प्रस्तावना
वसाहतीचे प्रकार
ग्रामीण वसाहती (Rural Settelment)
ग्रामीण वसाहतीच्या स्थानावर परिणाम करणारे घटक
ग्रामीण वसाहतीचे प्रकार
वसाहतीचे प्रारूपानुसार प्रकार
ग्रामीण वसाहतीची कार्ये
ग्रामीण वसाहतींची वैशिष्टे
नागरी वस्ती/ वसाहती
नागरीकरण
भारतातील नागरीकरण स्थिती
नगरीकरणाचे परिणाम
शहरी वसाहतीची कार्ये
Introduction to human geography (manavi bhugolachi olakh marathi)Malhari Survase
उद्धेश
भूगोलाच्या प्रमुख शाखा
प्रस्तावना
मानवी भूगोलाच्या व्याख्या
मानवी भूगोलाचे स्वरूप
मानवी भूगोल अभ्यासाचे दृष्टीकोन
मानवी भूगोलाची व्याप्ती
मानवी भूगोलाचे महत्व
पर्यटन म्हणजे काय?
पर्यटनातील महत्वाच्या तीन गोष्टी
पर्यटक
परदेशी व स्वदेशी पर्यटक
पर्यटनाची वैशिष्टे
पर्यटनाचे स्वरूप
पर्यटनाची व्याप्ती
पर्यटनाचे महत्व
पर्यटनाचे आंतरविद्याशाखीय स्वरूप
पर्यटनाच्या समस्या
सद्यस्थितीतील पर्यटन
सारांश
Settlement geography is a branch of human geography that deals with how human populations are distributed on Earth and how settlements form and change over time. It examines characteristics like population size, layout, functions, and relationship to the surrounding environment. Originally focused on describing existing settlement patterns, the field has evolved to use remote sensing and modeling to analyze changes and plan more sustainable development. Settlement geography considers factors influencing where and how people first formed settlements and how they have expanded, as well as issues around rapid urbanization and strategies for improving rural and urban livability. While its scope has adapted over time, the core focus remains understanding the physical attributes of settlements and their interactions with social and environmental conditions.
The document discusses how topographic maps in India are organized and identified using a hierarchical system of map sheets with different scales. Topographic maps are divided into million sheet sections at 1:1,000,000 scale, degree sheets at 1:250,000 scale, toposheets at 1:50,000 scale, and further subdivided toposheets at 1:25,000 scale that are identified by letters and numbers corresponding to their location and scale. This system allows precise identification of location for any place shown on topographic maps in India.
The document discusses regional planning and development in the Damodar Valley region of India. It covers the location of the Damodar River basin across parts of Bihar and West Bengal, the objectives of flood control, irrigation, water supply, navigation, drainage, power generation, afforestation, and promoting public welfare. It also mentions the location of power generation stations and distribution of electric supply in the region.
Introduction to human geography (manavi bhugolachi olakh marathi)Malhari Survase
उद्धेश
भूगोलाच्या प्रमुख शाखा
प्रस्तावना
मानवी भूगोलाच्या व्याख्या
मानवी भूगोलाचे स्वरूप
मानवी भूगोल अभ्यासाचे दृष्टीकोन
मानवी भूगोलाची व्याप्ती
मानवी भूगोलाचे महत्व
पर्यटन म्हणजे काय?
पर्यटनातील महत्वाच्या तीन गोष्टी
पर्यटक
परदेशी व स्वदेशी पर्यटक
पर्यटनाची वैशिष्टे
पर्यटनाचे स्वरूप
पर्यटनाची व्याप्ती
पर्यटनाचे महत्व
पर्यटनाचे आंतरविद्याशाखीय स्वरूप
पर्यटनाच्या समस्या
सद्यस्थितीतील पर्यटन
सारांश
Settlement geography is a branch of human geography that deals with how human populations are distributed on Earth and how settlements form and change over time. It examines characteristics like population size, layout, functions, and relationship to the surrounding environment. Originally focused on describing existing settlement patterns, the field has evolved to use remote sensing and modeling to analyze changes and plan more sustainable development. Settlement geography considers factors influencing where and how people first formed settlements and how they have expanded, as well as issues around rapid urbanization and strategies for improving rural and urban livability. While its scope has adapted over time, the core focus remains understanding the physical attributes of settlements and their interactions with social and environmental conditions.
The document discusses how topographic maps in India are organized and identified using a hierarchical system of map sheets with different scales. Topographic maps are divided into million sheet sections at 1:1,000,000 scale, degree sheets at 1:250,000 scale, toposheets at 1:50,000 scale, and further subdivided toposheets at 1:25,000 scale that are identified by letters and numbers corresponding to their location and scale. This system allows precise identification of location for any place shown on topographic maps in India.
The document discusses regional planning and development in the Damodar Valley region of India. It covers the location of the Damodar River basin across parts of Bihar and West Bengal, the objectives of flood control, irrigation, water supply, navigation, drainage, power generation, afforestation, and promoting public welfare. It also mentions the location of power generation stations and distribution of electric supply in the region.
Population geography is the study of human population distribution and dynamics across different regions. It examines how numbers, characteristics, and movement of people vary based on environmental and cultural factors in an area. G.T. Trewartha is considered the father of population geography for establishing it as a distinct subfield in the 1950s and proposing what topics it encompasses. Population geography analyzes absolute population sizes, qualities like age and sex ratios, and dynamics including fertility, mortality, and migration patterns. It also relates population trends to variables like resources, development levels, and government policies. As an interdisciplinary field, it interconnects with demography, sociology, economics, history and other social sciences.
The document summarizes the geological structure and history of India. It discusses the major rock systems in India formed during different geological eras: 1) The Archaean rock system formed during the early Precambrian period. 2) The Purana rock system formed during the late Precambrian. 3) The Dravidian rock system formed during the Cambrian to Carboniferous period. 4) The Aryan rock system which includes the Gondwana system, Deccan Traps, Tertiary system, and Quaternary formations. It also describes the distribution and economic significance of rocks in each system.
Statistics for Geography and Environmental Science:an introductory lecture c...Rich Harris
A sample of the instructor's resources to support the textbook Statistics for Geography and Environmental Science. Further information at www.social-statistics.org
The study deals different terms, concept, definitions, theories of population, census statistics, maps and diagrams for representations of demographic data. You read it carefully until the last.
This document discusses remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS). Remote sensing involves collecting data about objects from a distance using electromagnetic energy and sensors. It works through various stages including energy source, interaction with the target, sensor recording, processing, and interpretation. Remote sensing has applications in resource exploration, environmental monitoring, and land use analysis. GIS integrates spatial data using computer hardware, software, and trained personnel. It has advantages like visualization and modeling capabilities, and disadvantages like high costs and data errors. The future of remote sensing and GIS is promising as more industries adopt these technologies.
Lidar uses laser light to measure distances by illuminating targets. It is an active remote sensing method. The document discusses remote sensing concepts like platforms, sensors, data collection using electromagnetic radiation, and data interpretation techniques. It provides examples of Indian remote sensing satellites like Resourcesat and Cartosat, and describes their sensors and applications in areas like agriculture, mapping, and disaster management. Visual interpretation of remote sensing images involves analyzing tone, shape, size, pattern, texture, shadows, and associations of targets.
Indian Remote Sensing satellites are a series of Earth observation satellites built and launched by ISRO. Key points:
- IRS satellites image the Earth's surface to monitor resources and the environment.
