This document discusses repeat offending patterns and approaches to reducing repeat offending. It finds that most crime is committed by a small minority of repeat offenders, especially young men. Measurement of repeat offending is difficult due to underreporting of crime. Successful strategies to reduce repeat offending include using data to analyze patterns, identifying prolific offenders, focusing intensive resources on them, and using deterrents and treatment programs. Focusing on repeat offenders can be an efficient way to reduce crime, but identifying them prospectively is challenging.
Booklet that I made for criminological theories revision, using resources from the internet. These theories include:
* Classical Theory
* Functionalist Crime Theories (includes Durkheim and Merton)
* Marxist Theory
* Right realism
* Left realism
* Labelling (Interactionism)
* Individualistic theories (learning theories, psychological theories and psychodynamic theories)
* Eysenck's theory
* Family crime theories
* Neurophysiological (brain damage)
* Neurochemical
* Kohlberg's moral development
* Behaviourist theory
These PowerPoint presentations are intended for use by crime prevention practitioners who bring their experience and expertise to each topic. The presentations are not intended for public use or by individuals with no training or expertise in crime prevention. Each presentation is intended to educate, increase awareness, and teach prevention strategies. Presenters must discern whether their audiences require a more basic or advanced level of information.
NCPC welcomes your input and would like your assistance in tracking the use of these topical presentations. Please email NCPC at trainings@ncpc.org with information about when and how the presentations were used. If you like, we will also place you in a database to receive updates of the PowerPoint presentations and additional training information. We encourage you to visit www.ncpc.org to find additional information on these topics. We also invite you to send in your own trainer notes, handouts, pictures, and anecdotes to share with others on www.ncpc.org.
The school was headed by medical Criminologist Cesare Lombroso, who argued that criminality was a biological trait found in some human beings. The termLombroso used to describe the appearance of organisms resembling ancestral forms of life is atavism...
1.A preliminary investigation is conducted by probation officers.docxjackiewalcutt
1.
A preliminary investigation is conducted by probation officers at or during:
a. intake.
b. investigation.
c. supervision.
d. release of offender.
2.
The United States Supreme Court has ruled that only juveniles over the age of _____ can be executed for their crimes.
a. 10
b. 12
c. 14
d. 17
3.
What percent of juveniles currently are waived to adult court?
a. 5 percent
b. 15 percent
c. 25 percent
d. 36 percent
4.
Judges must hold probable cause hearings when:
a. prosecutors file to send a juvenile to adult court.
b. cases come to the adult court by a mandatory judicial waiver.
c. cases come to the adult court by a discretionary judicial waiver.
d. all of the choices apply.
5.
The probation official who has replaced the case worker is the:
a. police officer.
b. community resource manager.
c. intake officer.
d. referee.
6.
Which is the correct order in which probation services are provided?
a. Intake, investigation, supervision
b. Supervision, intake, investigation
c. Investigation, intake, supervision
d. Arrest, intake, investigation, supervision, bail
7.
In order for a state to have a valid death penalty, judges must consider:
a. mitigating circumstances.
b. statistical ambiguities in demographic trends.
c. historical traditions of the court.
d. future impact of the penalty on deterring crimes.
8.
According to studies on restitution, which of the following are among the primary goals of restitution programs?
a. Hold parents accountable for their children's offenses
b. They set-up local programs to fully reimburse victims for their financial damages at their expense
c. They hold juveniles accountable for their offenses
d. All of the choices apply
9.
The balanced approach in probation focuses on:
a. arrest, conviction, and confinement.
b. correction, rehabilitation, and aftercare.
c. the community, the victim, and the offender.
d. both arrest, conviction, and confinement and correction, rehabilitation, and aftercare.
10.
Which of the following are (is/a) goal(s) of electronic monitoring programs?
a. To reduce the number of field contacts required by home-confinement officers
b. To provide for early unification with the juvenile's family
c. To keep the juvenile out of school
d. Both to reduce the number of field contacts required by home-confinement officers and to provide for early unification with the juvenile's family
11.
Which of the following is the most widely used organization of probation in the United States?
a. Local/judicial
b. State/judicial
c. State/executive
d. Local/executive or a combination
12.
To keep youths out of the adult system, Hamparian, et al. have proposed the formation of a(n):
a. hidden system of justice.
b. youthful offender system.
c. net widening system.
d. none of the choices apply.
