaman

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3. OVERVIEW STD/STI:
• More than 1 million people acquire a sexually transmitted infection (STI)
every day.
• Each year, an estimated 500 million people become ill with one of 4
STIs: Chlamydia, Gonorrhoea, Syphilis And Trichomoniasis.
• More than 530 million people have the virus that causes genital herpes
(HSV2).
• More than 290 million women have a human papillomavirus (HPV)
infection.
• The majority of STIs are present without symptoms.
• Some STIs can increase the risk of HIV acquisition three-fold or more.
• STIs can have serious consequences beyond the immediate impact of
the infection itself, through mother-to-child transmission of infections
and chronic diseases.
• Drug resistance, especially for gonorrhoea, is a major threat to
reducing the impact of STIs worldwide.
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4. DEFINITION STD:
• Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), or
sexually transmitted infections (STIs), are
generally acquired by sexual contact.
• Infections that are most commonly
passed/TRANMISSION through sexual contact:
1. Oral
2. Vaginal
3. Anal
4. Skin-to-skin
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5. CLASSIFICATION STD:
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6. BODY FLUIDS: Which one’s
are considered infectious?
• Semen
• Vaginal fluid
• Blood
• Fluid in sores or
blisters
• Saliva
• Tears
• Sweat
• Urine
• Ear wax

7. METHODS OF TRANSMISSION:
Low Risk or No Risk
 Abstaining
 Hugging
 Kissing
 Holding hands
 Dancing
 Sitting on toilets
 Sharing lip balm
 Mutual
monogamy
 Massage
 Sharing forks,
knives, etc.

8. METHODS OF TRANSMISSION:
High Risk
 Sexual Intercourse
 vaginal
 anal
 oral
 Blood-to-blood contact
 Sharing needles or other drug-use
equipment
 Tattoo or body piercing
 Infected mother to her baby

9. Bacterial Vs Viral : STI’s
• Bacterial STI’s include
Chlamydia, LGV,
gonorrhea & syphilis
• Can be treated and
cured with antibiotics
• Untreated infection can
cause PID, infertility, &
epididymitis
• Viral STI’s include HPV,
HIV, Herpes, & Hepatitis
B
• There is NO cure
• Medication available to
treat symptoms only
• Can pass onto others for
the rest of your life

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Is a sexually transmitted infection (STI). It is caused by
infection with the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
It infects warm, moist areas of the body, including:
1. The Urethra (The Tube That Drains Urine From The
Urinary Bladder)
2. The Eyes
3. Throat
4. Vagina
5. Anus
6. Reproductive Tract (The Fallopian Tubes, Cervix, And
Uterus In Women)
GONORRHEA

11. GONORRHEA
• The 2nd most common bacterial STI
• Most common in people aged 15 to 29
• Can affect the cervix, urethra, rectum,
throat, and occasionally the eyes
• Can be treated with antibiotics
• Often NO symptoms, especially in females

12. GONORRHEA: Signs &
Symptoms
• Female
– Increased vaginal
discharge
– Painful urination
– Lower abdominal
pain
– Bleeding after sex
and between
periods
– Pain during sex
• Male
– Thick, yellowish-green
discharge from penis
– Painful urination
– Testicular pain or
swelling
– Rectal pain, discharge
or itching

13. GONORRHEA

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a chronic infectious disease, caused by a
spirochete, Treponema pallidum, usually
venereal in origin but often congenital, and
affecting almost any organ or tissue in the
body, especially the genitals, skin, mucous
membranes, aorta, brain, liver, bones, and
nerves.
SYPHILIS

15. SYPHILIS
• A bacterial infection that progresses in
stages
– Primary: (3 days – 3 months) starts as a
small, painless sore called a chancre; goes
away on it’s own
– Secondary: (2 – 24 weeks) rash on the body,
palms of hands & soles of feet, hair loss,
feeling sick
– Latent: lesions or rashes can recur

16. SYPHILIS - Complications
• Untreated syphilis may lead to tertiary
syphilis, which can damage:
– The cardiovascular system (heart & blood
vessels)
– The neurological system
– Other major organs of the body
– Complications may lead to death

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19. Chlamydia
• The most common bacterial STI
• Greatest number of infections found in people
15 to 24 years old
• Untreated, it can affect the cervix and urethra,
and occasionally the rectum, throat and eye
• 50% have NO symptoms - men and women
• Can be treated with antibiotics

20. CHLAMYDIA

21. CHLAMYDIA - Epididymitis

22. Genital Herpes
(Herpes Simplex Virus - HSV)
• Two types: HSV-1, causing cold sores, and HSV-2,
causing genital herpes
• It is a viral infection causing outbreaks of painful
sores and blisters
• Spread through direct vaginal, oral or anal sexual
contact with an infected partner
• Also transmitted by receiving oral sex from a
partner with a history of cold sores
• Symptoms can be treated with antiviral medications,
but NO CURE

23. Genital Herpes – Signs &
Symptoms
• Prior to an outbreak, the person may feel a
tingling or burning sensation where the virus
first entered the skin
• Painful sores (external or internal)
• Inflammation and redness
• Fever
• Muscular pain
• Tender lymph nodes