- Spatial resolution has improved from 1km to 1m, allowing monitoring from large to small scales.
- Satellites orbit in sun synchronous or geostationary orbits for different applications.
- Over 20 IRS satellites have been launched since 1988, with applications in agriculture, flooding, mapping and more.
The document discusses different types of scanning systems used to collect remote sensing data. It describes whiskbroom scanners that use rotating mirrors to scan perpendicular to the flight path, building up images line-by-line. Pushbroom scanners use linear detector arrays that collect entire lines of pixels simultaneously as the sensor moves. Circular scanners employ rotating mirrors to scan in circular patterns, while side-scanning uses active radar to illuminate terrain to one side of the flight path. The characteristics of Landsat, SPOT, and sensor technologies are also overviewed.
Scope and content of population geographyMithun Ray
This document provides an overview of population geography as an academic discipline. It discusses key thinkers who established population geography as a subfield of human geography. It also outlines major topics of focus for population geography, including population size and distribution, dynamics of growth, and qualities/characteristics of populations. The document contrasts population geography with related fields like demography and population studies, noting geography's emphasis on spatial variation and relationships between places. It also briefly discusses the development of population geography as a topic of study in India.
The Mahanadi River originates in Chhattisgarh and flows east through Orissa before entering the Bay of Bengal. It is one of the longest rivers in India, covering 860 km. The Hirakud Dam on the Mahanadi is a major landmark and the world's longest dam when constructed. The river irrigates fertile lands used to cultivate crops like rice, oilseeds, and sugarcane.
Visual Image Interpretation in Remote Sensingvishwanathabhat
This document discusses keys for visual image interpretation including tone, texture, pattern, size, shape, shadow, association, and site. Tone refers to the brightness or color of objects. Texture is the frequency of tonal variations. Pattern is the spatial arrangement of objects. Size is important for assessing objects relative to the scene and resolution. Shape is the most important factor for recognition. Shadow can help with interpretation but also cause difficulties. Association refers to how features relate to each other. Site refers to topographic location which is important when other elements don't clearly identify objects.
Isopleth maps connect points of equal value through isolines to show variations and distributions of elements. Values can represent quantities, intensities or densities and common examples include isobars (equal pressure), isotherms (equal temperature), and isohyets (equal precipitation). Isopleth maps are constructed by marking data points, determining suitable interval values, joining equal points with smooth lines, and adding a key. They have various applications in climatology, demography, and showing altitude or terrain. Merits include scientific accuracy while demerits can include inaccuracies from interpolation of many data points.
Remote Sensing and GIS in Land Use / Land Cover MappingVenkatKamal1
This document discusses using remote sensing and GIS for land use/land cover mapping. It describes analyzing agricultural versus urban land to ensure development doesn't degrade farmland. Land cover refers to ground surface characteristics like vegetation or bare soil, while land use refers to how land is used, such as agriculture or recreation. The document outlines classification systems and criteria for remote sensing-based land use/land cover mapping. It also discusses digital classification techniques, global and national land use datasets, and applications of remote sensing for natural resource management and change detection analysis.
The document discusses the calculation of mean center of population for districts in West Bengal, India for the census years 1981, 1991, 2001, and 2011. It provides background on mean center analysis and outlines the steps to calculate mean center, which involves determining the x and y coordinates of each district's geographic center, multiplying the population by x and y distances, and calculating the total x and y values. Tables of population, x and y distances, and calculated x population and y population values are provided for each census year, along with the final x and y coordinates of the mean center. Maps show the mean center location for each time period.
This document provides an overview of the nature and scope of human geography. It discusses how human geography studies the relationship between human societies and the earth's surface. Key points covered include the different approaches to geography like environmental determinism and possibilism. Environmental determinism suggests that the environment determines human activities, while possibilism argues that humans can modify their environment. The document also discusses new determinism as a middle path between these views. It outlines the different schools of thought in human geography like welfare, radical, and behavioral schools. Finally, it discusses how human geography relates to other social science disciplines through different time periods.
Place refers to both the physical and human characteristics that define a location. Physical characteristics include natural features like mountains, rivers, and wildlife. Human characteristics are things like roads and buildings that people create to change the environment. Our mental images of places are based on both intellectual and emotional experiences.
Geomorphology is the study of landforms and the processes that shape them. It is a branch of physical geography that analyzes relief features at different dimensions and scales. Relief features are organized into three orders based on size: first order includes continents and ocean basins shaped by plate tectics; second order consists of structural landforms like mountains and plateaus formed by constructional forces; third order comprises micro-level erosional and depositional landforms developed on second order features by exogenic processes like rivers and glaciers. Process geomorphology examines specialized subfields defined by the dominant shaping process, such as fluvial, glacial, coastal and karst landforms.
Population geography is the study of human population distribution and dynamics across different regions. It examines how numbers, characteristics, and movement of people vary based on environmental and cultural factors in an area. G.T. Trewartha is considered the father of population geography for establishing it as a distinct subfield in the 1950s and proposing what topics it encompasses. Population geography analyzes absolute population sizes, qualities like age and sex ratios, and dynamics including fertility, mortality, and migration patterns. It also relates population trends to variables like resources, development levels, and government policies. As an interdisciplinary field, it interconnects with demography, sociology, economics, history and other social sciences.
The document summarizes the geological structure and history of India. It discusses the major rock systems in India formed during different geological eras: 1) The Archaean rock system formed during the early Precambrian period. 2) The Purana rock system formed during the late Precambrian. 3) The Dravidian rock system formed during the Cambrian to Carboniferous period. 4) The Aryan rock system which includes the Gondwana system, Deccan Traps, Tertiary system, and Quaternary formations. It also describes the distribution and economic significance of rocks in each system.
Statistics for Geography and Environmental Science:an introductory lecture c...Rich Harris
A sample of the instructor's resources to support the textbook Statistics for Geography and Environmental Science. Further information at www.social-statistics.org
The study deals different terms, concept, definitions, theories of population, census statistics, maps and diagrams for representations of demographic data. You read it carefully until the last.
This document discusses remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS). Remote sensing involves collecting data about objects from a distance using electromagnetic energy and sensors. It works through various stages including energy source, interaction with the target, sensor recording, processing, and interpretation. Remote sensing has applications in resource exploration, environmental monitoring, and land use analysis. GIS integrates spatial data using computer hardware, software, and trained personnel. It has advantages like visualization and modeling capabilities, and disadvantages like high costs and data errors. The future of remote sensing and GIS is promising as more industries adopt these technologies.
Lidar uses laser light to measure distances by illuminating targets. It is an active remote sensing method. The document discusses remote sensing concepts like platforms, sensors, data collection using electromagnetic radiation, and data interpretation techniques. It provides examples of Indian remote sensing satellites like Resourcesat and Cartosat, and describes their sensors and applications in areas like agriculture, mapping, and disaster management. Visual interpretation of remote sensing images involves analyzing tone, shape, size, pattern, texture, shadows, and associations of targets.
Indian Remote Sensing satellites are a series of Earth observation satellites built and launched by ISRO. Key points:
- IRS satellites image the Earth's surface to monitor resources and the environment.
- Spatial resolution has improved from 1km to 1m, allowing monitoring from large to small scales.
- Satellites orbit in sun synchronous or geostationary orbits for different applications.
- Over 20 IRS satellites have been launched since 1988, with applications in agriculture, flooding, mapping and more.