13.
Probation officers must satisfy:
a. the needs of the client.
b. only the juvenile justice system needs.
c. their own ...
Booklet that I made for criminological theories revision, using resources from the internet. These theories include:
* Classical Theory
* Functionalist Crime Theories (includes Durkheim and Merton)
* Marxist Theory
* Right realism
* Left realism
* Labelling (Interactionism)
* Individualistic theories (learning theories, psychological theories and psychodynamic theories)
* Eysenck's theory
* Family crime theories
* Neurophysiological (brain damage)
* Neurochemical
* Kohlberg's moral development
* Behaviourist theory
These PowerPoint presentations are intended for use by crime prevention practitioners who bring their experience and expertise to each topic. The presentations are not intended for public use or by individuals with no training or expertise in crime prevention. Each presentation is intended to educate, increase awareness, and teach prevention strategies. Presenters must discern whether their audiences require a more basic or advanced level of information.
NCPC welcomes your input and would like your assistance in tracking the use of these topical presentations. Please email NCPC at trainings@ncpc.org with information about when and how the presentations were used. If you like, we will also place you in a database to receive updates of the PowerPoint presentations and additional training information. We encourage you to visit www.ncpc.org to find additional information on these topics. We also invite you to send in your own trainer notes, handouts, pictures, and anecdotes to share with others on www.ncpc.org.
The school was headed by medical Criminologist Cesare Lombroso, who argued that criminality was a biological trait found in some human beings. The termLombroso used to describe the appearance of organisms resembling ancestral forms of life is atavism...
1.A preliminary investigation is conducted by probation officers.docxjackiewalcutt
1.
A preliminary investigation is conducted by probation officers at or during:
a. intake.
b. investigation.
c. supervision.
d. release of offender.
2.
The United States Supreme Court has ruled that only juveniles over the age of _____ can be executed for their crimes.
a. 10
b. 12
c. 14
d. 17
3.
What percent of juveniles currently are waived to adult court?
a. 5 percent
b. 15 percent
c. 25 percent
d. 36 percent
4.
Judges must hold probable cause hearings when:
a. prosecutors file to send a juvenile to adult court.
b. cases come to the adult court by a mandatory judicial waiver.
c. cases come to the adult court by a discretionary judicial waiver.
d. all of the choices apply.
5.
The probation official who has replaced the case worker is the:
a. police officer.
b. community resource manager.
c. intake officer.
d. referee.
6.
Which is the correct order in which probation services are provided?
a. Intake, investigation, supervision
b. Supervision, intake, investigation
c. Investigation, intake, supervision
d. Arrest, intake, investigation, supervision, bail
7.
In order for a state to have a valid death penalty, judges must consider:
a. mitigating circumstances.
b. statistical ambiguities in demographic trends.
c. historical traditions of the court.
d. future impact of the penalty on deterring crimes.
8.
According to studies on restitution, which of the following are among the primary goals of restitution programs?
a. Hold parents accountable for their children's offenses
b. They set-up local programs to fully reimburse victims for their financial damages at their expense
c. They hold juveniles accountable for their offenses
d. All of the choices apply
9.
The balanced approach in probation focuses on:
a. arrest, conviction, and confinement.
b. correction, rehabilitation, and aftercare.
c. the community, the victim, and the offender.
d. both arrest, conviction, and confinement and correction, rehabilitation, and aftercare.
10.
Which of the following are (is/a) goal(s) of electronic monitoring programs?
a. To reduce the number of field contacts required by home-confinement officers
b. To provide for early unification with the juvenile's family
c. To keep the juvenile out of school
d. Both to reduce the number of field contacts required by home-confinement officers and to provide for early unification with the juvenile's family
11.
Which of the following is the most widely used organization of probation in the United States?
a. Local/judicial
b. State/judicial
c. State/executive
d. Local/executive or a combination
12.
To keep youths out of the adult system, Hamparian, et al. have proposed the formation of a(n):
a. hidden system of justice.
b. youthful offender system.
c. net widening system.
d. none of the choices apply.
13.
Probation officers must satisfy:
a. the needs of the client.
b. only the juvenile justice system needs.
c. their own ...
