The document discusses several myths related to sex offender policies and recidivism rates. It provides facts showing that:
1) Recidivism rates are much lower than believed, with most studies finding rates around 14% for sex offenders over 4-6 years;
2) Not all sex offenders are the same - some groups like pedophiles who molest boys reoffend more than others; and
3) Treatment can help reduce recidivism by 10-40% according to several studies.
Hate crime (also known as a bias-motivated crime or bias crime)[1] is a prejudice-motivated crime which occurs when a perpetrator targets a victim because of their membership (or perceived membership) of a certain social group or racial demographic.
Examples of such groups can include, and are almost exclusively limited to ethnicity, disability, language, nationality, physical appearance, religion, gender identity or sexual orientation.[2][3][4] Non-criminal actions that are motivated by these reasons are often called "bias incidents".
"Hate crime" generally refers to criminal acts which are seen to have been motivated by bias against one or more of the social groups listed above, or by bias against their derivatives. Incidents may involve physical assault, homicide, damage to property, bullying, harassment, verbal abuse (which includes slurs) or insults, mate crime or offensive graffiti or letters (hate mail).[5]
A hate crime law is a law intended to deter bias-motivated violence.[6] Hate crime laws are distinct from laws against hate speech: hate crime laws enhance the penalties associated with conduct which is already criminal under other laws, while hate speech laws criminalize a category of speech.
This ppt will help u in understanding hate crimes
1. Hate Crime In Prison
The role of prison life in the growth of hate crime and hate groups
2. Prison Community Connection
Prisoners are no longer isolated from the community.
Prisons and communities impact each other
95% of prisoners will return to the community
The State controls the perimeter but not behavior
3. History of Prison Gangs
4. Gangs to Hate
5. Group Affiliations
6. Prison Hate Motivated Behavior
7. Hate Based Gangs
8. Hate Group Victims
9. Racial identity
10. Epidemiology of Hate
11. Public Health Model
12. Prison Power Model
13. Hate Groups Impact on the Community
Develop into criminal enterprises
14. Optimum Balance
http://www.inmatecountyjail.com
Hate crime (also known as a bias-motivated crime or bias crime)[1] is a prejudice-motivated crime which occurs when a perpetrator targets a victim because of their membership (or perceived membership) of a certain social group or racial demographic.
Examples of such groups can include, and are almost exclusively limited to ethnicity, disability, language, nationality, physical appearance, religion, gender identity or sexual orientation.[2][3][4] Non-criminal actions that are motivated by these reasons are often called "bias incidents".
"Hate crime" generally refers to criminal acts which are seen to have been motivated by bias against one or more of the social groups listed above, or by bias against their derivatives. Incidents may involve physical assault, homicide, damage to property, bullying, harassment, verbal abuse (which includes slurs) or insults, mate crime or offensive graffiti or letters (hate mail).[5]
A hate crime law is a law intended to deter bias-motivated violence.[6] Hate crime laws are distinct from laws against hate speech: hate crime laws enhance the penalties associated with conduct which is already criminal under other laws, while hate speech laws criminalize a category of speech.
This ppt will help u in understanding hate crimes
1. Hate Crime In Prison
The role of prison life in the growth of hate crime and hate groups
2. Prison Community Connection
Prisoners are no longer isolated from the community.
Prisons and communities impact each other
95% of prisoners will return to the community
The State controls the perimeter but not behavior
3. History of Prison Gangs
4. Gangs to Hate
5. Group Affiliations
6. Prison Hate Motivated Behavior
7. Hate Based Gangs
8. Hate Group Victims
9. Racial identity
10. Epidemiology of Hate
11. Public Health Model
12. Prison Power Model
13. Hate Groups Impact on the Community
Develop into criminal enterprises
14. Optimum Balance
http://www.inmatecountyjail.com
CJCJ's Executive Director Daniel Macallair, is a practitioner-in-residence at San Francisco State University (SFSU)'s Department of Criminal Justice Studies. These slides are from his California Corrections System course materials.
CJCJ's Executive Director Daniel Macallair, is a practitioner-in-residence at San Francisco State University (SFSU)'s Department of Criminal Justice Studies. These slides are from his California Corrections System course materials.
11 Sex Offenders Assessment and TreatmentShahid M. Shahidullah an.docxpaynetawnya
11 Sex Offenders: Assessment and Treatment
Shahid M. Shahidullah and Diane L. GreenINTRODUCTION
There has been a rapid growth and expansion of correctional institutions in America in the1980s and 1990s. Between 1982 and 2003, correctional expenditures for all levels of government, including federal, state, and local, increased 573 percent. In 1982, total correctional expenditures were about $9.1 billion. In 2003, they increased to about $60.9 billion (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2006). This rapid growth in correctional expenditures was accompanied with rapid growth in incarcerated population. In 2004, there were about 7 million people in America who were in prison, or jail, or in probation. Between 1995 and 2005, the incarcerated population in America grew at an annual rate of about 3.4 percent (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2005). In 2001, about $38.2 billion was spent by the state authorities for corrections, and out of that about $28.4 billion was spent for adult correctional facilities. In 2001, about 59 percent of the justice expenditures of the states were for corrections alone.
This growth and expansion in corrections has brought, particularly for the states, not only new prisons and prison jobs but also new responsibilities and concerns for offender management. In the context of the emerging policy model of prison reentry, correctional institutions are being increasingly asked to build a bridge between prison and communities, particularly through a model of offender management that can reduce recidivism and strengthen reentry and reintegration. A new managerial paradigm is currently growing in American corrections that emphasizes that offender management should be seen in terms of a more holistic and comprehensive perspective—a perspective that can combine risk assessment and treatment with new goals and planning for their reentry and offender management in the communities (MacKenzie, 2001). This new model has expanded particularly in the area of sex offender management, and its expansion is planned and guided nationally by the Center for Sex Offender Management [CSOM]—a federal program established in 1997 by the Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice, in collaboration with the National Institute of Justice, National Institute of Corrections, State Justice Institute, and the American Probation and Parole Association.
The core of the CSOM model is that sex offender management must begin with effective assessment and treatment of sex offenders inside the prison. Reentry and recidivism depend on whether the risk of reoffending was effectively assessed, and suitable treatment plans were made and offered. The postincarceration success of sex offender registration, notification, tracking, and management is now seen as intimately connected with effective sex offender assessment and treatment during incarceration in prison. It is because of this emerging comprehensive approach that correctional institutions are reexamining ...
Presented by
John Lynch, Yamhill Co. Juv. Dept.
SUPERVISION & TREATMENT
OF SEXUAL OFFENDERS
1
Almost every hand you’ve shaken has touched a penis.
THINK ABOUT THIS
FOR A SECOND…
To gain knowledge regarding the broad range of considerations when supervising offenders who have committed sexual offenses and to examine effective intervention strategies.
LEARNING GOAL
Myths about sex offenders
Common characteristics of sex offenders
Sexual offense recidivism rates
Risk factors that are/are not associated
with recidivism
Common tactics of sex offenders
WE WILL COVER…
“Success-oriented” supervision model
The importance of communication
Specialized supervision conditions and
success-oriented goals
How to respond to violations
WE WILL COVER…
Effective interventions
Common treatment goals
Use of the polygraph
Doing your job better & reducing your
stress
WE WILL COVER…
SEX OFFENDER VERSION
7
Most sexual offenses are committed by strangers.
Most sexual offenses are committed by someone known to the victim or victim’s family, regardless if the victim is a child or an adult.
Approximately 60% of boys and 80% of girls who are sexually victimized are abused by someone known to the child or the child’s family.