The document discusses different types of scanning systems used to collect remote sensing data. It describes whiskbroom scanners that use rotating mirrors to scan perpendicular to the flight path, building up images line-by-line. Pushbroom scanners use linear detector arrays that collect entire lines of pixels simultaneously as the sensor moves. Circular scanners employ rotating mirrors to scan in circular patterns, while side-scanning uses active radar to illuminate terrain to one side of the flight path. The characteristics of Landsat, SPOT, and sensor technologies are also overviewed.
Scope and content of population geographyMithun Ray
This document provides an overview of population geography as an academic discipline. It discusses key thinkers who established population geography as a subfield of human geography. It also outlines major topics of focus for population geography, including population size and distribution, dynamics of growth, and qualities/characteristics of populations. The document contrasts population geography with related fields like demography and population studies, noting geography's emphasis on spatial variation and relationships between places. It also briefly discusses the development of population geography as a topic of study in India.
The Mahanadi River originates in Chhattisgarh and flows east through Orissa before entering the Bay of Bengal. It is one of the longest rivers in India, covering 860 km. The Hirakud Dam on the Mahanadi is a major landmark and the world's longest dam when constructed. The river irrigates fertile lands used to cultivate crops like rice, oilseeds, and sugarcane.
Visual Image Interpretation in Remote Sensingvishwanathabhat
This document discusses keys for visual image interpretation including tone, texture, pattern, size, shape, shadow, association, and site. Tone refers to the brightness or color of objects. Texture is the frequency of tonal variations. Pattern is the spatial arrangement of objects. Size is important for assessing objects relative to the scene and resolution. Shape is the most important factor for recognition. Shadow can help with interpretation but also cause difficulties. Association refers to how features relate to each other. Site refers to topographic location which is important when other elements don't clearly identify objects.
Isopleth maps connect points of equal value through isolines to show variations and distributions of elements. Values can represent quantities, intensities or densities and common examples include isobars (equal pressure), isotherms (equal temperature), and isohyets (equal precipitation). Isopleth maps are constructed by marking data points, determining suitable interval values, joining equal points with smooth lines, and adding a key. They have various applications in climatology, demography, and showing altitude or terrain. Merits include scientific accuracy while demerits can include inaccuracies from interpolation of many data points.
Remote Sensing and GIS in Land Use / Land Cover MappingVenkatKamal1
This document discusses using remote sensing and GIS for land use/land cover mapping. It describes analyzing agricultural versus urban land to ensure development doesn't degrade farmland. Land cover refers to ground surface characteristics like vegetation or bare soil, while land use refers to how land is used, such as agriculture or recreation. The document outlines classification systems and criteria for remote sensing-based land use/land cover mapping. It also discusses digital classification techniques, global and national land use datasets, and applications of remote sensing for natural resource management and change detection analysis.
The document discusses the calculation of mean center of population for districts in West Bengal, India for the census years 1981, 1991, 2001, and 2011. It provides background on mean center analysis and outlines the steps to calculate mean center, which involves determining the x and y coordinates of each district's geographic center, multiplying the population by x and y distances, and calculating the total x and y values. Tables of population, x and y distances, and calculated x population and y population values are provided for each census year, along with the final x and y coordinates of the mean center. Maps show the mean center location for each time period.
This document provides an overview of the nature and scope of human geography. It discusses how human geography studies the relationship between human societies and the earth's surface. Key points covered include the different approaches to geography like environmental determinism and possibilism. Environmental determinism suggests that the environment determines human activities, while possibilism argues that humans can modify their environment. The document also discusses new determinism as a middle path between these views. It outlines the different schools of thought in human geography like welfare, radical, and behavioral schools. Finally, it discusses how human geography relates to other social science disciplines through different time periods.
Place refers to both the physical and human characteristics that define a location. Physical characteristics include natural features like mountains, rivers, and wildlife. Human characteristics are things like roads and buildings that people create to change the environment. Our mental images of places are based on both intellectual and emotional experiences.
Geomorphology is the study of landforms and the processes that shape them. It is a branch of physical geography that analyzes relief features at different dimensions and scales. Relief features are organized into three orders based on size: first order includes continents and ocean basins shaped by plate tectics; second order consists of structural landforms like mountains and plateaus formed by constructional forces; third order comprises micro-level erosional and depositional landforms developed on second order features by exogenic processes like rivers and glaciers. Process geomorphology examines specialized subfields defined by the dominant shaping process, such as fluvial, glacial, coastal and karst landforms.
Impact of tourism (paryatanache parinam- marathi)Malhari Survase
पर्यटनाचा विविध क्षेत्रावर परिणाम
पर्यटनाचा आर्थिक घटकांवर होणारा परिणाम
पर्यटनाचा सामाजिक व सांस्कृतिक घटका वरील परिणाम
पर्यटनाचे पर्यावरणावरील परिणाम
पर्यटनाचा शाश्वत विकास
The IPR protects your innovations and ideas related rights and from infringement by others and restricts its uses, making and selling without your permissions. This presentation aims to explore the significance of intellectual property rights and to know the procedure to obtain patents in India. For that, the data and information is collected from news papers, articles, magazines, internet websites, and expert interviews. Protecting intellectual property with patents provides the exclusive rights by law to the assignees or originator to make use of and exploit their inventions. The invention which meets the novelty, non-obviousness, usefulness in the industry, enabled etc criteria’s as per Indian patent act and fulfilling patentable criteria’s with proper application and details justifications with fallow up and clearing the objections are eligible to grants the patents.
POTENTIALITY OF RAINWATER HARVESTING IN DANGE COLLEGE CAMPUS OF HATKANANGALE ...Malhari Survase
Harvesting the rainwater for the water conservation and fulfilment of water requirements in the micro level areas with the
optimistic method is essential in for better future. Thus the present research aims to identify the potentiality of rainwater harvesting in Dange college campus of Hatkanangale for shrinking the water scarcity.The campus located in rain shadow zone of Western Ghats receives 820.4mm annual average rainfall. It has 4.5 acres of campus with 6090 sq.m. built up area and 2547 sq. m. area of the roof surface. College has 6070 sq.m. area of fruit garden and 7100 sq. m. Play ground. For the present investigation, data regarding various aspects are collected through the college administration office, and skymet website. Runoff Coefficient and Annual rainwater harvesting potential (ARHP) of the campus is estimated
by using formula (ARHP = R x AC x RC) given by Pecey, et.al; 1989. The
analysis revels that approximate of 75 Lakh Litre water will be collected from the whole campus. Out of that 18.80 Lakh litre water will be collected purely on rooftop of the building and it is directly usable for the drinking and sanitization. It will be fulfil 90 % demand of the fresh water. Out of 74.52 Lakh litre water 55.71 L. Litre water will be useful for the gardening in the dry season.
CREATING AWARENESS FOR THE CASHLESS ECONOMY OF INDIAMalhari Survase
The dream of the cashless economy becomes unreal due to the lack of awareness of cashless economy and demerits of cash transitions. This paper aims to focus on the significance of awareness among the society for the cashless transitions and reduce the cash transitions. For the same paper, the data and information is collected from newspapers, articles, magazines,
internet websites, and expert interviews. The results of demonetization leads to the cashless economy but its effectiveness decreased due to the lack of awareness among the society and created the need of awareness the betterment of Indian economy.