Enrique Betancourt, World Bank & Chemonics InternationalGeneva Declaration
"Applying Lessons from Operation Ceasefire in Latin America"
Regional Review Conference on the Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development
Antigua, Guatemala | 28-30 April 2014
Characteristics od Sibling and Nonsibling Sexual Abuse Cases Under Canadian C...BASPCAN
Dr. Delphine Collin-Vezina
Director
Centre for Research on Children and Families
Tier II Canada Research Chair in Child Welfare
Associate Professor, McGill University
1.The major court decision protecting juveniles from unauthorize.docxhyacinthshackley2629
1.
The major court decision protecting juveniles from unauthorized searches and seizures was:
a. Miranda.
b. Mapp v. Ohio.
c. In re Gault.
d. Brown v. Mississippi.
2.
Discretion is when:
a. youths return to crime again and again after being found guilty of their first offense.
b. police exercise their ability to choose from alternatives.
c. police choose to focus on prevention of crime rather than reacting quickly to an offense.
3.
Victimization studies find that:
a. more crime is committed than is reported.
b. victimization rates are consistent among demographic groups across the United States.
c. juveniles are more likely to be victimized than any other age group.
d. both more crime is committed than is reported and juveniles are more likely to be victimized than any other age group.
4.
Juveniles:
a. are more likely to be killed in schools than on the streets or at home.
b. are about equally likely to be killed in one school as the next.
c. in large numbers are the victims of bullying, physical attack, or robbery in the schools.
d. are murdered in schools at rates far lower than implied by the media.
5.
The major focus of the Fourteenth Amendment is on standards of:
a. search and seizure.
b. fairness and due process.
c. cruel and unusual punishment.
d. freedom of speech and the press.
6.
Larger police units typically deal with juvenile crime:
a. enthusiastically since arresting a juvenile is considered a "good" arrest.
b. by setting up specialized units and departments to deal with juvenile crime.
c. by assigning any patrol officer available to any juvenile case needing attention.
d. both by setting up specialized units and departments to deal with juvenile crime and by assigning any patrol officer available to any juvenile case needing attention.
7.
An example of formal processing is a:
a. youth given a firm "talking to" on the street.
b. youth taken into custody and allowed to leave when he/she asks.
c. youth taken into custody and placed in detention until the juvenile prosecutor reviews the case.
d. both youth taken into custody and allowed to leave when he/she asks and youth taken into custody and placed in detention until the juvenile prosecutor reviews the case.
8.
Which of the following have/has been found through research?
a. Intervention by the juvenile justice system makes youths worse
b. A small group of offenders commit large numbers of crimes
c. Lower class youths tend to be involved in more serious offenses than middle class youths
d. All of the choices apply
9.
Victimization surveys focus on:
a. interviewing hospital emergency room personnel to determine the number of victimizations.
b. a national survey of households.
c. police data on victims.
d. both a national survey of households and police data on victims.
10.
The Uniform Crime Reports are compiled by the:
a. International Association of Chiefs of Police.
b. Federal Bureau of Investigation.
c. .
Innovations in Domestic Violence Intervention Poster PresentationPatricia Hall
This is a poster presentation created by researchers at UNC Greensboro, April 2013, to illustrate the Offender Focused Domestic Violence Initiative used in High Point, NC. This initiative is based on the highly successful model created to reduce drug and gun related violence in High Point. Begun in April 2012, the first year's results will be presented in November, 2013/
Running Head REDUCING RECIDIVISM THROUGH SUPERVISIONS 1 .docxcharisellington63520
Running Head: REDUCING RECIDIVISM THROUGH SUPERVISIONS 1
Success Rates of Traditional and Intensive Supervisors in Reducing Recidivism
John Doe
University Name
Sample Paper
Running Head: REDUCING RECIDIVISM THROUGH SUPERVISIONS 2
Abstract
The purpose of this paper to suggest a research proposal describing the succes rates of
traditional and intensive supervison on reducing recidivism. A design plan was designed
suggesting the type of research method used, which is a mixed-method research, and the
strenghts and weaknesses it may bring; the variables, the independent(traditional and intensive)
and dependent(recidivism) variables included; the sample of what is being studied, how it is
being chosen and how many people are needed for the research to move forward; the statistical
analysis being used and a total of ten annotated references summarizing each work and
suggesting its importance to the research.