From 2005 to 2010, 78% of sexual violence involved an offender who was a family member, intimate partner, friend, or acquaintance.
Debunking the Myths
Bullet 2 – (60% boys / 80% girls) is from Lieb, Quinsey, and Berliner, 1998.
In a 2009 study conducted by the US Dept. of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 13,471 juvenile sex offender cases were evaluated which revealed that in 88.2% of reported incidents, the victim was either a family member or acquaintance.
Only 2.5% involved a victim who was considered a stranger to the offender.
Victim Relationship
Rape and sexual assault victimizations against females by victim-offender relationship
1994–1998, 1999–2004, and 2005–2010Victim-Offender Relationship1994-19981999-20042005-2010Stranger
Non-stranger21%
79%25%
75%22%
78%Intimate Partner
(includes former spouse, BF, GF)28%30%34%Relative9%3%6%Acquaintance42%42%38%
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 1994–2010.
Female Victims of Sexual Violence, 1994-2010 (March 2013). Special report published by the US Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Sexual offense rates are higher than ever and continue to climb.
Despite the increase in publicity about sexual crimes, from 1995 to 2010, the estimated annual rate of female (age 12 or older) rape or sexual assault victimizations has declined 58%.
Debunking the Myths
Only a fraction of those who commit sexual offenses are apprehended and convicted for their crimes.
Debunking the Myths
Debunking the Myths
This figure taken from the Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network (RAINN) website, acces.
Bad bad teacher! How judicial lenience, cultural ignorance, and media hype have inevitably lead to lighter sentences, underreporting and glamorization of female sex offenders - By: Stephanie S. Reidlinger
Domestic Violence
Toya Jones
Devry University
Introduction
Domestic violence is a described as a pattern of threatening or assaultive conduct that an individual uses against another party in a relationship. The relationships are profiled as follows; the victim and the abuser live together, dating, had dated married or are divorced. Most of the violence is intentioned to cause one to cede control or direction to an abuser.
The victims of this kind of violence are people from all segments of the society. Most of the victims of this type of violence are women, though an increasing number of men are falling victim to this type of violence (Harne & Radford, 2008). Statistics on the number of people who suffer this type of violence are hard to come by since most of the violence occurs behind closed doors though experts speculate 1 in 5 women experience it in their lifetime.
According to Harne & Ranford (2008), experts report that the prevalence of domestic violence is on the increase with almost 80% of shelters for domestic violence victims seeking their services in the past 5 years. It was also reported that almost 70 % percent of the women in the shelters stayed longer and this was attributed to mostly economic factors and psychological issues.
Dynamics of Domestic Violence
While economic factors contribute to the domestic violence issue, the trigger for the economic aspect of the problem is a psychological factor that needs to be addressed in order to stem the cycle of domestic abuse. According to Sherman, Schmidt & Rogan (1992), the psychological factor involves an abuser developing a destructive thinking pattern makes them believe they have to be in control of a victim. The abuser could also develop an unhealthy relationship that makes the abuser believe that the victim is responsible for their good fortune or happiness. It is this two underlying psychological factors that create a fertile environment for the vice to be perpetrated.
Most of the victims of domestic violence are women and the abuse traverses all age sets and social spheres. Men account for around 14 % of the victims of domestic violence. The number of men coming out to report violence towards them is on the increase. Johnson & Ferraro (2000), report that this has been attributed to the increased social awareness programs that have broken the societal bounds that men were traditionally associated with before. This rise in the number of men suffering domestic violence has also been attributed to the same sex couples. Same sex couples contributed to 80% of the men who reported suffering from domestic violence. The increased awareness campaign and societal acceptance is the reason for this increase.
According to Tolman & Raphael (2000), societal expectation of men is also a factor that has contributed to the rise in domestic violence. The traditional patriarchal view of men that they are masculine, strong and powerful and that women are subservient to thi ...
Effects of sex in the media - a book chapter by Jackson and BarlettXanat V. Meza
Disclaimer: all images and original texts belong to their rightful owners.
Notes on Chapter 15 of the book "Media effects. Advances in Theory and Research", edited by Bryant and Oliver.
Very few of us know that 73% of the rape victims know the rapists. Moreover, 40% of rapes happen at victim’s home and 20% occur in the homes of familiar people.
It turned out that most of us have no idea about the effective precautions needed to protect ourselves from the traumatic experience, because we expect danger from a wrong source. A widespread belief is that one should expect a rapist to sit in the bushes in the park late at night, while the reality is different.
My colleague Paulina Grzelak and I were astonished while exploring this topic, as we were quite oblivious to the real situation as well. Therefore, we decided to make a small questionnaire and ask people what they think about rape.
This presentation begins with the analysis of what makes a person become a rapist, which is followed by the comparison of the results of the questionnaire with real data.
I would be grateful if you shared this presentation as many people need this knowledge.
I also want to add that most figures we present come from the States where definition of rape and social situation may differ from ours. Hence, comparing data from the U.S. with opinions from Poland and Ukraine may seem improper. For instance, being forced into sexual contact by husband may not even be recognized as rape in Ukraine, “because it’s his natural right”. And even if a wife admits this fact, social welfare system (which does not exist here, let’s face it) leaves her no option apart from remaining silent, while in the U.S. rape victims are less dependent on family members. Therefore, one has to approach the statistics carefully. Still, we believe that using American data can be justified by the fact that they explore the subject more than any other country.
11320171Chapter 13 Public Order Crimes-Slides andBenitoSumpter862
11/3/2017
1
Chapter 13: Public Order Crimes
-Slides and data in this outline are from Adler, Mueller, and Laufer (2007, 2013 &
2018); Siegel (2015); and modified by Manning (2007, 2013, 2015 & 2018).
Drug abuse and crime
Alcohol and crime
Sexual morality offenses
Law and Morality
• Public Order Crimes
• Behavior that is outlawed because it threatens the general well-being of
society and challenges its accepted moral principles.
• Sometimes referred to as victimless crimes.
• Drug and alcohol use, prostitution, pornography and even gambling.
• Censorship of those freely choosing to engage maybe a violation of free
speech.
• Which may lead to dissent
• Moral Crusaders say it doesn’t diminish freedom of opinion.
Law and Morality
• Criminal or Immoral?
• Social harm
• Immoral acts can be distinguished from crimes on the basis of the injury they cause:
• Acts that cause harm or injury are outlawed and punished as crimes.
• Acts, even those that are vulgar, offensive, and depraved are not outlawed or punished if they
harm no one.
• 500,000 US deaths per year due to alcohol and tobacco
• Immoral yet legal and regulated by our government.
• Marijuana is nonfatal and sold for medical purposes
• Should laws be applied to shape social morality?
• What about polygamy, or minors and marriage?
• Why is prostitution illegal?
11/3/2017
2
Substance Abuse: when did it begin?
• Egypt – use of opium
• Religion 3,500 BC; Painkiller 1,600 AD
• USE – Use begins for medical purposes
• Opium (Morphine and Codeine)
• Used to treat a wide variety of illness
• Civil War morphine = Soldiers disease
• 1860s cocaine to unblock sinues.
• Alcohol and its prohibition
• January 16, 1920, the 18th Amendment prohibited the manufacture, sale and
transportation of alcoholic beverages.
• Women’s Christian Temperance Union
• American Anti-Saloon League (Carrie Nation).
• December 5, 1933, the 21st Amendment to the Constitution repealed 18th.
