Report submitted to the Shivaji University for the fulfilment of BA Geography

1. izdYi vgoky
ch-,- Hkkx rhu] Hkwxksy’kkL= foHkkx
ek-v..kklkgsc Mkaxs egkfo|ky; gkrd.kaxys] ft-dksYgkiwj
izdYi vgoky
^Ekgkjk”Vªkrhy nq”dkG*
¼2012&13½

2. 2
lar Kkus’oj f’k{k.k laLFkk] bLykeiwj-
ch-,- Hkkx rhu] Hkwxksy’kkL= foHkkx
vH;kld
ekxZn’kZd o foHkkxÁew[k
Ák- MkW- ,e- ,u- lqjols M.A., NET, Ph.D.
Hkqxksy’kkL= foHkkx]
ek-v..kklkgsc Mkaxs egkfo|ky; gkrd.kaxys] ft-dksYgkiwj-
2012&13
fo|kF;kZps uko jksy ua- fo|kF;kZps uko jksy ua-
Jh- [kksr vfuy mRre 37 Jh- ikaMo lfpu x.kirh 66
Jh- tk/ko vfer foykljko 15 dq- ikVhy dfork ckcklkks 57
Jh- dkacGs ek:rh ckxy 29 Jh- ikVhy fuys’k ikaMwjax 58
Jh- dkacGs joh v’kksd 31 Jh- iokj LoIuhy y{e.k 69
dq- fdVs vuqjk/kk ukenso 38 Jh- iokj lkxj jktkjke 71
dq- yksgkj la?k”kkZ ckGklksk 42 Jh- jtiwr j.kftrflax jkeflax 73
dq- vksek..kk es?kk egkohj 52 Jh- lqrkj x.ks’k f’kokth 80
Jh- ikaMo ekars’k ukenso 65 dq- rsjnkGs efu”kk ckcklkks 83
Jh- ikaMo izfni ckGklksk 68 dq- mnxkos vf’ouh egkohj 90
^Ekgkjk”Vªkrhy nq”dkG* ¼2012&13½
ek-v..kklkgsc Mkaxs egkfo|ky; gkrd.kaxys] ft-dksYgkiwj-
izdYi vgoky

3. 3
lar Kkus’oj f’k{k.k laLFkk] bLykeiwj
ek- v..kklkgsc Mkaxs egkfo|ky; gkrd.kaxys] ft- dksYgkiwj
Hkwxksy’kkL= foHkkx
izek.ki=
izekf.kr dj.;kr ;srs dh]
Jh @ dq -------------------------------------------------------------------- gk @ gh
egkfo|ky;kph fu;ehr fo|kFkhZ @ fo|kFkhZuh vlwu ;kus @ fgus f’kokth
fo|kfiBkP;k vH;klØekizek.ks lu 2012&13 ;k ’kS{kf.kd o"kkZrhy
{ks=kH;kl izdYi lek/kkudkjdfjR;k iq.kZ dsYkk vlwu lkscr izdYi
vgoky lknj djhr vkgs- lnj izdYi vgokykph jpuk ’kkL=h;
Lo:ikr o O;ofLFkrfjR;k dsYkh vkgs-
foHkkx izew[k o ekxZn’kZd
Hkwxksy’kkL= foHkkx
ek- v..kklkgsc Mkaxs egkfo|ky; gkrd.kaxys]ft- dksYgkiwj

4. 4
vuqØef.kdk
izdj.k ri'khy iku uacj
ifgys
izLrkouk
izLrkouk] mís'k] ekfgrhpk vk/kkj o vH;kli/nrh] vH;kl{ks=
5
nqljs
egkjk”Vªkph HkkSxksfyd fLFkrh
LFkku] foLrkj] Hkweh] Hkwi`”Vjpuk] gokeku] e`nk] ous]
[kfutlaiRkh] tyflapu] Hkwfemi;kstu] fid i/nrh] i’kw/ku
8
frljs
nw”dkGkph l/;fLFkrh
izLrkouk] nq”dkGkph frozrk]
12
PkkSFks
nw”dkGkps ifj.kke
izLrkouk] nw”dkGkps ifj.kke
18
ikpos
nw”dkG fuokj.;klkBh iz;Ru
izLrkouk] nw”dkG fuokj.;klkBh iz;Ru
26
lgkos
nq”dkG fuokj.;klkBh mik;;kstuk o fu”d”kZ
izLrkouk] mik;;kstuk] fu”d”kZ 29