Running Head: REDUCING RECIDIVISM THROUGH SUPERVISIONS 3
Introduction
The topic of this research is recidivism and what approach has been the most successful
in reducing it, there are two types of supervisions, traditional and intensive, that are used in the
criminal justice system that need to be tested for success rate and researched for understanding in
order to determine not only their worth, but their success rates in the reduction of recidivism.
Recidivism is the tendency to relapse into a behavior or a condition, such as criminal behavior
and the reason why this matter is important is because the cold hard facts and numbers suggest
that “nearly 650,000 people are released from the nation’s prisons every year, and about nine
million more are released from jails. Two-thirds of those who come out of prison are rearrested
within three years of release” (Dory, 2009). More than half of the people being released are
committing the same crimes that got them convicted in the first place or are committing even
more dangerous crimes, like murder. The community can’t afford these type of careless releases
because they will be the ones being victimized, their families and friends will be the ones facing
the dangers of becoming another statistic in a murder crime. The people being released are just
being thrown out into the community where they will not be accepted and where they will not fit
in, unless they are helped and supervised accordingly.
There are two types of supervisions being used, traditional and intensive, traditional
supervision consists of offenders under correctional control in the community that are given
either the minimal or regular type of supervision, which means they are required to report as
little if any to their correctional officers and intensive supervision consists of offenders under
correctional control in the community to report constantly, the requirements are more strict and
there are conditions that .
SLSA 2013 - Using vps to identify vulnerable and intimidated victimsLouise Taylor
PowerPoint slides from my conference paper delivered with Jo Boylan-Kemp at the Criminal Law and Criminal Justice stream of the SLSA Annual Conference 2013.
"From data collection to action: what data is needed for global policies?"
Regional Review Conference on the Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development
Geneva, Switzerland | 8-9 July 2014
WINDING UP of COMPANY, Modes of DissolutionKHURRAMWALI
Winding up, also known as liquidation, refers to the legal and financial process of dissolving a company. It involves ceasing operations, selling assets, settling debts, and ultimately removing the company from the official business registry.
Here's a breakdown of the key aspects of winding up:
Reasons for Winding Up:
Insolvency: This is the most common reason, where the company cannot pay its debts. Creditors may initiate a compulsory winding up to recover their dues.
Voluntary Closure: The owners may decide to close the company due to reasons like reaching business goals, facing losses, or merging with another company.
Deadlock: If shareholders or directors cannot agree on how to run the company, a court may order a winding up.
Types of Winding Up:
Voluntary Winding Up: This is initiated by the company's shareholders through a resolution passed by a majority vote. There are two main types:
Members' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is solvent (has enough assets to pay off its debts) and shareholders will receive any remaining assets after debts are settled.
Creditors' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is insolvent and creditors will be prioritized in receiving payment from the sale of assets.
Compulsory Winding Up: This is initiated by a court order, typically at the request of creditors, government agencies, or even by the company itself if it's insolvent.
Process of Winding Up:
Appointment of Liquidator: A qualified professional is appointed to oversee the winding-up process. They are responsible for selling assets, paying off debts, and distributing any remaining funds.
Cease Trading: The company stops its regular business operations.
Notification of Creditors: Creditors are informed about the winding up and invited to submit their claims.
Sale of Assets: The company's assets are sold to generate cash to pay off creditors.
Payment of Debts: Creditors are paid according to a set order of priority, with secured creditors receiving payment before unsecured creditors.
Distribution to Shareholders: If there are any remaining funds after all debts are settled, they are distributed to shareholders according to their ownership stake.
Dissolution: Once all claims are settled and distributions made, the company is officially dissolved and removed from the business register.
Impact of Winding Up:
Employees: Employees will likely lose their jobs during the winding-up process.
Creditors: Creditors may not recover their debts in full, especially if the company is insolvent.
Shareholders: Shareholders may not receive any payout if the company's debts exceed its assets.
Winding up is a complex legal and financial process that can have significant consequences for all parties involved. It's important to seek professional legal and financial advice when considering winding up a company.
Military Commissions details LtCol Thomas Jasper as Detailed Defense CounselThomas (Tom) Jasper
Military Commissions Trial Judiciary, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Notice of the Chief Defense Counsel's detailing of LtCol Thomas F. Jasper, Jr. USMC, as Detailed Defense Counsel for Abd Al Hadi Al-Iraqi on 6 August 2014 in the case of United States v. Hadi al Iraqi (10026)
How to Obtain Permanent Residency in the NetherlandsBridgeWest.eu
You can rely on our assistance if you are ready to apply for permanent residency. Find out more at: https://immigration-netherlands.com/obtain-a-permanent-residence-permit-in-the-netherlands/.