Stats on drug abuse
• Extent of substance abuse
• Alcohol abuse in USA national high school studies: approximately 52%
• Binge drinking – 5x once per month 23%
• Heavy drinking – 5 per night 5 x per month 6%
• NHS surveys show:
• Drug abuse declined between 1970-1990
• Increased until 1996
• 2007 till now marijuana rose to an all time high
• Major issues: K2 and spice is synthetic marijuana (not plant based)
• Overall drug used peaked in 1970s, decreased till 1990s and now steady.
• Exceptions: Marijuana and Heroin (US epidemic) has increased since 2011
Drug abuse linked to crime
• Substance abuse appears to be heavily linked to crime.
• Adolescents who use illegal drugs engage in more fights and theft.
• 40% incarcerated adults for violence crimes used alcohol before arrest.
• Alcohol reduces restraint on aggression
• Alcohol reduces awareness of consequences
• Drunk driving
• There are different kinds of drug users but not all commit crimes.
• There are differences in criminality ...
11320171Chapter 13 Public Order Crimes-Slides andSantosConleyha
11/3/2017
1
Chapter 13: Public Order Crimes
-Slides and data in this outline are from Adler, Mueller, and Laufer (2007, 2013 &
2018); Siegel (2015); and modified by Manning (2007, 2013, 2015 & 2018).
Drug abuse and crime
Alcohol and crime
Sexual morality offenses
Law and Morality
• Public Order Crimes
• Behavior that is outlawed because it threatens the general well-being of
society and challenges its accepted moral principles.
• Sometimes referred to as victimless crimes.
• Drug and alcohol use, prostitution, pornography and even gambling.
• Censorship of those freely choosing to engage maybe a violation of free
speech.
• Which may lead to dissent
• Moral Crusaders say it doesn’t diminish freedom of opinion.
Law and Morality
• Criminal or Immoral?
• Social harm
• Immoral acts can be distinguished from crimes on the basis of the injury they cause:
• Acts that cause harm or injury are outlawed and punished as crimes.
• Acts, even those that are vulgar, offensive, and depraved are not outlawed or punished if they
harm no one.
• 500,000 US deaths per year due to alcohol and tobacco
• Immoral yet legal and regulated by our government.
• Marijuana is nonfatal and sold for medical purposes
• Should laws be applied to shape social morality?
• What about polygamy, or minors and marriage?
• Why is prostitution illegal?
11/3/2017
2
Substance Abuse: when did it begin?
• Egypt – use of opium
• Religion 3,500 BC; Painkiller 1,600 AD
• USE – Use begins for medical purposes
• Opium (Morphine and Codeine)
• Used to treat a wide variety of illness
• Civil War morphine = Soldiers disease
• 1860s cocaine to unblock sinues.
• Alcohol and its prohibition
• January 16, 1920, the 18th Amendment prohibited the manufacture, sale and
transportation of alcoholic beverages.
• Women’s Christian Temperance Union
• American Anti-Saloon League (Carrie Nation).
• December 5, 1933, the 21st Amendment to the Constitution repealed 18th.
Stats on drug abuse
• Extent of substance abuse
• Alcohol abuse in USA national high school studies: approximately 52%
• Binge drinking – 5x once per month 23%
• Heavy drinking – 5 per night 5 x per month 6%
• NHS surveys show:
• Drug abuse declined between 1970-1990
• Increased until 1996
• 2007 till now marijuana rose to an all time high
• Major issues: K2 and spice is synthetic marijuana (not plant based)
• Overall drug used peaked in 1970s, decreased till 1990s and now steady.
• Exceptions: Marijuana and Heroin (US epidemic) has increased since 2011
Drug abuse linked to crime
• Substance abuse appears to be heavily linked to crime.
• Adolescents who use illegal drugs engage in more fights and theft.
• 40% incarcerated adults for violence crimes used alcohol before arrest.
• Alcohol reduces restraint on aggression
• Alcohol reduces awareness of consequences
• Drunk driving
• There are different kinds of drug users but not all commit crimes.
• There are differences in criminality ...
Minority Youth and Crime Minority Youth in CourtYouth in genera.docxannandleola
Minority Youth and Crime: Minority Youth in Court
Youth in general, and young minority males in particular, often are demonized by legislators, the media, scholars, and the public at large. These attacks reinforce stereotypes and place a particularly heavy burden on young Black and Latino males.
LINDA S. BERES AND THOMAS D. GRIFFITH, “DEMONIZING YOUTH”1
In June 2001 Lionel Tate, an African American boy who was 12 years old when he killed a 6-year-old family friend while demonstrating a wrestling move he had seen on television, was sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole. Tate, who claimed that the death was an accident, was tried as an adult in Broward County, Florida; he was convicted of first degree murder. One month later, Nathaniel Brazill, a 14-year-old African American, was sentenced by a Florida judge to 28 years in prison without the possibility of parole. Brazill was 13 years old when he shot and killed Barry Grunow, a popular 30-year-old seventh grade teacher at a middle school in Lake Worth, Florida. Although Brazill did not deny that he fired the shot that killed his teacher, he claimed that he had only meant to scare Grunow and that the shooting was an accident. Like Tate, Brazill was tried as an adult; he was convicted of second degree murder.
These two cases raised a storm of controversy regarding the prosecution of children as adults. Those on one side argue that children who commit adult crimes, such as murder, should be treated as adults; they should be prosecuted as adults and sentenced to adult correctional institutions. As Marc Shiner, the prosecutor in Brazill’s case, put it, “This was a heinous crime committed by a young man with a difficult personality who should be behind bars. Let us not forget a man’s life has been taken away.”2 Those on the other side contend that prosecuting children as adults is “unwarranted and misguided.” They assert that children who commit crimes of violence usually suffer from severe mental and emotional problems and that locking kids up in adult jails does not deter crime or rehabilitate juvenile offenders. Although they acknowledge that juvenile offenders should be punished for their actions, they claim that incarcerating them in adult prisons for the rest of their lives “is an outrage.”3 According to Vincent Schiraldi, president of the Justice Policy Institute, “In adult prisons, Brazill will never receive the treatment he needs to reform himself. Instead, he will spend his time trying to avoid being beaten, assaulted, or raped in a world where adults prey on, rather than protect, the young.”4
Nathaniel Brazill is still incarcerated in the Brevard Correctional Institution. Assuming that none of his pending appeals are successful, he will not be released until 2028, when he will be 41 years old.5 Lionel Tate’s conviction, on the other hand, was overturned by a Florida appellate court in 2003. The court ruled that Tate should be retried because his competency to stan ...
This is the presentation I am giving today (6.19.2014) at Ft. Huachuca (home of U.S. Army Intelligence Center) on male survivors of sexual abuse (including military rape).
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
(2 of 2) Legislative History of Sex Offender Residence Restrictions
1. Sex offender policies April 2008 1
Premises on which sex offender
policies are based:
• All sex offenders reoffendAll sex offenders reoffend
• All sex offenders equally dangerousAll sex offenders equally dangerous
• Sex offenders are more dangerous thanSex offenders are more dangerous than
other criminalsother criminals
• Sex crime rates are on the riseSex crime rates are on the rise
• Treatment doesn’t workTreatment doesn’t work
• Stranger DangerStranger Danger
2. Sex offender policies April 2008 2
Levenson, J. S., Brannon, Y., Fortney, T., & Baker, J. (2007). Public perceptions
about sex offenders and community protection policies. Analyses of Social Issues
and Public Policy, 7(1), 1-25.