24. Genital Herpes

25. Hepatitis B (HBV)
• Virus that attacks the liver
• Most infected people (90%) naturally produce
antibodies to fight the disease, but some
develop chronic HBV and will carry the virus
for the rest of their life
• Chronic infection can lead to liver damage,
cirrhosis, and cancer
• There is NO CURE, but vaccination can
prevent infection

26. Hepatitis B
Woman suffering from liver cancer
caused by HBV
Photo courtesy of
Patricia Walker, MD

27. Human Papilloma Virus or HPV
(Genital Warts)
• One of the most common STIs
• About 75% of people will have at least one
HPV infection during their lifetime
• There are over 100 types of HPV
• Low-risk HPV types cause genital warts
• High-risk HPV types may cause cancer of
the cervix
• There is NO CURE, but vaccination is
available to prevent certain types of HPV

28. HPV – Signs & Symptoms
• Many people with low-risk types have
no symptoms
• Other HPV types may cause:
– Warts on vulva, cervix, penis, scrotum,
anus or in the urethra
– Itchiness
– Discomfort and bleeding during sex

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HPV – TREATMENT

31. TRICHOMONIASIs ;
• Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted disease (STD)
caused by a small organism called Trichomonas
vaginalis. Women are most often affected by this
disease, although men can become infected and pass
the infection to their partners through sexual contact.
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32. Many women do have signs or symptoms of infection.
Symptoms in women can include:
1. Greenish-yellow, frothy vaginal discharge with a strong
odor
2. Painful urination
3. Vaginal itching and irritation
4. Discomfort during intercourse
5. Lower abdominal pain (rare)
6. Symptoms usually appear within five to 28 days of
exposure in women.
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TRICHOMONIASIs ;

33. CHANCRE
• The primary lesion of syphilis; a hard, nonsensitive, dull
red papule or area of infiltration that begins at the site of
infection after an interval of 10 to 30 days. Also called
hard chancre , hard ulcer
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35. INVESTIGATION ;
1. PAP SMEAR SCREENING – Trichomoniasis
2. Staining - Gonorhea
3. VDRL (Venereal Disease Research Laboratory)
SCREENING – Siphylis
4. Dark-field Microscopy – Siphylis
5. Treponemal Serological Tests – Siphylis
6. HIV SCREENING – HIV
7. HEPATITIS SCREENING - Hepatitis
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INVESTIGATION ;

37. TREATMENT STD :
Effective treatment is currently available for several STIs.
1.Three bacterial STIs (chlamydia, gonorrhoea and
syphilis) and one parasitic STI (trichomoniasis) are
generally curable with existing, effective single-dose
regimens of ANTIBIOTICS.
2.For herpes and HIV, the most effective medications
available are ANTIVIRALS that can modulate the
course of the disease, though they cannot cure the
disease.
3.For hepatitis B, immune system modulators
(interferon) and ANTIVIRAL medications can help to
fight the virus and slow damage to the liver.
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38. • Resistance of STIs—in particular gonorrhoea—to
antibiotics has increased rapidly in recent years and has
reduced treatment options. The emergence of decreased
susceptibility of gonorrhoea to the “last line” treatment
option (oral and injectable cephalosporins) together with
antimicrobial resistance already shown to penicillins,
sulphonamides, tetracyclines, quinolones and
macrolides make gonorrhoea a multidrug-resistant
organism. Antimicrobial resistance for other STIs, though
less common, also exists, making prevention and prompt
treatment critical.
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TREATMENT STD :

39. • Adalah kes penyakit berjangkit yang disahkan oleh Pegawai
Perubatan @ Dr dari Hospita @ Klinik kepada Pejabat Kesihatan
Daerah.
• Notifikasi menggunakan borang khas BORANG NOTIFIKASI.
• Seksyen 10, Akta Pencegahan Penyakit Berjangkit
1988.
• Terdapat 44 Penyakit Berjangkit yang wajib dinotifikasi
Kepada PEJABAT KESIHATAN DAERAH (PKD).
• Terdapat 8 penyakit perlu dinotifikasi segera kurang dalam
masa 24 jam melalui telefon.
• Semua borang notifikasi perlu dihantar kepada pegawai kesihatan
daerah kurang seminggu.
• Notifikasi juga merupakan signal untuk semua pihak yang terlibat
memberi kerjasama dan tindakan segera.
• Notifikasi juga merupakan sumber survelien atau statistic semasa.
Notifikasi 44 kes penyakit berjangkit

40. 44 KES NOTIFIKASI PENYAKIT BERJANGKIT

41. IMMUNIZATION STD :
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1. HPV Vaccine on age 13 year
old female. Avoid cancer cervix
and HPV Infection.
2. Hepatitis B Vaccine on birth,
age 2 month , ang 6 month of
baby. Avoid hepatitis B
infection.

42. STI Prevention
• Abstain from sexual intercourse (only method
that is 100% effective)
• Don’t share needles or other drug-use
equipment
• Have only 1 mutually faithful, uninfected sexual
partner
• Get tested for STI’s before having sex
• Use a latex condom & spermicide
• Avoid alcohol & other drugs

43. COMPLICATION STD ;
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COMPLICATION STD ;

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