2. Outline
1. Repeat offending patterns
2. Repeat offending and other patterns
3. Approaches to reducing repeat offending
4. Deciding on repeat offending measures
2
3. Repeat offending patterns
a) Measurement is tricky
b) Dishonesty is widespread
c) Most crime is committed by a small
minority
d) Crime is mostly masculine and mostly
committed by the young
e) There are different types of repeat
offender
3
4. Measurement is tricks
• Self report studies are used, because
– only a minority of crime is reported and of that
reported only a minority is detected, and
because of weaknesses in recording
• Criminal justice data – detected, charged,
convicted, are used because of
– Cost, possible memory failures, and risk of
lying in self-report studies and because of
breadth of coverage of CJ data
• The broad conclusions are the same
4
5. b) Dishonesty is widespread
• In 1947, of 1,970 New York adults without
a criminal record 99% admitted they had
committed one or more of 49 crimes listed
• In England and Wales a third of males
were found to have at least one conviction
for a notifiable offence by the time they are
32
5
6. c) Most crime is committed by a
small minority
• In the US 5-6% of the population have been
found to commit 50-60% of all recorded crime
• In England and Wales one per cent of the
population making up 9% of offenders were
found to commit 62% of offenses (reported or
otherwise)
– 11% of male offenders committed 66% of all offences
by males
– 6% of female offenders committed 53% of all offences
by females
6
7. d) Crime is mostly masculine and
mostly committed by the young
7
8. Last year prevalence property crime by
age (percent committing one or more)
0 10 20 30
10-11
12-13
14-15
16-17
18-19
20-25
26-35
36-45
46-65
10-17
All
Females
Males
8
9. Last year prevalence violent crime by
age (percent committing one or more)
0 10 20 30 40
10-11
12-13
14-15
16-17
18-19
20-25
26-35
36-45
46-65
10-17
All
Females
Males
9
10. Rate of offending by age and gender
Males Females
%sample %offenders %offences %sample %offenders %offences
None 88 94
One 4 35 4 2 36 5
Two 2 16 4 1 18 5
Three to five 3 21 9 2 24 13
Six to nine 1 8 6 1 9 9
Ten to
nineteen 1 9 12 <0.5 8 15
Twenty or
more 1 11 66 <0.5 6 53
10
11. Serious and prolific offending by age
and gender
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Not serious or prolific
Serious, not prolific
Prolific, not serious
Serious and prolific
11
13. Key risk factors for persistent
offending
• Disruptive child behaviour (e.g. troublesomeness)
• Criminality in the family (a convicted parent, a delinquent
sibling)
• Low IQ or low school attainment
• Family factors, including poor child-rearing, a disrupted
family and a young mother
• High daring, impulsiveness, or poor concentration
• Economic deprivation (low income, poor housing, large
family size).
13
14. The problem of false positives
and false negatives
14
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1+ 2+ 3+ 4-5
Vulnerability score
Numberofindividuals
False positives
False negatives
True positives
15. e) Types of repeat offender
• Adolescent-limited
• Lifetime persistent
• But almost all age out of crime in the end
15
16. Relevance of repeat offending to
POP
• Dealing with repeat offending appears an
efficient way of dealing with crime
problems, if a relatively small number of
individuals are causing a large proportion
of the problem,.
16
17. Repeat offending and other forms
of crime concentration
• High crime neighborhoods have a high
rate of crime partly because they have a
disproportionate number of repeat victims
• Repeat offenders tend to be responsible
for repeat victimisation
• Repeat offenders, repeat victims and hot
spots are associated with one another
17
18. 3. Approaches to reducing repeat
offending
a) Incapacitation of repeat offenders
b) Deterrence of repeat offenders
c) Informal social control of repeat offenders
d) Treatment to reduce disposition to re-
offend
e) Drug treatment to reduce need to re-offend
f) Mixed strategies
g) Large-scale programs
18
19. a) Incapacitation of repeat
offenders
• Overall effects small given low detection rates and
the finding that offences by prolific offenders are
detected at a lower rate than those of non-prolifics.