• 193 citizens of driving age193 citizens of driving age
• Melbourne, FloridaMelbourne, Florida
• late summer 2005late summer 2005
• Melbourne is located inMelbourne is located in
Brevard County, on theBrevard County, on the
central east coast ofcentral east coast of
Florida, about an hourFlorida, about an hour
from the Kennedy Spacefrom the Kennedy Space
Center.Center.
• Females were slightly over-Females were slightly over-
represented (57%)represented (57%)
• mean age = 37 years old.mean age = 37 years old.
• median income = betweenmedian income = between
$30,000 and $40,000.$30,000 and $40,000.
• EthnicityEthnicity
• 69% Caucasian69% Caucasian
• 11% African-American11% African-American
• 14% Hispanic14% Hispanic
• 2.7% Asian2.7% Asian
• Average of 14 years ofAverage of 14 years of
education.education.
3. Sex offender policies April 2008 3
Public Perceptions
All sex offendersAll sex offenders
reoffendreoffend NN MeanMean SDSD
MedianMedian ModeMode
What percentage of sex offendersWhat percentage of sex offenders
commit another sex offense?commit another sex offense? 191191 74%74% 20.2220.22 8080 8080
What percentage of child molestersWhat percentage of child molesters
reoffend?reoffend? 192192 76%76% 20.6420.64 8080 9090
What percentage of rapists reoffend?What percentage of rapists reoffend? 191191 74%74% 21.7021.70 8080 9090
What percentage of sex offenders comeWhat percentage of sex offenders come
to the attention of authorities?to the attention of authorities?
193193 46%46% 18.8318.83 5050 30,30,
5050
4. Sex offender policies April 2008 4
Myth:
All sex offenders reoffend
Fact: recidivism rates are much lower thanFact: recidivism rates are much lower than
commonly believedcommonly believed
• 5.3% over 3 years (Bureau of Justice Statistics,5.3% over 3 years (Bureau of Justice Statistics,
2003)2003)
• 14% over 4-6 years (Hanson & Bussiere, 1998;14% over 4-6 years (Hanson & Bussiere, 1998;
Hanson & Morton-Bourgon, 2004; Hanson &Hanson & Morton-Bourgon, 2004; Hanson &
Morton-Bourgon, 2005)Morton-Bourgon, 2005)
5. Sex offender policies April 2008 5
SourceSource Recidivism RateRecidivism Rate Definition ofDefinition of
recidivismrecidivism
Follow-up periodFollow-up period Sample sizeSample size
Hanson & Bussierre (1998)Hanson & Bussierre (1998) Charges orCharges or
convictionsconvictions
4-5 years4-5 years 29,45029,450
All sex offendersAll sex offenders 14%14%
Child molestersChild molesters 13%13%
RapistsRapists 20%20%
Hanson & Morton-Bourgon (2005)Hanson & Morton-Bourgon (2005) Charges orCharges or
convictionsconvictions
5-6 years5-6 years 19,26719,267
All sex offendersAll sex offenders 14%14%
Harris & Hanson (2004)Harris & Hanson (2004) Charges orCharges or
convictionsconvictions
15 years15 years 4,7244,724
All sex offendersAll sex offenders 24%24%
Incestuous molestersIncestuous molesters 13%13%
Child molesters / girl victimsChild molesters / girl victims 16%16%
Child molesters / boy victimsChild molesters / boy victims 35%35%
RapistsRapists 24%24%
Bureau of Justice Statistics (2003)Bureau of Justice Statistics (2003) arrestsarrests 3 years3 years 9,6919,691
All sex offendersAll sex offenders 5.3%5.3%
6. Sex offender policies April 2008 6
Myth: All sex offenders are the same
Facts: (Harris & Hanson, 2004)
(2 or more
convictions)
7. Sex offender policies April 2008 7
Harris and Hanson (2004)
• N = 4,724; 15 year follow up period:N = 4,724; 15 year follow up period:
• ““Most sexual offenders do not re-offend sexually overMost sexual offenders do not re-offend sexually over
time. This may be the most important finding of this studytime. This may be the most important finding of this study
as this finding is contrary to some strongly held beliefs.as this finding is contrary to some strongly held beliefs.
After 15 years, 76% of sexual offenders had not beenAfter 15 years, 76% of sexual offenders had not been
charged with, or convicted of, another sexual offence. Thecharged with, or convicted of, another sexual offence. The
sample was sufficiently large that very strongsample was sufficiently large that very strong
contradictory evidence is necessary to substantially changecontradictory evidence is necessary to substantially change
these recidivism estimates” (p. 17).these recidivism estimates” (p. 17).
8. Sex offender policies April 2008 8
Some sex offenders are more dangerous than others
• pedophiles who molest boys: 35-52%pedophiles who molest boys: 35-52%
• rapists of adult women: 19-39%rapists of adult women: 19-39%
• Incest offenders: < 10% - 13%Incest offenders: < 10% - 13%
• Repeat offenders are more likely to reoffend than first-time offenders.Repeat offenders are more likely to reoffend than first-time offenders.
• Those who comply with probation and treatment have lower reoffenseThose who comply with probation and treatment have lower reoffense
rates than those who violate the conditions of their release.rates than those who violate the conditions of their release.
• Sex offenders who target strangers are more dangerous than those withSex offenders who target strangers are more dangerous than those with
victims inside their own family.victims inside their own family.
9. Sex offender policies April 2008 9
• Sex offender is a legal term.Sex offender is a legal term.
• All sex offenders are not the same.All sex offenders are not the same.
• Sex offenders are a heterogeneous group.Sex offenders are a heterogeneous group.
• Sexual deviance and dangerousness exist on aSexual deviance and dangerousness exist on a
continuum.continuum.
20 year old with 15
year old girlfriend
Predatory repeat
pedophile with 20
child victims
10. Sex offender policies April 2008 10
Myth or Fact?
NN
Percent agree orPercent agree or
strongly agreestrongly agree
Abuse only occurs in low socio-economic classes.Abuse only occurs in low socio-economic classes. 190190 7%7%
Sex offense rates are on the rise.Sex offense rates are on the rise. 192192 77%77%
Alcohol and drugs play a moderate or major role inAlcohol and drugs play a moderate or major role in
sex offending.sex offending. 192192 65%65%
Sex offenders reoffend at much higher rates comparedSex offenders reoffend at much higher rates compared
to other criminals.to other criminals. 193193 68%68%
11. Sex offender policies April 2008 11
Fact:
Sex crime rates have declined.
• Sex crime rates, like other serious, non-sexual crimes (e.g., assault,Sex crime rates, like other serious, non-sexual crimes (e.g., assault,
robbery), have declined substantially over the past decade, based onrobbery), have declined substantially over the past decade, based on
both official crime reports and victim reports (Tonry, 2004).both official crime reports and victim reports (Tonry, 2004).
• Rape arrest rates peeked in 1990 and have decreased steadily sinceRape arrest rates peeked in 1990 and have decreased steadily since
1991.1991.
• The 2001 rate for forcible rape was 9.6 per 100,000, the lowest rateThe 2001 rate for forcible rape was 9.6 per 100,000, the lowest rate
recorded since national record-keeping practices were implementedrecorded since national record-keeping practices were implemented
(Maguire & Pastore, 2003).(Maguire & Pastore, 2003).
• It might be argued that the drop in crime rates is a direct result ofIt might be argued that the drop in crime rates is a direct result of
increasingly aggressive crime policies, but sociological andincreasingly aggressive crime policies, but sociological and
criminological scholars assert that such trends are more likely a resultcriminological scholars assert that such trends are more likely a result
of society’s changing values and social norms (Tonry, 2004).of society’s changing values and social norms (Tonry, 2004).