5. 5
izdj.k 1- izLrkouk
1-1 izLrkouk
egkjk”Vª gs ,d Hkkjrkrhy fodlhr jkT; vlys rjh l/;k rs Qkj eksB;k nq”dkGh fLFkrhrwu
tkr vkgs- ekxhy nksu o”kkZrhy viwÚ;k ikolkewGs jkT;kr froz ik.khVapkbZ fuekZ.k >kyh vkgs-
R;kewGs toGtoG v/;kZgwu vf/kd egkjk”Vª nq”dkGkP;k izpaM >Gk lkslr vlwu eksB;k
izek.kkoj yksd R;kus =klysys vkgsr- iq.ks eqacbZlkj[;k ‘kgjkr R;kph frozrk deh tkuor vlyh
rjh ‘kgjkuthdP;k xkokiklwu laiw.kZ xzkeh.k egkjk”VªHkj vxnh fi.;kP;k ik.;kphgh ouou lq:
vkgs- tkrk tkrk vxnh lgti.ks ikfgys rjh ik.;klkBh efgykaph ik;ihV fun’kZukl ;srs- rj
mUgkG;kP;k leksj tkrkuk ;kph frozrk izpa< ok<rs vkgs- UkSlfXkZd ifjfLFkrhpk ekuoh thoukojhy
izpaM eksBk vk?kkr vlwu R;kewGs vla[; yksd o loZp tuthou foLdGhr >kys vkgs-
egkjk”Vªkrhy toGikl 70 VDds xkoke/;s ik.;kps lk/ku 500 eh is{kk tkLr varjkoj o
15 eh is{kk [kksy vlsp vkgs- brdsp uOgs rj 1@4 dqVawfc;kauk fi.;klkBh rjh eqcyd ik.kh
feGsy ;kph ‘kk’orh ukgh- oYMZ cWadsP;k lOgsZ{k.kkrwu vls vk<Gys dh xzkeh.k egkjk”VªkP;k
dqVwafc;kauk fnolkps nksu rkl ikf.k xksGk dj.;klkBh tkrkr rj mUgkG;kr vk.k[kh ok< gksrs-
RkkRiwjR;k Lo:ikr mik;;kstuk Eg.kwu ik.kh iqjoB;klkBh egkjk”Vª ‘kklu izfro”khZ ‘ksdMks dksBh
:i;s [kPkZ djrs o ik.;kph froz ik.khVapkbZ vl.kkÚ;k Hkkxkr fi.;klkBh ik.kh iqjfors-
ik.;kP;k ;k leL;seqGs xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy vkjksX;koj gh eksB;k izek.kkoj ifj.kke fnlwu
;srks- viwÚ;k o iznwf”kr ik.;kewGs m”ek?kkr] MkaX;k [kksdyk] Mk;fj;k b lkj[ks vktkj fuekZ.k
gksrkr- brdsp uOgs rj ikf.kVapkbZeqGs vusd O;fDrauk o ygku eqykauk Lorkpk tho xeokok
ykxrks- ;kpk o brj ?kVdkapk ,df=r ifj.kke Eg.kwu egkjk”Vªkr ckye`R;wps izek.k nj gtkjh 28
brds vlwu egkjk”VªkP;k ukf’kd] tkyuk] ;orekG] cqy<k.kk o xMfpjksyh ftYg;kr gsp izek.k
75 i;Zr ok<ys vkgs-