Diagnosis of Soil Texture for Soil Erosion Risk Assessment in Panchaganga BasinMalhari Survase
Soil physical properties plays significant role in the erosion process in the specified
region. Thus the present research aims to assess the soil texture as a physical characteristics
affecting on the erosion severity in the Panchaganga Basin. The selected region for the
present investigation is the 'Panchaganga Basin' of south Maharashtra state comprising 7
tahsils of Kolhapur district, Maharashtra. For the present investigation, data regarding
various aspects of soil obtained from Government Soil Testing Laboratory, Kolhapur. The
slope, stream frequency and drainage density along with the soil texture of the region is
considered as a responsible factor of erosion response of the soil. The high erosion prone
areas of the region mostly have coarse sand and fine sand in soil. The silt and clay soil is
relatively low erosion affected.
Alkaline Soils and it’s Improvement in Panchganga Basin (Maharashtra): A Geog...Malhari Survase
The use of land without consideration its limits will result in disturbing soil from its natural or ideal state. Both the physical and chemical properties of soil can be totally or partly altered due to human interference. The economic man always tries to achieve maximum economic gain without consideration of potential problems. These results gradually in deteriorating soil quality. The aims of this paper are to understand distribution, severity and estimating extent of chemically degraded alkaline soils which affect directly on the capacity of soil and environment in the region and suggest suitable conservation measures. The selected region for the present investigation is the 'Panchaganga Basin' of south Maharashtra state comprising 7 tahsils of Kolhapur district, Maharashtra. For the present investigation,both primary and secondary sources are used for this paper. Data regarding different properties of soil and water is collected from Government Soil Survey and Soil Testing Laboratory, Kolhapur and other through field work. Soil analysis has been done and chemical properties of soils are represented by choropleth methods. For this purpose special soil sample data is used. Area of alkali soil is identified with the help of soil chemical and physical properties. Simultaneously field observation and village wise obtained data has been supported. In the study region 46.72% area has covered by alkaline soil. Out of that 31.96% are slightly alkaline and 14.76% are strongly alkaline. Most of the eastern tahsils such as Shirol (94.59%), Hatkanangle (83.33%), Panhala (52.94%) and eastern part of Karveer (45.28%) tahsils have above 40% areas under alkaline soils. As per the risk of alkalinity, the physical, chemical and agronomic measures suggested for the improvement of alkaline soils.
Geographic Analysis of Erosion Prone Areas and Soil Erosion in Panchaganga Ba...Malhari Survase
The main aim of this study is to identify erosion prone areas and nature of soil erosion in Panchaganga Basin of South Maharashtra. The region lies between 160 13”N. to 170 11”N latitude and 730 41”E. to 740 42”E longitude, comprise seven tahsils of Kolhapur District i.e. Karveer, Panhala, Shahuwadi, Hatkanagle, Shirol, Gaganbawada and Radhanagari. It covers about 45752.2sq.km area and supports 26, 11,547 populations.
For the identification of erosion prone area in the Panchaganga Basin three important components i.e. slope, stream frequency and drainage density has been considered. The SOI toposheets of 1:2,50,000 scale has been divided into 2 cm grids. The slope analysis has been calculated by employing Wentworth method. By marking the values derived from three components of each grid, the erosion proneness has computed and categorized into five distinct spatial units. Such areas ware further checked empirically through field trips. Topsoil loss due to raindrop erosion, rill erosion, formation of gullies, stream channel erosion, etc. is the nature of erosion. Deforestation, overgrazing, monsoonal rainfall of high intensity, hilly landforms, and smooth texture of soil is the major causes of erosion. The area of upper Panchaganga Basin including Radhanagari, Gaganbawada, Panhala, Shahuwadi and some part of Karveer tahsil has been facing acute problem of soil erosion. The reciprocal relationship has been found between slope and eroded areas. It needs to take due care immediately
CHANGING CROPPING PATTERN IN PANCHAGANGA BASIN, MAHARASHTRA: A GEOGRAPHICAL I...Malhari Survase
This document summarizes a study on cropping patterns and changes in cropping patterns in the Panchaganga Basin region of south Maharashtra, India between 1973-1978 and 2003-2008. It finds that food grains make up 49.82% of agricultural land, with rice and jowar as the main food grains. Sugarcane cultivation increased significantly, rising from 31,770 hectares to 72,459 hectares. The increased sugarcane cultivation and additions of fruits, vegetables and spices led food crops to occupy 77.43% of land. Non-food crops like groundnuts and soybeans occupied smaller areas. Sugarcane dominated irrigated cropping, occupying over 3/4 of irrigated
A STUDY OF FERTILITY STATUS OF SOIL AND NUTRIENTS RECOMMENDATIONS IN PANCHGAN...Malhari Survase
The existence of nutrients in soils and its balance determine the growth of plants. Fertility of soils is determined by various macro and micro nutrients available in the soil.In view of this the present study aims to analyse the fertility level of the soil with the help of N. P. & K. and to recommend essential nutrients wherever necessary in Panchganga Basin of south Maharashtra. The Panchganga Basin, a well watered and agriculturally developed region covers 45752.2 sq.km area and supports 26, 11,547 (2.6 percent of state) population. The index values of N, P & K are collected from government soil survey and soil testing Laboratory, Kolhapur at village level. These index values of N. P. & K. are grouped into six categories and tahsil wise areas in percentage in concern category are computed and shown in tabular form. To recognised the fertility level of the soils composite index is computed with the help of NPK values and is grouped into five categories. Simultaneously village level fertility is shown with the help of choropleth maps prepared by using ARC-GIS software. Deficiency and sufficiency of soil nutrients are identified and specific nutrients are recommended wherever necessary. The analysis reveals that there is large variation in the distribution of macronutrients of the soil. It is observed that most of the areas of the study region are fertile in nature. Low and very low fertility of soil is noted in some pockets only. The physiography, climate and agricultural activities have greatly influenced the nutrients status of soil. Specific fertilizers and addition of organic matters are recommended for nutrients deficient areas which will help to keep the balance of nutrients and to restore the fertility of soils. Moreover, it is observed during the fieldwork that the anthropogenic influences are degrading the soils in the region which needs further investigations.
Diagnosis & Improvement of Degraded Soils in Panchaganga Basin (Maharashtra):...Malhari Survase
The chemical properties of soil perform significant functions in crop growth. The chemical processes and reactions transform the soil properties from ideal to worst in the chemical degradation of soil. The use of soil without considering its limits, make it difficult to supply essential elements for crops resulting into declining the agricultural productivity. Hence the present investigation aims to analyse the nature, extent and gravity of chemically degraded soils and recommend suitable reclamation measures in Panchganga basin. It is well watered and agriculturally developed part of the state which covers 45752.2 sq.km area and supports 26, 11,547 (2.6 percent of state) population. For the present investigation required village level data has been collected from Govt. Soil Survey and Soil Testing Laboratory, Kolhapur and supported by intensive field trips and interviews of the farmers. The extent and gravity of acidic, alkaline, saline, sodic and saline sodic soils are identified with the help of soil chemical analysis. The results obtained are represented through tables and choropleth map. The analyses reveal that the soils in the western hilly and high rainfall parts are mostly acidic in nature. By contrast the soils in the eastern plain areas are mostly alkaline, saline and saline sodic. This can be well attributed to the plain topography, low natural drainage, monoculture of sugarcane, unscientific practices of cultivation, excessive use of chemical fertilizers and irrigation etc. As a result the soil fertility has declined and hundreds of hectares of fertile soils have gone out of cultivation. To reclaims such soils site specific recommendations such as physical, chemical, agronomic and biological measures need be implemented immediately to reverse soil degradation process and to restore the valuable soil resource of the region.