13. Sex offender policies April 2008 13
• Some forms of child maltreatment decreased againSome forms of child maltreatment decreased again
from 2004 to 2005, adding to over a decade’sfrom 2004 to 2005, adding to over a decade’s
worth of declines, according to data from the USworth of declines, according to data from the US
Department of Health and Human Services.Department of Health and Human Services.
• Rates of substantiatedRates of substantiated sexualsexual abuse dropped byabuse dropped by
2% in 2005 compared to the previous year,2% in 2005 compared to the previous year,
capping a 51% total decline since 1991.capping a 51% total decline since 1991.
14. Sex offender policies April 2008 14
Source: BJS National Crime Victimization Survey, 2005Source: BJS National Crime Victimization Survey, 2005
Myth: Sex crime rates
are on the rise.
15. Sex offender policies April 2008 15
Reasons:
• Economic Prosperity in 90sEconomic Prosperity in 90s
• More social workers and detectives; improvements in investigationsMore social workers and detectives; improvements in investigations
• Longer sentencesLonger sentences
• Better community supervisionBetter community supervision
• Anti-depressant drugsAnti-depressant drugs
• Community protection policies may have contributed to the decline,Community protection policies may have contributed to the decline,
butbut
• Sex crime rates were on a downward trend prior to the implementationSex crime rates were on a downward trend prior to the implementation
of Megan’s Law.of Megan’s Law.
""Megan's Law is riding the coattails of the natural downward trendMegan's Law is riding the coattails of the natural downward trend,","
said Kristen Zgoba, a NJ Corrections Department researcher whosaid Kristen Zgoba, a NJ Corrections Department researcher who
is studying the effectiveness of community notification.is studying the effectiveness of community notification.
16. Sex offender policies April 2008 16
Fact:
Alcohol & Drugs
• Past substance abuse had 0 correlation withPast substance abuse had 0 correlation with
recidivism (Hanson & Busierre).recidivism (Hanson & Busierre).
• Ongoing substance abuse can be a dynamicOngoing substance abuse can be a dynamic
risk factor for recidivism, as it impairsrisk factor for recidivism, as it impairs
judgment and lows inhibitions.judgment and lows inhibitions.
17. Sex offender policies April 2008 17
Are sex offenders the most dangerous
type of criminal?
• The U.S. Department of Justice (Bureau of JusticeThe U.S. Department of Justice (Bureau of Justice
Statistics, 2002).Statistics, 2002).
• burglary (74%)burglary (74%)
• larceny (75%)larceny (75%)
• auto theft (70%)auto theft (70%)
• DUI (51%)DUI (51%)
• Sex offenders 5.3%Sex offenders 5.3%
18. Sex offender policies April 2008 18
DUI offenders: 51% recidivism
• Proposed legislation:Proposed legislation:
Drunk drivers prohibited from living 2500Drunk drivers prohibited from living 2500
feet from establishments that sell alcoholfeet from establishments that sell alcohol
19. Sex offender policies April 2008 19
Myth: Sex offenders are more dangerous than
other criminals.
Fact:Fact:
• Sex offenders haveSex offenders have
lower reoffense rateslower reoffense rates
than other criminals.than other criminals.
• BJS (2002)BJS (2002)
• Sample & BraySample & Bray
(2003; 2006)(2003; 2006)
20. Sex offender policies April 2008 20
Myth: Sex offenders are more dangerous than
other criminals.
• Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2003:Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2003:
““Compared to non-sex offenders releasedCompared to non-sex offenders released
from State prisons, released sexfrom State prisons, released sex
offenders were 4 times more likely to beoffenders were 4 times more likely to be
rearrested for a sex crime.”rearrested for a sex crime.”
21. Sex offender policies April 2008 21
Not true that sex offenders are re-arrested at rates four times
those of other criminals.
80
20
5.3
1.3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
SO Non SO SO Non SO
% Recidivism
NOT TRUE TRUE
22. Sex offender policies April 2008 22
517
3328
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
SO Non SO
Within the first 3 years following their release from prison in 1994,
5.3% (517of the 9,691) of released sex offenders were rearrested
for a sex crime. Out of 262,420 released non-sex offenders, 1.3%
(3,328) were rearrested for a sex crime.
5.3% 1.3%
“Compared to non-sex offenders released from State prisons, released
sex offenders were 4 times more likely to be rearrested for a sex crime.”
23. Sex offender policies April 2008 23
Myth: Treatment doesn’t work
- Public perceptions
NN
Percent answeringPercent answering
“somewhat“somewhat
true” ortrue” or
“completely“completely
true”true”
Sex offenders who receive specializedSex offenders who receive specialized
psychological treatment will reoffend.psychological treatment will reoffend. 192192 50%50%
24. Sex offender policies April 2008 24
Myth: Treatment Doesn’t Work
Facts: Treatment can help
• Furby, Weinrott, & BradshawFurby, Weinrott, & Bradshaw
(1989).(1989).
• Combined analysis of numerousCombined analysis of numerous
studies that was unable to detectstudies that was unable to detect
a significant treatment effect duea significant treatment effect due
to methodology variability.to methodology variability.
• Hanson, R. K., Gordon, A., Harris,Hanson, R. K., Gordon, A., Harris,
A. J. R., Marques, J. K., Murphy,A. J. R., Marques, J. K., Murphy,
W., Quinsey, V. L., & Seto, M. C.W., Quinsey, V. L., & Seto, M. C.
(2002).(2002).
• 17% untreated17% untreated
• 10% treated10% treated
-Equivalent to a 40% reduction-Equivalent to a 40% reduction
• Losel, F., & Schmucker, M. (2005).Losel, F., & Schmucker, M. (2005).
• Recidivism reduced by nearlyRecidivism reduced by nearly
40%40%
• SOTEP:SOTEP:
• No overall differencesNo overall differences
between treated andbetween treated and
untreated groups, but:untreated groups, but:
• Sex offenders whoSex offenders who successfullysuccessfully
completedcompleted the SOTEPthe SOTEP
treatment program reoffendedtreatment program reoffended
at lower ratesat lower rates than those whothan those who
did not demonstrate that theydid not demonstrate that they
“got it” (Marques,“got it” (Marques,
Miederanders, Day, Nelson, &Miederanders, Day, Nelson, &
van Ommeren, 2005).van Ommeren, 2005).
25. Sex offender policies April 2008 25
Can they be cured?
• Treatment won’t workTreatment won’t work
equally well for everyone,equally well for everyone,
and 100% success shouldand 100% success should
not be expected.not be expected.
• Sex offender treatments,Sex offender treatments,
like many other types oflike many other types of
medical and mental healthmedical and mental health
interventions, don’t focusinterventions, don’t focus
on a cure but on aon a cure but on a
reduction of symptoms.reduction of symptoms.
• Treatment for diabetesTreatment for diabetes
doesn’t cure the disease, itdoesn’t cure the disease, it
manages the disease.manages the disease.
• Treatment for schizophreniaTreatment for schizophrenia
doesn’t cure psychosis, itdoesn’t cure psychosis, it
reduces symptoms and allowsreduces symptoms and allows
people to function morepeople to function more
adequately.adequately.
• Chemotherapies may notChemotherapies may not
ultimately prevent all cancerultimately prevent all cancer
fatalities but may increase lifefatalities but may increase life
expectancy and quality of lifeexpectancy and quality of life
for many patients.for many patients.
• Sex offender treatment teachesSex offender treatment teaches
clients how to change theirclients how to change their
thinking and their behavior,thinking and their behavior,
and many are able and willingand many are able and willing
to do so and avoid reoffense.to do so and avoid reoffense.