6. 6
nq”dkGkpk ekuoh thoukoj izR;{k o vizR;{k ifj.kke Eg.kwu egkjk”Vªkrhy xzkeh.k
Hkkxkrhy ljkljh 60 VDds turk fiMhr vkgs- ‘kgjkrhy fiMhrkaps izek.k deh vlwu nq”dkGkP;k
vizR;{k >Gk R;kaukgh eksB;k izek.kkoj HksMlkor vkgsr- rj ;k nq”dkGkph frozrk ejkBokMk]
fonHkkZr eksB;k izek.kkr vlwu ;sFkhy 85 VDds turk nq”dkGfi<hr vkgs-
xzkeh.k yksdla[;sP;k tkLr izek.kkewGs egkjk”Vª gs ,d ‘ksrhiz/kku jkT; vkgs- ‘ksrh gkp
;sFkhy ftou’kSyhpk ew[; vk/kkj vkgs- jkT;krhy 55 VDds is{kk tkLr yksd ‘ksrhoj vk/kkjhr
vkgsr- rj xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy 80 VDds yksd ‘ksrhoj vk/kkjhr vkgsr- R;ke/;s 42 VDds ‘ksrdjh o
38 VDds ‘ksretwj vkgsr-
ik.;kf’kok; ‘ksrh ‘kD; ulY;kus jkT;krhy ‘ksrh {ks= eksB;k izek.kkoj izHkkfor vkgs-
‘ksrhewGs ‘ksrh vk/kkjhr m|ksx/kans izHkkfor >kys vkgsr- ;kph lokZr eksBh >G lk[kj m|ksxkyk
clyh vlwu 2013&14 ;k o”kkZrhy lk[kj mRiknuko:u gs y{kkr ;sbyp- ‘ksrh m|ksx/kans lsok b
lkj[;k vusd {ks=kl ;kph izR;{k o vizR;{k >G iksgpr vlwu okjaokj iM.kkjk nq”dkG gh ,d
egkjk”Vªkiw<hy eksBh leL;k cuyh vkgs-
,d uSlfxZd egRoiw.kZ leL;k Eg.kwu Hkwxksy’kkL=K ;k ?kVusdMs MksGs>kd u djrk oSpkjhd]
oSKkfud o leL;k lksMfo.;kP;k n`f”Vdks.kkrwup ikgr vlrkr- vkEghgh Hkwxksy’kkL=kps
vH;kld fo|kFkhZ Eg.kwu v[kaM egkjk”Vªkyk HksMlkoukÚ;k ;k leL;spk oSKkfud n`f”Vdks.kkrwu
vH;kl dj.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk vkgs-
1-2 mÌs’k
lnjph vH;kl izdYi dj.;kekxps eq[; mÌs’k iq<hyizek.ks---
1- fulxZfuehZr leL;k Eg.kwu nq”dkGkph dkj.kfeekalk dj.ks-
2- egkjk”VªkP;k HkkSxksfyd ifjfLFkrhpk nq”dkGk’kh lglac/k ‘kks/k.ks-
3- nq”dkGkP;k l/;fLFkrhpk vk<kok ?ks.ks-
4- nq”dkGkP;k ifj.kkaekaps fo’ys”k.k dj.ks-
5- nq”dkG fuokj.;klkBh dsY;k xsysY;k enrhpk vk<kok ?ks.ks-

7. 7
6- nq”dkG fuokj.;klkBh dk;eLo:ih mik;;kstuk lqpfo.ks-
1-3 ekfgrhpk vk/kkj o vH;kli/nrh%
{ks=HksVhpk Hkkx Eg.kwu egkjk”Vªkrhy dkgh nq”dkGxzLr Hkkxkr O;Drhxr rlsp xVkxVkauh
HksVh fnY;k- ijarw laiw.kZ egkjk”Vª {ks=HksVhrwu ikg.ks ‘kD; uOgrs- R;kewGs ekfgrh feGfo.;klkBh
brj lk/kukapkgh vk/kkj ?ksryk- vusd nq”dkGxzLrka’kh ppkZ dsyh- pkjk iwjfo.kÚ;k Nko.;kpyd]
ik.kh iwjfo.kkjs VWadjpkyd] b lkj[;k yksadka’khgh ppkZ dsyh- fufj{k.kkrwu oLrwfLFkrh tkuwu ?ksryh-
vusd o`Rri=ke/khy lacf/kr leL;sc/nyP;k ckrE;k] mgkiksg] ererkarjs] ppkZ b tek dsyh-
R;kpcjkscj fofo/k iqLrdkapk] fo’odks’kkpk o ladsrLFkGkapkgh ekfgrh feGfo.;klkBh o vgoky
r;kj dj.;klkBh vk/kkj ?ksryk- vgoky iw.kZ djhr vlrkuk udk’ks] vkd`R;k Nk;kfp=s ;kapk
;ksX; fBdk.kh okij dsyk vlwu vgokykph jpuk oSKk.khd ikrGhoj dj.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk vkgs-
1-4 vH;kl{ks= %
laiw.kZ egkjk”Vªkrhy cjkp eksBk Hkkx
nw”dkGklkj[;k Hkh”k.k leL;sus O;kiysyk
vlrkuk dks.krkgh NksVk izns’k fuoMwu
vH;kl dj.ks ;ksX; uOgrs- Eg.kwup laiw.kZ
egkjk”Vª gkp vH;kl{ks= Eg.kwu fuoMyk-
egkjk”Vª jkT;kpk foLrkj 150
8* mRrj rs
210
1* mRrj o 720
6*iwoZ rs 800
9* iwoZ
P;k njE;ku vkgs- egkjk”Vªkus ,dw.k 307713 pkS fdeh {ks= O;kiys vlwu ,dw.k ns’kkP;k 9-4
VDds brds vkgs- rj 96-75 n’ky{k yksd egkjk”Vªkr jkgrkr- R;kps izek.kgh ns’kkP;k 9-4 VDds
brds vkgs- ,dw.k yksdla[;sP;k 42-4 VDds yksd ‘kgjh o 57-6 VDds yksd xzkeh.k Hkkxkr
jkgrkr- ;k jkT;kr ,dw.k 35 ftYgs vkgsr- egkjk”VªkP;k izkd`frd jpusrgh eksBh fo”kerk vkgs- rj
egkjk”Vªkr ekUlwu Lo:ikps gokeku vk<Grs-