Irrigation plays significant role in transforming the agricultural activity and the rural livelihood. Thus the present research aims to assess the growth of irrigated area under different sources of irrigation, along with the consideration of methods of ¬irrigation applied changes in source of irrigation and intensity of irrigation in the Panchaganga Basin. The selected region for the present investigation is the 'Panchaganga Basin' of south Maharashtra state comprising 7 tahsils of Kolhapur district, Maharashtra. For the present investigation, data regarding area under irrigation with different sources has been compiled from Socio-Economic Review and District Statistical Abstracts of Kolhapur District, 1971- 75 and 2001-05 and supported by intensive field trips. It is noteworthy increased the area under the irrigation in the study region throughout the period under review. The area under well irrigation has increased by 46158 hectors and lift by 6950 hectors. The intensity of irrigation is about 25.1%. During the period under review it increased by 9.2%. The various sources of irrigation bring changes in attitude of the farmers and adopted the new and scientific techniques for the agricultural development.
Electricity becomes crucial component of the contemporary era. The great demand of the electricity creates the tress on the production and distribution. The imbalance between the demand and supply and increasing requirement of the electricity becomes a crisis. Thus this paper aims to make aware of the present electricity scenario and electricity deficiency problem and leading role of the alternative energy sources for future survival. For the present analysis the data and information collected from the various published and unpublished reports and websites. Otherwise the primary facts are collected from the various states board of electricity generations and distributions in India. The analyzed results are represented in various forms. The analysis revels that, the demand of electricity is increasing due to the technological progress. The conventional sources of energy unable to fulfill the increasing demand of the electricity. It is need to focus on the renewable power sources. India has high potential of the renewable resources. The enormous renewable sources of energy in India developed properly, it defiantly fulfill the requirements of the energy.
Role of Academic Eco Clubs to Execution of National Policies on Environmental...Malhari Survase
1. The document discusses the role of academic eco clubs in promoting environmental awareness and executing national policies on sustainability in India. It outlines India's national environmental policies and the objectives of eco clubs in creating awareness among college students.
2. The eco clubs aim to educate students on protecting the environment through various activities like tree plantations, waste management drives, and competitions. They motivate students to adopt green lifestyles and sensitize the public on environmental issues.
3. By properly coordinating and implementing different awareness programs, eco clubs can effectively promote environmental values among future generations and support the government's efforts in preserving the natural environment.
Historical Development of Irrigation in Panchaganga Basin (Maharashtra) (1971...Malhari Survase
Irrigation plays significant role in transforming the agricultural activity and the rural livelihood. Thus the present research aims to assess the growth of irrigated area under different sources of irrigation, along with the consideration of methods of ¬irrigation applied changes in source of irrigation and intensity of irrigation in the Panchaganga Basin. The selected region for the present investigation is the 'Panchaganga Basin' of south Maharashtra state comprising 7 tahsils of Kolhapur district, Maharashtra. For the present investigation, data regarding area under irrigation with different sources has been compiled from Socio-Economic Review and District Statistical Abstracts of Kolhapur District, 1971- 75 and 2001-05 and supported by intensive field trips. It is noteworthy increased the area under the irrigation in the study region throughout the period under review. The area under well irrigation has increased by 46158 hectors and lift by 6950 hectors. The intensity of irrigation is about 25.1%. During the period under review it increased by 9.2%. The various sources of irrigation bring changes in attitude of the farmers and adopted the new and scientific techniques for the agricultural development.
A STUDY OF FERTILITY STATUS OF SOIL AND NUTRIENTS RECOMMENDATIONS IN PANCHGAN...Malhari Survase
The existence of nutrients in soils and its balance determine the growth of plants. Fertility of soils is determined by various macro and micro nutrients available in the soil.In view of this the present study aims to analyse the fertility level of the soil with the help of N. P. & K. and to recommend essential nutrients wherever necessary in Panchganga Basin of south Maharashtra. The Panchganga Basin, a well watered and agriculturally developed region covers 45752.2 sq.km area and supports 26, 11,547 (2.6 percent of state) population. The index values of N, P & K are collected from government soil survey and soil testing Laboratory, Kolhapur at village level. These index values of N. P. & K. are grouped into six categories and tahsil wise areas in percentage in concern category are computed and shown in tabular form. To recognised the fertility level of the soils composite index is computed with the help of NPK values and is grouped into five categories. Simultaneously village level fertility is shown with the help of choropleth maps prepared by using ARC-GIS software. Deficiency and sufficiency of soil nutrients are identified and specific nutrients are recommended wherever necessary. The analysis reveals that there is large variation in the distribution of macronutrients of the soil. It is observed that most of the areas of the study region are fertile in nature. Low and very low fertility of soil is noted in some pockets only. The physiography, climate and agricultural activities have greatly influenced the nutrients status of soil. Specific fertilizers and addition of organic matters are recommended for nutrients deficient areas which will help to keep the balance of nutrients and to restore the fertility of soils. Moreover, it is observed during the fieldwork that the anthropogenic influences are degrading the soils in the region which needs further investigations.
CHANGING CROPPING PATTERN IN PANCHAGANGA BASIN, MAHARASHTRA: A GEOGRAPHICAL I...Malhari Survase
Cropping pattern simply means the proportion of area under
different crops at a point of time, whereas changes in cropping pattern
refer to change in proportion of area under different crops at two different
times. Present paper aims to study cropping pattern and changes therein
for individual crops in general and irrigated crops in particular in the
region. The selected region for the present investigation is the
'Panchaganga Basin' of south Maharashtra state comprising 7 tahsils of
Kolhapur district, Maharashtra. For the present investigation, data
regarding area under different crops has been compiled from Socio-
Economic Review and District Statistical Abstracts of Kolhapur District,
1973- 78 and 2003-08. When we include sugarcane, fruits and vegetables,
condiments and spices, the total food crops has occupy about 77.43 per
cent during the period 2001- 05. Among the non-food crops groundnut
shares (9.22%) major area. The share of sugarcane has increased by 10.03
percent on the contrary the share of sereals has decreased by 12.34
percent.
CHANGING CROPPING PATTERN IN PANCHAGANGA BASIN, MAHARASHTRA: A GEOGRAPHICAL I...