26. Sex offender policies April 2008 26
Effect Sizes
• Effect sizes measure the magnitude of the ability of an intervention toEffect sizes measure the magnitude of the ability of an intervention to
increase or decrease a specified outcome.increase or decrease a specified outcome.
• The statistical significance of the effect size indicates whether the benefitThe statistical significance of the effect size indicates whether the benefit
of an intervention goes beyond what would be expected by chance.of an intervention goes beyond what would be expected by chance.
• Generally, it is accepted that effect sizes less than .20 are small, those inGenerally, it is accepted that effect sizes less than .20 are small, those in
the range of .50 are moderate, and those above .80 are considered largethe range of .50 are moderate, and those above .80 are considered large
(Cohen, 1988).(Cohen, 1988).
• Hanson, R. K., Gordon, A., Harris, A. J. R., Marques, J. K., Murphy, W.,Hanson, R. K., Gordon, A., Harris, A. J. R., Marques, J. K., Murphy, W.,
Quinsey, V. L., & Seto, M. C. (2002).Quinsey, V. L., & Seto, M. C. (2002).
• 17% untreated17% untreated
• 10% treated10% treated
-Equivalent to a 40% reduction (effect size = .40)-Equivalent to a 40% reduction (effect size = .40)
27. Sex offender policies April 2008 27
Digression: Other effect sizes
• Marshall & McGuire (2003) observe:Marshall & McGuire (2003) observe:
• Bypass surgery for artery blockage = .15Bypass surgery for artery blockage = .15
• Chemotherapy for breast cancer = .08Chemotherapy for breast cancer = .08
• Aspirin for heart problems = .03Aspirin for heart problems = .03
28. Sex offender policies April 2008 28
Digression: other effect sizes
• Meyer, Finn, Eyde, Kay, Moreland, Dies, Eisman, Kubiszyn,Meyer, Finn, Eyde, Kay, Moreland, Dies, Eisman, Kubiszyn,
& Reed (2001)& Reed (2001)
• Relapse prevention on improvement in substance abusersRelapse prevention on improvement in substance abusers
is cited as .14is cited as .14
• Anti-inflammatory drugs have only a .14 correlation withAnti-inflammatory drugs have only a .14 correlation with
pain reduction.pain reduction.
• Nicotine patches demonstrate a correlation of .18 withNicotine patches demonstrate a correlation of .18 with
smoking cessationsmoking cessation
29. Sex offender policies April 2008 29
Digression: other effect sizes
• Clozapine and its relationship to improvement inClozapine and its relationship to improvement in
schizophrenia = .20schizophrenia = .20
• General knowledge is that only two thirds of patientsGeneral knowledge is that only two thirds of patients
with Schizophrenia respond to meds.with Schizophrenia respond to meds.
• Even Viagra, commonly thought of as a miracle drug,Even Viagra, commonly thought of as a miracle drug,
demonstrated only a moderate correlation with improveddemonstrated only a moderate correlation with improved
male sexual functioning (r = .38).male sexual functioning (r = .38).
• Illustratively, the r squared (.14) indicates that ViagraIllustratively, the r squared (.14) indicates that Viagra
accounts for only 14% of the variance in improvement inaccounts for only 14% of the variance in improvement in
sexual functioning. Thus, statistical significance does notsexual functioning. Thus, statistical significance does not
imply substantive significance.imply substantive significance.
30. Sex offender policies April 2008 30
Myth: Stranger Danger
What percentage of sex assaults of adults areWhat percentage of sex assaults of adults are
committed by strangers?committed by strangers? 191191 49%49% 20.4420.44
5050 5050
What percentage of boys are abused byWhat percentage of boys are abused by
someone they know?someone they know? 191191 58%58% 24.5924.59
6060 8080
What percentage of girls are abused byWhat percentage of girls are abused by
someone they know?someone they know? 192192 63%63% 22.3922.39
7070 8080
N Mean SD Median Mode
31. Sex offender policies April 2008 31
Myth: Stranger Danger
Fact: 7% of child sexual abuse cases are perpetrated by
strangers.
• About 40% of sexual assaultsAbout 40% of sexual assaults
take place in the victim’s owntake place in the victim’s own
home, and 20% take place in thehome, and 20% take place in the
home of a friend, neighbor orhome of a friend, neighbor or
relative (BJS, 1997).relative (BJS, 1997).
• About .7% of all murdersAbout .7% of all murders
involve sexual assault.involve sexual assault.
• The prevalence of sexualThe prevalence of sexual
murders declined by about halfmurders declined by about half
between the late 1970’s and thebetween the late 1970’s and the
mid 1990’s (BJS, 1997).mid 1990’s (BJS, 1997).
• About 75% of sexual murderAbout 75% of sexual murder
victims are over the age of 18victims are over the age of 18
(BJS, 1997).(BJS, 1997).
93% of child sexual abuse
victims know their abuser;
34% family members
59% acquaintances (BJS,
2000).
7% strangers
32. Sex offender policies April 2008 32
Stranger Danger
• It is estimated that about 100 stranger abductions ofIt is estimated that about 100 stranger abductions of
children occur in the United States each year (Nationalchildren occur in the United States each year (National
Center for Missing and Exploited Children, 2005).Center for Missing and Exploited Children, 2005).
• By comparison, over 500 children under age 15 wereBy comparison, over 500 children under age 15 were
killed in 2003 by drunk drivers (National Highway Traffickilled in 2003 by drunk drivers (National Highway Traffic
Safety Administration, 2004).Safety Administration, 2004).
• Over 1100 children died in 2002 as a result of physicalOver 1100 children died in 2002 as a result of physical
abuse or neglect at the hands of their own parents orabuse or neglect at the hands of their own parents or
caretakers (Child Welfare League of America, 2003).caretakers (Child Welfare League of America, 2003).
33. Sex offender policies April 2008 33
Beliefs about sentencing
Statistics
122 71 38.80 25.00 99 34.761 2 99
113 80 50.96 36.00 99 48.273 0 300
113 80 47.52 36.00 99 40.032 0 240
110 83 41.92 22.00 99 39.638 0 99
How many years
do you believe
that sex offenders
should serve in
prison?
How many
months of
treatment should
sex offenders
receive in prison?
How many
months of
treatment should
sex offenders
receive after
prison?
How many years
should sex
offenders be on
probation?
Valid Missing
N
Mean Median Mode Std. Deviation Minimum Maximum
34. Sex offender policies April 2008 34
Table 3: Differences between group responses and published data
Survey Question
Published
Data
Offender
Mean %
t-value
Offenders
Public
Mean %
t- value
Public
What percent of sexual assaults of adults do
you believe were committed by strangers?
27%a
32% 2.6** 49% 15.2***
What percentage of sex offenders do you
believe come to the attention of the
authorities?
36%b
43% 3.27*** 46% 7.84***
What percent of adult sexual offenders do you
believe were sexually abused as children?
28%c
54% 10.44*** 67% 25.7***
What percent of convicted sex offenders do
you believe will commit another sexual
offense?
14%d,e
21% 4.5*** 74% 41.18***
What percent of rapists do you believe re-
offend in a sexual manner?
20%d
34% 5.87*** 74% 34.64***
What percent of child molesters do you believe
re-offend in a sexual manner?
13%d
27% 6.99*** 76% 42.31***
Note: t-value represents the difference between each group’s mean response and published data.
a
(Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2002)
b
(Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2005); 36% represents report estimates for victims over age 12.
c
(Hanson & Slater, 1988)
d
(Hanson & Bussiere, 1998)
e
(Hanson & Morton-Bourgon, 2005)
Fortney, T., Levenson, J. S., Brannon, Y., & Baker, J. N. (2007). Myths and Facts about Sexual Offenders: Implications for
Treatment and Public Policy. Sex Offender Treatment, 2(1), 1-17.