8. 8
izdj.k 2- egkjk”Vªkph HkkSxksfyd fLFkrh
2-1 HkkSxksfyd LFkku%
150
8* mRrj rs 210
1* mRrj v{ko`Rr o 720
6* iwoZ rs 800
9* iwoZ js[kko`rknjE;ku
egkjk”Vªkps LFkku vkgs- mRrjsl xqtjkr] e/;izns’k] NRrhlxM] if’;pesl vjch lewnz] nf{k.ksl
dukZVd o xksok gh jkT;s vkgsr-
2-2 foLrkj%
egkjk”Vªkph iwoZ if’pe ykach 800 fdeh o mRrjnf{k.k ykach 700 fdeh vlwu ,dw.k
{ks=QG 307713 pkS fdeh brds vkgs- ns’kkP;k ,dw.k {ks=QGkP;k 9-4 VDds {ks= egkjk”Vªkus
O;kiys vlwu {ks=QGkr egkjk”Vª frlÚ;k dzekadkoj vkgs-
2-3 Hkweh%
n[[k.kP;k iBkjkoj olysYkk egkjk”Vª ,d izns’k vlwu if’pesyk vjch lewnz vkgs-
egkjk”Vªkrhy HkwmBko jpusr ,dftulh eksB;k izek.kkoj tk.korks- ;sFkhy Hkwehoj n[[kuP;k
iBkjh izns’kkpk izHkko tkuorks- if’pesdMP;k lg;knzh jkaxkaiklwu gk izns’k mapkoysyk vlwu ;kpk