Settelments (vasahati) marathi
1. वसाहती
प्रा डॉ एम. एन. सुरवसे
मा श्री अण्णासाहेब डाांगे कॉलेज हातकणांगले जज. कोल्हापूर
2. प्रस्तावना
• ननवारा ही मानवाची मूलभूत गरज
• थंडी, ऊन वारा व पाऊस यांच्यापासून सुरक्षित
राहण्यासाठी घराची गरज
• जंगली प्राणी, ित्रू इ पासून संरिण
• संरिणाच्या व सुरक्षिततेच्या दृष्टीने सामूहहक पद्धतीने
घरे
• अन्न, पाणी, वस्त्र व ननवारा या मूलभूत गरजा पूणण
होऊ शकणार्या भागात मानवी वसाहतीची ननर्मणती
• वसाहत हे मानवाचे ववश्ांती स्थान
• कमववलेल्या साधन संपत्तीचे जतन करण्यासाटी
उपयुक्त
• साधन संपत्तीचा संग्रह करण्यासाठी
• मानवी वसाहत: सामाजजक दृष््या एकत्रत्रत येऊन
बांधलेल्या घरांचा समूह
• अडचणीच्या वेळी एकमेकांना मदत
• सामाजजक सहजीवन
• घरांच्या संखेला मयाणदा नाही
• ननवर्याच्या संखेवरून वसाहतीचा आकार
डॉ एम.एन.सुरवसे, डांगे कॉलेज,
हातकाणंगले
3. वसाहतीचे प्रकार
वेगवेगळ्या आधारावर वसाहतीचे अनेक प्रकार पडतात
• बांधकामासाठी वापरण्यात येणारी सामग्री
• वसाहतीची काये
• वसाहतीची रचना
• वसाहतीचा आकार
• वसाहतीचे स्वरूप
अस्थायी व स्थायी असे दोन मूळ प्रकार
डॉ एम.एन.सुरवसे, डांगे कॉलेज,
हातकाणंगले
4. 1. अस्थायी वसाहत
नेहमी भटकत राहहल्याने कायमची वस्ती नाही
झोपडीवजा/ तंबू बांधून तात्पुरते वास्तव्य
उपजीववके साठी भटकं ती करणारे लोक
पशुपालन करणारे लोक
भटक्या जमाती
हंगामी कामगार
डॉ एम.एन.सुरवसे, डांगे कॉलेज,
हातकाणंगले
5. 2. स्थायी वसाहत
उपजीववके ची साधने उपलब्ध असणार्या भागात
कायमची वस्ती
ववववध व्यवसाय व त्याननर्मत्ताने होणारी वस्ती
शेतकरी- शेताजवळ, कोळी- मासेमारी िेत्रात,
गगरणी कामगार- गगरणीजवळ, खान कामगार-
खाणीजवळ इ.
घरे साधी, मातीची, कौलारू, ववटा, र्समेंट, इ
सहाय्याने बांधलेली
आसपासच्या िेत्रात उपलब्द असणार्या साधन
सामग्रीचा वापर करून बांधकाम
वस्ती ननयर्मत व अननयर्मत आकाराची
अननयर्मत आकाराच्या वस्तीत रस्ते
अव्यवजस्थत व अरंद
ननयर्मत आकाराच्या वस्तीत रस्ते योजनाबद्ध
भटक्या जमतीच्या वसाहती वगळता बहुतेक
लोकांच्या वसाहती स्थायी स्वरपाच्या
डॉ एम.एन.सुरवसे, डांगे कॉलेज,
हातकाणंगले
6. स्थायी वसाहतीचे प्रकार
• स्वरूप वेगवेगळे
• लहान मोठा आकार
• ववकासात फरक
• ग्रामीण वस्ती व नागरी वस्ती असे दोन प्रकार
डॉ एम.एन.सुरवसे, डांगे कॉलेज,
हातकाणंगले
7. ग्रामीण वसाहती (Rural Settelment)
• शेती हा ग्रामीण जीवनाचा मुख्य आधार
• यामुळे ग्रामीण भागात मुख्यात शेतकरी लोक
राहतात
• शेती व शेतीशी सांबधधत व्यवसायातील लोक
ग्रामीण भागात राहतात
• स्थाननक भागात उपलब्ध असणार्या सामुग्रीचा
वापर करून घराची बाांधणी
• घराची रचना पारांपररक पद्धतीची
• अरांद रस्ते
• घरे एकमेकाांना लागून
• घरात प्रकाश व हवा कमी
• पाणीपुरवटा, सांरक्षण, सोई याांचा पररणाम
• ग्रामीण वस्तीचे अजस्तत्व प्राचीन काळापासून
• शेतीस सुरवात झाल्यापासून स्थायी वसाहनतस
सुरवात
• एका ठिकाणी राहून सुखी व सांरक्षक्षत जीवन
जगण्यास सुरवात
• अस्थायी अवस्थेतून स्थायी वसाहनतस सुरवात
व त्याचा ववकास
डॉ एम.एन.सुरवसे, डांगे कॉलेज,
हातकाणंगले
8. ग्रामीण वसाहतीच्या स्थानावर पररणाम करणारे घटक
• ववववध प्रकारच्या ग्रामीण वसाहती
ननमाणण होण्यास अनेक घटक आणण
पररजस्थती जबाबदार असते.
• (1) भौनतक वैर्शष््ये- भूप्रदेश, उंची,
वातावरण आणण पाणी उपलब्धता,
भुपृष्ट, पाणीपुरवटा, जमीन,
हवामान
• (2) आगथणक, सांस्कृ नतक आणण
धार्मणक घटक - साधन सामुग्री,
उपलब्ध सोई सुववधा, रोजगारची
साधने सामाजजक संरचना, जात
आणण धमण
• (3) सुरिा घटक – आरोग्य,
संरिण, चोरी आणण
लूटमायाांववरद्ध संरिण.
डॉ एम.एन.सुरवसे, डांगे कॉलेज,
हातकाणंगले
9. ग्रामीण वसाहतीचे प्रकार
• ग्रामीण वस्तीचे रचनेनुसार तीन प्रकार पडतात
१. ववखुरलेली वसाहती
२. दाट वसाहती
३. पुंजके दार वसाहती
डॉ एम.एन.सुरवसे, डांगे कॉलेज,
हातकाणंगले
10. ववखुरलेली वस्ती (Scattered Settlement)
• घरे दूर दूर अांतरावर
• घराांची सांख्या कमी
• घरे एकाकी
• पववतीय भाग, पिारावर, जांगलात, वाळवांटी
भागात जास्त प्रमाण
• घरे एकमेकापासून अललप्त
• शेती क्षेत्रातही याचे जास्त प्रमाण
• घरे साधी, कच्ची ककां वा सीमेंटची
• वेगवेगळ्या भागात वेगवेगळी कारणे
• वेगवेगळे व्यवसाय ही यास करणीभूत
• मासेमारी, लाकू डतोड, शेती इ.
• जमीन मोठ्या प्रमाणावर उपलब्द असल्यास
शेतात घरे बाांधून राहण्याचे प्रमाण जास्त
ववखुरलेल्या वस्तीचे गुण- दोष
गुण: १. व्यवसाय क्षेत्राजवळ राहत असल्याने
जास्त काम २. वेळ व पैशाची बचत ३.
व्यवसायची जास्त प्रगनत ४. घरातील
व्यक्तीची व्यवसायात मदत ५. वाद-
वववडापासून मुक्त ६. उत्तम आरोग्य
दोष: १. गावातील लोकाांशी कमी सांपकव २.
सामाजजक जीवन ववस्कळीत ३. सुरक्षक्षततेचा
प्रश्न
डॉ एम.एन.सुरवसे, डांगे कॉलेज,
हातकाणंगले
11. दाट वस्ती (Compact/ Agglomerated Settlement)
• घरे जवळ जवळ
• सांखेने जास्त
• के जरित स्वरूपाची वसाहत
• एकत्रत्रत घरे
• सामाजजक, धालमवक अथवा आधथवक हेतूने
लोक एकत्रत्रत
• घरे एकमेकाांना लागून व गल्ल्या फारच
अरांद
• अधून मधून थोडीसी जागा
• वस्तीचे क्षेत्र वाढत जाते
• हळू हळू वस्तीचे ववकें िीकरण
• अनेक कारणाांनी काही भागात दाट लोकवस्ती
• योग्य भुपृष्ट, अनुकू ल हवामान, कृ वषयोग्य
जमीन, मुबलक पाणीपुरवटा, खाणीजाांचे
उत्खनन, व्यापार, उपजीववके ची अरय साधने,
दळणवळण इ प्रमुख कारणे
• सांरक्षण, आरोग्य, लशक्षण, सामाजजक
यासािीही दाट लोकवस्ती
दाट लोकवस्तीचे गुण- दोष
गुण: 1. सांरक्षण 2. एकमेकाना मदत 3.