35. Sex offender policies April 2008 35
• Random acts of sexual violence, especially against children,Random acts of sexual violence, especially against children,
generate enormous media coverage.generate enormous media coverage.
• Sexual abuse causes great harm to victims, so our society is rightlySexual abuse causes great harm to victims, so our society is rightly
concerned about it.concerned about it.
• The media reports many inaccurate facts about sex offenders.The media reports many inaccurate facts about sex offenders.
• The public is largely misinformed about sex offenders, particularlyThe public is largely misinformed about sex offenders, particularly
about recidivism rates and the threat that strangers pose to children.about recidivism rates and the threat that strangers pose to children.
• This misinformation leads to fear and urgency to create laws toThis misinformation leads to fear and urgency to create laws to
prevent sex crimes.prevent sex crimes.
• Lawmakers act to serve their constituency, and policies are oftenLawmakers act to serve their constituency, and policies are often
enacted in the absence of empirical evidence.enacted in the absence of empirical evidence.
36. Sex offender policies April 2008 36
The role of the media
• There is a link between exposure to media reports about sexThere is a link between exposure to media reports about sex
crimes and an individual’s awareness of sexual violence andcrimes and an individual’s awareness of sexual violence and
support of community protection policies (Proctor et al., 2002;support of community protection policies (Proctor et al., 2002;
Sample, 2001; Sample & Kadleck, 2006).Sample, 2001; Sample & Kadleck, 2006).
• Sample and Kadleck (2006) found thatSample and Kadleck (2006) found that 36333633 news articles aboutnews articles about
sex offenders appeared in three major midwestern newspaperssex offenders appeared in three major midwestern newspapers
news between 1991 through 1998.news between 1991 through 1998.
• News coverage of sex crimes and sex offenders increased 128%News coverage of sex crimes and sex offenders increased 128%
during that time frame.during that time frame.
• A Google News search using the keyword “sex offender”A Google News search using the keyword “sex offender”
conducted on September 9, 2006 for U.S. news articles that wereconducted on September 9, 2006 for U.S. news articles that were
published in the preceding 30 days yieldedpublished in the preceding 30 days yielded 44904490 hits.hits.
37. Sex offender policies April 2008 37
• Sample and Kadleck (2006)Sample and Kadleck (2006)
• Themes of high recidivism rates were consistently apparent throughoutThemes of high recidivism rates were consistently apparent throughout
the articles.the articles.
• Portrayals of sex offenders as persistent in their behavior despitePortrayals of sex offenders as persistent in their behavior despite
punishment and rehabilitation.punishment and rehabilitation.
• Another disturbing trend was an “increase in news accounts ofAnother disturbing trend was an “increase in news accounts of
sexually-motivated homicide [which] could well support publicsexually-motivated homicide [which] could well support public
perceptions that sex offending is often synonymous with murder” (p.perceptions that sex offending is often synonymous with murder” (p.
20).20).
• The media can “affect public perception regarding the prevalence ofThe media can “affect public perception regarding the prevalence of
sex crimes by over-reporting single incidents of behavior” (p. 8).sex crimes by over-reporting single incidents of behavior” (p. 8).
The role of the media
38. Sex offender policies April 2008 38
The role of the media (Sample & Kadleck, 2008)
• Interviewed 25 politicians in Illinois, who agreed that sexInterviewed 25 politicians in Illinois, who agreed that sex
offenders were a “growing” problem.offenders were a “growing” problem.
• Most politicians described sex offenders as “sick,” commonlyMost politicians described sex offenders as “sick,” commonly
characterizing them as compulsive, persistent, and irredeemable,characterizing them as compulsive, persistent, and irredeemable,
and none thought that rehabilitation was possible.and none thought that rehabilitation was possible.
• When asked how they customarily obtained knowledge regardingWhen asked how they customarily obtained knowledge regarding
sex offenders, the politicians cited the media as by far theirsex offenders, the politicians cited the media as by far their
primary source.primary source.
• Thus, the media appears to play a leading role in shaping opinionThus, the media appears to play a leading role in shaping opinion
both among politicians and their constituents. As a result, publicboth among politicians and their constituents. As a result, public
policies are proposed which are designed ostensibly to protect thepolicies are proposed which are designed ostensibly to protect the
public but which are more likely to promote only an illusion ofpublic but which are more likely to promote only an illusion of
safety.safety.
39. Sex offender policies April 2008 39
Recommendations
for
Evidence-based policy:
What can we do to combat
sexual violence?
40. Sex offender policies April 2008 40
Evidence-based policy
• Social policies designed to prevent sexualSocial policies designed to prevent sexual
violence will be most effective when theyviolence will be most effective when they
are informed by scientific data aboutare informed by scientific data about
• recidivismrecidivism
• risk assessmentrisk assessment
• needs of criminal offendersneeds of criminal offenders
• therapeutic interventionstherapeutic interventions
• community management strategiescommunity management strategies
41. Sex offender policies April 2008 41
Recommendations for evidence-based policy
• Social policies designed to prevent sexual violence will beSocial policies designed to prevent sexual violence will be
most effective when they are informed by scientific datamost effective when they are informed by scientific data
about sex offense patterns, recidivism, risk, assessment,about sex offense patterns, recidivism, risk, assessment,
therapeutic interventions, and community managementtherapeutic interventions, and community management
strategies.strategies.
• One-size-fits-all policies are not cost-efficient, nor are theyOne-size-fits-all policies are not cost-efficient, nor are they
likely to afford utmost protection to the public.likely to afford utmost protection to the public.
• Grove and Meehl (1996) warned that failing to apply researchGrove and Meehl (1996) warned that failing to apply research
evidence to decision-making may have grave consequencesevidence to decision-making may have grave consequences
for individuals and communities.for individuals and communities.
• They advocated for the use of empirical methods to informThey advocated for the use of empirical methods to inform
the development of social policy and intervention services,the development of social policy and intervention services,
and argued that to do otherwise is not only inefficient, butand argued that to do otherwise is not only inefficient, but
unethical (Grove & Meehl, 1996).unethical (Grove & Meehl, 1996).
42. Sex offender policies April 2008 42
Risk-based classification systems
• Risk assessment allows screening offenders into relativeRisk assessment allows screening offenders into relative
risk categories and applying the most restrictive andrisk categories and applying the most restrictive and
intensive interventions to the most dangerous.intensive interventions to the most dangerous.
• Unintended consequences and obstacles to reintegrationUnintended consequences and obstacles to reintegration
can be minimized for lower risk offenders.can be minimized for lower risk offenders.
• Broad policies or offense based classification systems areBroad policies or offense based classification systems are
likely to be overly inclusive and dilute the public’s abilitylikely to be overly inclusive and dilute the public’s ability
to identify dangerous offenders.to identify dangerous offenders.
43. Sex offender policies April 2008 43
Risk-based classification
systems
• Empirically derived and validated risk assessmentEmpirically derived and validated risk assessment
instruments (e.g. Static-99)instruments (e.g. Static-99)
• Risk Factors associated with recidivismRisk Factors associated with recidivism
• Better definitions of predator (similar to criteriaBetter definitions of predator (similar to criteria
for civil commitment)for civil commitment)
• ParaphiliaParaphilia
• Likely to reoffendLikely to reoffend
44. Sex offender policies April 2008 44
Adam Walsh Act
• Tier ITier I: Predicate offenses include whatever offenses do not: Predicate offenses include whatever offenses do not
support a higher classification, such as misdemeanorsupport a higher classification, such as misdemeanor
registration offenses and child pornography possession.registration offenses and child pornography possession.