9. 9
mrkj iqosZdMs o vkXus;sdMs ean xrhus deh gksr tkrks- egkjk”VªkP;k eq[; Hkweho:u okg.kkÚ;k
izew[k un;kao:u ;kph dYiuk ;srs- ;k un;kauh egkjk”VªkP;k HkwehPkk Hkkx osxosxG;k [kksÚ;ke/;s
foHkkthr dsyk vkgs-
lg;knzhP;k jkaxk g;k egkjk”VªkP;k ew[; Hkwehpk d.kk vlwu R;kph ljkljh maph 1000 eh
vkgs- g;k jkaxk if’pesdMs rhoz mrkjkP;k vlwu iwosZdMs varxZr Hkkxkr ;k ioZrjkaxkP;k jkaxkgh
iljysY;k vkgsr- lkrekGk] vftaBk] gfj’panz] ckyk?kkV o egknsokps Mksaxjkaxk varxZr Hkkxkr
iljY;k vkgsr-
dksd.k gk egkjk”Vªkpk Hkkx lg;knzhP;k jkaxk o vjch leqnz ;kaP;ke/khy fpapksG;k l[ky
eSnkukr olysyk Hkkx vkgs- ;k izns’kkph ljkljh maph 200 eh is{kkgh deh vkgs- rj un;kauh
fuekZ.k dsysY;k ?kG;keqGs gk Hkkx vusd Hkkxkr foHkkxyk xsyk vkgs-
2-4 Hkwi`”Vjpuk%
dksd.k o lg;knzhP;k jkaxk oxGrk egkjk”VªkP;k Hkwehpk Hkkx ,dftulh vlwu likV iBkjh
izns’k vkgs- HkwxHkhZ; jpusP;k oSf’k”V;kaewGs g;k izns’kkyk v’kh oSf’k”Viw.kZ jpuk izkIr >kyh vkgs-
iwosZdMpk fonHkkZrhy Hkkx rlsp dksYgkiwj o fla/kqnwwxZ ftYg;kpk dkgh Hkkx MsDdu VªkWiph fufeZrh
vlwu R;kph fufeZrh 60 rs 90 y{k o”kkZiwohZ >kyh vlkoh- ykOgkjlkP;k lap;ukewGs ;k Hkkxkph
fufEkZrh >kyh vkgs- ;k Hkkxko:u okg.kkÚ;k d`”.kk] Hkhek] xksnkojh] rkih] iw.kkZ] o/kkZ o oSuxaxk ;k
[kksÚ;keqGs laiw.kZ izns’k osxosxG;k [kksÚ;ke/;s foHkkxyk xsyk vkgs- lg;knzhP;k jkaxk mRrj nf{k.k
fn’ksr iljY;k vlwu R;kph ljkljh maph 1000 eh vkgs- lg;knzhP;k o vjch leqnzkP;k njE;ku
l[ky vlk dksd.k Hkkx iljyk vkgs-
2-5 gokeku%
jkT;kr ekUlwu izdkjps goeku vk<Grs- ekpZ rs es efgU;knjE;ku rhoz mUgkGk] twuiklwu
lIVsacji;Zar ikolkGk o vkWDVkscjiklwu Qsczwokjhi;Zar fgokGk _rw vlrks- ;kpkp ifj.kke ;sfFky
ouLirh] fids o jkg.khekukoj >kysyk vkgs- R;keqGs fids ew[;r% [kfji o jCch gaxkekr ?ksryh
tkrkr- mUgkG;kr dkgh osGsl oknGh okjs okgrs- ekUlwuP;k okÚ;keqGs laiw.kZ jkT;Hkj itZU;kps

10. 10
forj.k gksrs- gs izek.k ljkljh 400 lseh b vkgs- lg;knzhP;k ioZrjkaxk o jkaxkaP;k if’pesdMpk
Hkkxkr tkLr ikml iMrks- rj lg;knzhP;k iwosZdMpk Hkkx vo”kZ.kxzLr izTkZU;Nk;spk Hkkx Eg.kqu
vksG[kyk tkrks- ;k Hkkxkr ikml 50 lseh is{kkgh deh iMrks- iq<s ejkBokMk o fonHkkZr ikolkps
izek.k ok<wu 150 lseh i;Zar ok<rs-
ekUlwuph vfuf’prrk] vfuf’pr osG] vfuf’pr iTkZU;kps izek.k] fn?kZdkG foJkarh b
lkj[;k oSf’k”V;kaeqGs nq”dkG o iwj ;klkj[;k leL;k fuekZ.k gksrkr- o ,danjhr lektthoukoj
o vFkZO;oLFksojgh xaHkhj ifj.kke gksrkr-
2-6 e`nk%
egkjk”Vªkrhy e`nsoj vusd ?kVdkapk ifj.kke >kysyk vk<Grks R;keqGs egkjk”Vªkr e`nsps
vusd izdkj vk<Grkr- fdukjiV~Vhojhy xkGkph e`nk] un;kaP;k [kksÚ;krhy xkGkph e`nk]
dksd.kkrhy yky o tkaHkh e`nk] iBkjkojhy dkGh e`nk gs e`nsps izdkj vk<Grkr-
2-7 ous%
egkjk”Vªkrhy ,dw.k {ks=kP;k 20-13 VDds {ks=koj ous vlwu R;kauh 61939 pkS fdeh {ks=
O;kiys vkgs- ;ke/;s tkLr itZU;kP;k izns’kkrhy m”.k dVhca/kh; lnkgjhr ous] lk/kkj.k iztZU;kP;k
izns’kkrhy m”.k dfVca/kh; fuelnkgjhr ous o deh ikolkP;k izns’kkrhy m”.k dfVcaa/kh; iku>Mh
oukapk lekos’k gksrks-
2-8 [kfutlaiRrh%
HkkjrkP;k loZ izdkjP;k [kfutkaP;k 3-3 VDds [kfutkaps mRiknu egkjk”Vªkrwu gksrs- ;kr
ew[; [kfuts eaxy/kkrw] yksg o ckWDlkbZV gh vkgsr- jkT;kP;k fonHkZ o fdukjiVVhyxrP;k
ftYg;kr ;kaps lkBs tkLr vkgsr-
2-9 tyflapu%
egkjk”Vªkrhy ykxoMh[kkyhy {ks=kiSdh cgqrka’kh {ks= eksleh okÚ;kiklwu iM.kkÚ;k ikolkoj
voyacwu vkgs- ;kpkp vFkZ jkT;krhy Qkj FkksM;k tfe.khyk d`f=e ik.kh iqjoBk gksrks- jkT;kr
ykxoMh[kkyh vlysY;k ,dw.k {ks=kP;k dsoG 17-7 VDds {ks=kl d`f=e ik.khiqjoBk gksrks-
2-10 Hkweh mi;kstu%