सामाजजक जीवन
दोष: 1. घरे एकमेकाांना लागून असल्याने
मोकळ्या हवेचा अभाव 2. रोग व आजारचा
जास्त प्रसार 3. भाांडण व वादडॉ एम.एन.सुरवसे, डांगे कॉलेज,
हातकाणंगले
12. पुांजके दार वसाहती (Nucleated/ Clustered Settlement)
• काही भागात अश्या वसाहती
• पाण्याची टंचाई असणार्या भागात
• घरे जवळ जवळ
• घरांची रचना पुंजके दार
• संरिणसाठीही अशी वसाहत
• इतर सोई सुववधाच्या नजीक ही अश्या प्रकारची वस्ती
• पुंजके दार वसाहतीचे गुण- दोष
गुण: १. सरंिण २. सामाजजक जीवन ३. पाणी व सोई सुववधा नजीक
दोष: १. आरोग्याचे प्रश्न २. भांडणे व वाद
डॉ एम.एन.सुरवसे, डांगे कॉलेज,
हातकाणंगले
13. वसाहतीचे प्रारूपानुसार प्रकार
• भौगोर्लक घटकांचा वसाहतीच्या प्रारूपावर मोठा
प्रभाव
• भूपरष्ट, जमीन, हवामान, नद्या, सरोवरे, समुद्र
ककनारे यांचा ग्रामीण वसाहतीच्या आकारावर
पररणाम
• रास्ते, कालवे इ संस्कृ नतक घटकांचाही यावर
पररणाम
• प्रारपाच्या आधारावर वसाहतीचे पुढील प्रकार
रेषाकृ ती वसाहत (Linear Settlement)
• मुख्यत रस्त्याच्या बाजूला, नदी काठावर,
कालव्याच्या बाजूला, समुद्र ककनार्यावर, ककं वा
डोंगर पायथ्याशी
• घरे एका रेषेत बांधलेली
• अधून मधून दुकाने
• घरे शक्यतो जवळ जवळ
• घराची दारे एकाच बाजूला
• ववस्तार रेषीय पद्धतीने
डॉ एम.एन.सुरवसे, डांगे कॉलेज,
हातकाणंगले
14. तारासदृश्य वसाहत (Star Pattern)
• ज्या हठकाणी अनेक रस्ते येऊन र्मळतात त्या हठकाणी
• बाजारपेठाच्या हठकाणी
• रस्त्याच्या दोन्ही बाजूस घरे
• आकार तार्यासारखा
• मधील गल्ल्या एकमेकास समांतर
• रस्ते र्मळणार्या हठकाणी दुकाने व व्यापारी कें द्रे
बाणाकृ ती वस्ती (Arrow Pattern)
• समुद्रात घुसलेल्या जर्मनीच्या लांब अश्या उंच भागात
• मासेमारी, व्यापार, नौका नयन इ प्रमुख काये
• याचा सवणसाधारण आकार बाणासारखा
• समुद्राकडे याचा आकार ननमुळता होत गेलेला
• ननमुळत्या भागात घरे लहान तर मागील बाजूस तुलनेने
मोठी
• मागील बाजूस वाहतुकीच्या जास्त सोई
• बांधाराच्या/ व्यापारी शहराच्या स्वरपात ववकास
डॉ एम.एन.सुरवसे, डांगे कॉलेज,
हातकाणंगले
15. गोलाकार वस्ती (Cerculer Pattern)
• सरोवराभोवती ककं वा इतर हठकाणी
• वतुणळाप्रमाणे गोल रचना
• पशुपालन करणार्या जमातीही या प्रकारात घरे बांधतात
• मध्यभागी जनावरांची जागा व भोवताली मानवी वस्ती
• घराची दारे मध्यभागाकडे
चौकोनी ककां वा िोकळाकृ ती वस्ती (Block Pattern)
• ववर्शस्ट भागात या प्रकारची वसाहत
• वावटळ ककं वा वादळा पासून संरिांसाठी या प्रकारची वसाहत
• चोरांचा उपद्रव होणार्या भागातही या प्रकारची वसाहत
• अश्या वस्तीला चारी बाजूने कुं पण के लेले असू शकते
• प्राचीन ककल्ल्याच्या स्वरपात
• अशी वस्ती उंच हठकाणी
• गल्ल्या समांतर
• रास्ते काटकोनात िेदनारे
• व्यापारी कें द्रे म्हणून ही ववकर्सत
• कुं पनामुळे संपती सुरक्षित
डॉ एम.एन.सुरवसे, डांगे कॉलेज,
हातकाणंगले
16. • आयतकृ ती वस्ती ( Rectanguler Pattern)
• सवणसाधारणपणे आयतकार आकार
• काही वेळेस जाणीवपूवणक
• तर काही वेळेस आपोआप असा आकार
• अंतगणत रचना अननयर्मत
• रस्ते व घरचा क्रम नाही
• नवीन वसवलेल्या वसाहतीची रचना ननयोजनबद्ध
त्रत्रकोणाकर वस्ती (Trangular Pattern)
• काही वस्त्यांना त्रत्रकोणी आकार
• भूपरष्टरचना व इतर घटकाचा पररणाम
• दोन नदयाच्या संगमावर
• एका बाजूस रंद व एका बाजूस ननमुळती
डॉ एम.एन.सुरवसे, डांगे कॉलेज,
हातकाणंगले
17. ववसखळीत वस्ती (Scattered Pattern)
• कृ वष योग्य भूर्मजवळ
• पावसाचे प्रमाण जास्त असणार्या भागात
• घरे दूर दूर अंतरावर
• संरिण नाही
दाट वस्ती (Compact Pattern)
• घरे जवळ जवळ
• अननयर्मत आकार
• रस्ते कमी रंदीचे
• घरांना ववर्शस्ट आकार व हदशा नसते
डॉ एम.एन.सुरवसे, डांगे कॉलेज,
हातकाणंगले
18. ग्रामीण वसाहतीची काये
शेती मासेमारी खानकाम
लाकू डतोड पशुपालन व्यापार
शासकीय कायेधार्मणक कायेसामाजजक सेवा डॉ एम.एन.सुरवसे, डांगे कॉलेज,
हातकाणंगले
19. ग्रामीण वसाहतींची वैर्शष्टे
लहान आकार
लहान घरे
स्थाननक उपलब्ध साधनाचा
बांधकामात वापर
ननयोजनाचा अभाव
संरिण कें द्रभागी
रास्ते कमी रंदीचे
शेतीजवळ घरे
जनावरचे गोटे नजीक
शेती मासेमारी लाकू डतोड इ
व्यवसाय
डॉ एम.एन.सुरवसे, डांगे कॉलेज,
हातकाणंगले
20. नागरी वस्ती/ वसाहती
• शहरे: आकाराने मोठ्या असणार्या वसाहती
• यातील लोक मोठ्या प्रमाणावर द्ववतीय व
तृतीय व्यवसायावर आधाररत
• व्यापार, सेवा व उद्योगधंदे यावर आधाररत
लोक
• ज्या वसाहतीची लोकसंख्या घनता दर चौ
कक. ४०० हून अगधक असते व द्ववतीयक व
तृतीयक व्यवसाय करणार्या लोकांचे प्रमाण
७५ % हून जास्त असते त्याला नगर असे
म्हणतात.