• Tier IITier II: Predicate offenses include most felonious sexual: Predicate offenses include most felonious sexual
abuse or sexual exploitation crimes involving victims whoabuse or sexual exploitation crimes involving victims who
are minors.are minors.
• Tier IIITier III: Predicate offenses generally encompass sexual: Predicate offenses generally encompass sexual
assaults involving sexual acts regardless of victim age,assaults involving sexual acts regardless of victim age,
sexual contact offenses against children below the age ofsexual contact offenses against children below the age of
13, nonparental kidnapping of minors, and attempts or13, nonparental kidnapping of minors, and attempts or
conspiracies to commit such offenses.conspiracies to commit such offenses.
• Requires juveniles as young as 14 to register.Requires juveniles as young as 14 to register.
45. Sex offender policies April 2008 45
Treatment programs should be a mandatory
component or legislation designed to combat
sexual violence.
• Treated sex offenders reoffend nearly 40% lessTreated sex offenders reoffend nearly 40% less
often than those who do not receive treatment.often than those who do not receive treatment.
• Collaborative approaches to treatment,Collaborative approaches to treatment,
monitoring, and supervision(“containmentmonitoring, and supervision(“containment
models”) have been proven effective and cost-models”) have been proven effective and cost-
efficient in other states (CO).efficient in other states (CO).
46. Sex offender policies April 2008 46
Collaborative approach to treatment
and community supervision
• Collaborative risk management approaches evaluateCollaborative risk management approaches evaluate
individual offender’s risks and needs, reinforce theirindividual offender’s risks and needs, reinforce their
strengths, and facilitate support systems.strengths, and facilitate support systems.
• Therapists and probation officers work together to assessTherapists and probation officers work together to assess
risk and develop case management plans.risk and develop case management plans.
• Treatment and supervision plans are tailored to target theTreatment and supervision plans are tailored to target the
offender’s specific offense patterns and risk factors.offender’s specific offense patterns and risk factors.
• Polygraph examinationPolygraph examination
• History disclosureHistory disclosure
• Monitoring / MaintenanceMonitoring / Maintenance
47. Sex offender policies April 2008 47
The definition of a “Sexual Predator” should more
clearly distinguish such offenders as discussed below.
• The Kansas sexually violent predator act, for example, defines “predatoryThe Kansas sexually violent predator act, for example, defines “predatory
acts” are those “directed towards strangers or individuals with whomacts” are those “directed towards strangers or individuals with whom
relationships have been established or promoted for the primary purposerelationships have been established or promoted for the primary purpose
of victimization”.of victimization”.
• In some states, the definition includes criteria involving the use ofIn some states, the definition includes criteria involving the use of
violence, weapons, or causing injury during the commission of a sexviolence, weapons, or causing injury during the commission of a sex
crime, or those offenders who have had multiple victims.crime, or those offenders who have had multiple victims.
• Repeat offenders, and those who have committed abduction of children orRepeat offenders, and those who have committed abduction of children or
adults for sexual purposes should be considered should be consideredadults for sexual purposes should be considered should be considered
predators.predators.
• Such definitions are more consistant with the term “sexually violentSuch definitions are more consistant with the term “sexually violent
predator” as defined in civil commitment proceedings, which require apredator” as defined in civil commitment proceedings, which require a
convicted sex offender to have a mental abnormally (DSM diagnosis)convicted sex offender to have a mental abnormally (DSM diagnosis)
predisposing him to a likelihood of future sexually violent crimes.predisposing him to a likelihood of future sexually violent crimes.
48. Sex offender policies April 2008 48
Loitering zones or
Child safety zones
• Prohibit sex offenders from hanging out inProhibit sex offenders from hanging out in
places where they can cultivateplaces where they can cultivate
relationships with children and groomrelationships with children and groom
potential victims.potential victims.
49. Sex offender policies April 2008 49
GPS monitoring
• Can be a useful tracking tool for high risk or predatoryCan be a useful tracking tool for high risk or predatory
offendersoffenders
• Not necessary or cost effective for all sex offendersNot necessary or cost effective for all sex offenders
• May act as a deterrent in some cases but cannot preventMay act as a deterrent in some cases but cannot prevent
sex crimes.sex crimes.
• Can detect where someone is, but not what he is doingCan detect where someone is, but not what he is doing
50. Sex offender policies April 2008 50
Public education
• Parents should be made aware of the signs and symptoms of childParents should be made aware of the signs and symptoms of child
sexual abuse, and the common types of grooming patterns used bysexual abuse, and the common types of grooming patterns used by
perpetrators who gain access to victims via their positions of trust orperpetrators who gain access to victims via their positions of trust or
authority.authority.
• Factual data about recidivism rates and the heterogeneity of sexFactual data about recidivism rates and the heterogeneity of sex
offenders would help reduce the fear that often accompaniesoffenders would help reduce the fear that often accompanies
community notification.community notification.
• The media play a crucial role in public education, and should beThe media play a crucial role in public education, and should be
enlisted as responsible partners in the dissemination of accurateenlisted as responsible partners in the dissemination of accurate
information.information.
• ““It does not help the child maltreatment field or the public andIt does not help the child maltreatment field or the public and
policymakers to see child molesters as simply incorrigiblypolicymakers to see child molesters as simply incorrigibly
compulsive fiends who cannot be stopped” (Finkelhor, 2003, p.compulsive fiends who cannot be stopped” (Finkelhor, 2003, p.
1227).1227).
51. Sex offender policies April 2008 51
Prevention
• Monies spent on sex offender laws that show little effectMonies spent on sex offender laws that show little effect
take away from funding for victim services.take away from funding for victim services.
• There is a relationship between early maltreatment andThere is a relationship between early maltreatment and
future violent behavior.future violent behavior.
• Protective services and foster care programs are oftenProtective services and foster care programs are often
poorly funded and understaffed.poorly funded and understaffed.
• Investing in treatment and social services for today’sInvesting in treatment and social services for today’s
abused children is the best strategy for preventing potentialabused children is the best strategy for preventing potential
victims of the future.victims of the future.
52. Sex offender policies April 2008 52
Research should be prioritized
• Funding should be prioritized for policy analyses,Funding should be prioritized for policy analyses,
at local, state, and federal levels.at local, state, and federal levels.
• Continuous evaluation should be conducted andContinuous evaluation should be conducted and
laws that fail to succeed in meeting intended goalslaws that fail to succeed in meeting intended goals
should be reviewed and modified.should be reviewed and modified.
• Research should include investigation ofResearch should include investigation of
effectiveness and unintended consequences.effectiveness and unintended consequences.
53. Sex offender policies April 2008 53
Evidence based social policy can lead to
safer communities.
• Social policies designed to prevent sexualSocial policies designed to prevent sexual
violence will be most effective when theyviolence will be most effective when they
are informed by scientific data about sexare informed by scientific data about sex
offense patterns, recidivism, risk,offense patterns, recidivism, risk,
assessment, therapeutic interventions, andassessment, therapeutic interventions, and
community management strategies.community management strategies.
54. Sex offender policies April 2008 54
Jill Levenson, Ph.D., LCSW
• jsljwm@bellsouth.netjsljwm@bellsouth.net
• jlevenson@lynn.edujlevenson@lynn.edu
• 561-237-7925561-237-7925