• Targeted incapacitation can be effective in
reducing volume crimes.
– For example in the Netherlands enhanced prison
sentences of 2 years were made available for habitual
offenders for whom other preventive efforts had failed
(minimum 10+ convictions with an average of 31, almost
all of whom were unemployed drug-dependent older
individuals). This was associated with substantial falls in
volume crime, a reduction of around 100 thefts per
annum for the incapacitation of one additional prolific
offender.
19
20. b) Deterrence of repeat offenders
• Given low detection rates, deterrence effects are
generally deemed small amongst repeat
offenders. For example, in the US it is estimated
that there is a 1 in 30 chance of an inmate
burglar being charged for any given burglary.
• With targeted publicity and swift and sure known
responses, however, deterrence has been found
to prevent specific crimes, for example gang-
related shootings in Boston.
20
21. c) Informal social control of repeat
offenders
• Restorative conferencing has been used in
part to try to prevent repeat offending
through activating informal social control.
Results have been mixed.
• Confronting offenders with the negative
responses of those already close to them,
who challenge their rationalisation for
offending, has been found effective in
reducing gang-related repeat offending.
21
22. d) Treatment to reduce disposition
to re-offend
• Overviews of evaluations have not found
consistently effective treatment programs to
reduce dispositions to offend repeatedly.
• Cognitive behavioral therapy shows some
promise for some offenders.
• Repeat offender treatment programs are
generally expensive.
• There are suggestions that targeting ‘turning
points,’ where circumstances change for
offenders, may provide a window for changing
disposition.
22
23. e) Drug treatment to reduce need
to re-offend
• There tend to be high drop-out rates for
drug treatment programs.
• There is some evidence of success where
treatment is coerced.
– The Dutch incarceration of prolific offenders
was accompanied by coerced drug treatment.
23
24. f) Mixed strategies
• The overlap between repeat offending and
repeat victimisation has informed
successful crime prevention strategies
relating to burglary and domestic violence.
Here, an initial low-key response is
followed by efforts at detection (some
covert) and invocation of the criminal
justice system if there are successive
repeat incidents.
24
25. g) Large-scale general programs
• There have been various general programs to deal with
repeat offenders.
– E.g. Repeat Offender Program (ROP) in the US and Persistent
and Prolific Offender (PPO) in England and Wales.
• ROPs have suffered implementation problems. With
strong implementation suspected prolific offenders have
been targeted and processed efficiently with longer
sentences secured.
• The PPO program has tried to ‘prevent and deter’ young
offenders, ‘catch and convict’ those involved but not yet
under the control of the criminal justice system and
‘rehabilitate and resettle’ known offenders. Overall there
was no convincing evidence of effectiveness in reducing
criminality.
25
26. 4. Deciding on repeat offending
measures in POP: checklist
a) Is your problem mostly produced by prolific or occasional
offenders?
b) Who are the current repeat offenders relevant to your problem?
c) What are the particular attributes of the relevant repeat
offenders? What facilitates their continued offending?
d) Is targeting those who might offend in the future ethically
justifiable?
e) Will the current repeat offenders be replaced by others? If so,
how will they routinely be identified?
f) Are effective means available to address the relevant repeat
offending?
g) What alternative or complementary strategies are needed
alongside attention to repeat offending?
h) What has already been done locally to deal with repeat
offenders producing your problem and what do you learn from
this?
26
27. Successful strategies
• Use data to analyse the repeat offending
patterns for the target problem
• Identify systematically those individuals
engaged in the repeat offending
• Focus intensively (and expensively) on
those known to be prolific offenders
• Use relevant sticks and carrots to
deter/disable offending and encourage
relevant evidence-based treatment
27
28. Take-home messages
• Retrospectively, offending is widely found to be concentrated on a
small minority of prolific offenders
• Focusing crime prevention on repeat offenders depends on
identifying them prospectively
• It is generally difficult to identify individual repeat offenders
prospectively, but it is sometimes possible, for example:
– Domestic violence
– Bullying/harassment
– Gang-related violence
– Substance abusers living chaotic lives
• Carrot and stick approaches show promise as a general strategy to
deal with many repeat offender problems
• Problem-solving is often better focused on places with a history of
problems and a predictable future of problems than on prolific
offenders 28