• १ लाखापेिा जास्त लोकसंखेच्या नगरला
शहर असे म्हणतात.
• १० ते ५० लाखाच्या लोकवस्तीला महानगर
असे म्हणतात
• ५० लाखापेिा जास्त लोकवस्तीला
मॅगेलोपोलीस असे म्हणतात
• कॅ नडा मध्ये १००० हून जास्त लोकवस्तीला
शहर म्हणतात
• डेन्माकण , स्वीडन, कफनलंड मध्ये अवघ्या २५०
पेिा अगधक लोकवस्तीला शहर म्हणतात
डॉ एम.एन.सुरवसे, डांगे कॉलेज,
हातकाणंगले
21. नागरीकरण
• नागरी हठकाणे तुलनेने जास्त सुववधा
उपलब्ध असणारी हठकाणे
• उद्योगधंदे, व्यापार, व्यवसाय यामुळे
रोजगाराच्या चांगल्या संधी
• वाहतूक, आरोग्य, र्शिण, शासकीय
कायाणलये, बाजारपेठा, बँका इ मुळे
शहराचे आकषणण
• ग्रामीण भागातून शहराकडे त्याचबरोबर
लहान शहरकडून मोठ्या शहराकडे
लोकांचे स्थलांतर होण्याचे प्रमाण जास्त
• आगथणक व इतर गरजा पूणण करण्यासाठी
शहरांना प्राधान्य
• त्यामुळे नागरीकरणात मोठी वाढ
• एक लाखापेिा जास्त लोकसंख्या
असणारी नगरे
• इ. स. १८०० मध्ये ५० नगरे
• १९५० मध्ये ९०० नगरे
• इ. स. २०१४ मध्ये जगाची नागरी
लोकसंख्या ५३.६ %
• २०५० मध्ये हे प्रमाण ६६ % होऊ
शकते
डॉ एम.एन.सुरवसे, डांगे कॉलेज,
हातकाणंगले
22. भारतातील नागरीकरण जस्थती
• भारतात राहणार्या शहरी लोकसंखेत मोठी भर
• सन १९७१ मध्ये १९.९ %, १९८१ मध्ये २३.३ %, १९९१ मध्ये २५.७ % २००१ मध्ये
२७.८% व २०१४ मध्ये ३२.४% इतकी शहरी लोकसंख्या
• शहरात मोठी वाढ
• लोकांचा ओघ ग्रामीण भागाकडून शहरकडे
• शहरातील सोई सुववधांवर तान
• शहरी लोकसंख्यावाढीबरोबरच शहरांचा ववस्तारही खूप मोठ्या प्रमाणावर
• गरीब लोकांच्या झोपडप्टी आश्यामुळे वाढत्या झोपडप्टीची समस्या
• आरोग्य व राहणीमनावर पररणाम
डॉ एम.एन.सुरवसे, डांगे कॉलेज,
हातकाणंगले
23. नागरीकरणावर पररणाम करणारे घटक
• नगरीकरणावर पुढील काही घटकाचा पररणाम जाणवतो
१. औद्योगगकीकरण: रोजगाराच्या संधी, आगथणक िमतेत वाढ, कौशल्य ववकासास संधी, आगथणक
समृद्गध, सामाजजक प्रगनत, आधुननकता इ
२. सामाजजक घटक: शहराचे आकषणण, राहणीमनाचा व जीवनमानाचा दजाण, शैिणणक व वैद्यकीय
सुववधा इ.
३. नोकरीच्या संधी: शैिणणक व तांत्रत्रक सोई, ग्रामीण अननछ्नयत रोजगारपेिा शहरातून जास्त
कमाई, जास्त पगार
४. आधुननकता: आधुननक सुववधा, उत्तम पायाभूत सुववधा, दळणवळण, वाहतूक सुववधा, आरोग्य
सुववधा यामुळे जीवन सुखकर
५. लोकसंख्या वाढ: शहरात व ग्रामीण भागात वाढणारी लोकसंख्या, दरवषे जगत ९० दशलि
बालकांचा जन्म, ववकसणसील देशात मोठी वाढ, वाढत्या लोकसंखेमुळे मूलभूत गरजा ची पूतणता
करण्यात मोठी ऊजाण, शेतीवर तान, प्रदूषण
डॉ एम.एन.सुरवसे, डांगे कॉलेज,
हातकाणंगले
24. नगरीकरणाचे पररणाम
• नगरीकरणामुळे पुढील मुख्य समस्या
ननमाणण होतात
१. वाहतुकीच्या समस्या:
२. जीवनावश्यकय वस्तूंची टंचाई
३. कचरा व्यवस्थापनाची समस्या
४. सांडपाण्याची समस्या
५. सावणजननक सोयीचा तुटवडा
६. प्रशासकीय सोईंचा अभाव
७. पाणी पुरव्याची समस्या
८. जागेचा प्रश्न
९. ननवसाचा प्रश्न
१०. महागाई
११. सावणजननक सोई सुववधांवर तान
१२. शैिणणक सुववधांनवर तान
१३. प्रदूषण
१४. सामाजजक समस्या
१५. नैनतकतेची घसरण
१६. गरीबी व दाररद्र्य
१७. उपासमार
१८. रोग व आजारचा प्रसार
डॉ एम.एन.सुरवसे, डांगे कॉलेज,
हातकाणंगले
25. शहरी वसाहतीची काये
• सभोवताल च्या उत्पादनावर शहरातील उद्योग / व्यापार आधाररत
• शहरातील जास्तीत जास्त लोक कोणत्या प्रकारचे व्यवसाय करतात
त्यावर त्या शहराचे कायण आधाररत
• शहराचे कायण व त्यानुसार पडणारे प्रकार पुढीलप्रमाणे
१. औद्योगगक नगरे: ववववध फरकाचे उद्योग, लोहपोलाद, सूती
कापड उद्योग, अर्भयांत्रत्रकी उद्योग, इ. जमशेदपूर, र्भलाई,
ग्लासगो, मुंबई, ओसाका, बेलापुर, प्रवरानगर, इचलकरंजी इ.
२. व्यापारी नगरे: बाजारपेट, वाहतूक व दळणवळणाची कें द्रे इ.
मुंबई, कोलकाता, लंडन, टोककयो, होंकोंग, नुयाकण , र्शकागो,
मास्को, शांघाय इ
३. खानकाम नगरे: खाणीच्या िेत्रात वसलेल्या वसाहतीचे कालांतराने
शहरात रूपांतर, कोळसा िेत्रात वपटस्बगण (संयुक्त
संस्थाने)हहर्याच्या खाणीमुळे जोहन्स्बगण (द. आकिका) सोन्याच्या
खाणीमुळे कु लगारडी- कालगुरडी (ऑस्रेर्लया) लोह- कोळसा
खाणीमुळे र्भलाई, जमसेदपूर, असनसोल इ.
डॉ एम.एन.सुरवसे, डांगे कॉलेज,
हातकाणंगले