11. 11
egkjk”Vªkrhy izeq[k Hkweh mi;kstu iq<hyizek.ks--- ous 16-95 VDds] ‘ksrhlkBh miyC/k
ulysyh tehu 10-24 VDds] ‘ksrh[kkyh ulysyh tehu 7-84 VDds] iMhr tehu 8-32 VDds
o fidk[kkyhy fuOoG {ks= 56-64 VDds-
2-11fid i/nrh%
egkjk”Vªkr Tokjh 24-0 VDds] dM/kkU;s 19-04 VDds] cktjh 5-9 VDds] rkanwG 8-4 VDds]
xgw 6-2 VDds] dkiwl 19-5 VDds] Hkqbewx 1-08 VDds] lks;kfcu 17-3 VDds brj rsyfc;k 5
VDds] ml 4-3 VDds] {ks=koj ?ksrys tkrs-
2-12 i’kw/ku%
egkjk”Vªkr i’kqaph la[;k 359-54 yk[kkis{kk tkLr vlwu ikGho i{kkaph la[;k 648
yk[kkgwu tkLr vkgs-

12. 12
izdj.k 3 nw”dkGkph l/;fLFkrh
3-1 izLrkouk%
vo?kk egkjk”Vª nw”dkGkP;k [kkbZr yksVysyk vkgs- ik.khVapkbZus lkekU; tu gSjk.k gksr
vkgsr- jkT;kP;k vusd ftYgke/;s ik.;klkBh yksd gkr?kkbZoj ;srkuk fnlr vkgsr- igkVsiklwu
e/; jk=hi;Zar yksd ik.;kP;k ‘kks/k ?ksr fQjr vkgsr- ik.;klkBh xzkeh.k] vkfnoklh o ‘kgjh
Hkkxkrgh jkaxkP;k jkaxk ykxysY;k fnlwu ;srkr- dksjM;k iMysY;k fofgjh] /kj.ks] rykokrhy
jksMkoysyk ik.khlkBk] ik.;klkBh ck;kckiM;kaph gks.kkjh ik;ihV] pkjk ik.;kvHkkoh
dRry[kk.;kdMs fu?kkysyh tukojs vls okLro fp= fnlwu ;srs- fnolsafnol nq”dkGkP;k >Gk
ok<rp tkr vkgsr- djksMks :i;s [kphZ ?kkrys rjh VapkbZxzLr xkokaph la[;k deh gksr ukgh-
,dk cktwyk fidkow tfeuhps {ks= deh gksr vkgs- R;kojhy fofo/k vfrdzeus ok<r vkgsr-
dkgh tfeuhph mRikndrkgh deh >kysyh vkgs- frP;ke/;s Qkjlh Hkj iMr ukgh- rlsp ‘ksrhP;k
brj iz’ukaph frozrk Hk;kogi.ks ok<r vkgs- ;koj ‘kklu dks.kR;kgh Lo:ikP;k dk;eLo:ih
mik;;kstuk djhr ukgh- R;keqGs nq”dkGkP;k ;k >Gk dsoG fulxkZyk nks”k ns.;kus deh gks.kkj

13. 13
ukghr- nw”dkG ;ankp vkiY;k okV;kyk vkysyk ukgh- xsyh 30& 40 o”ksZ nq”dkGkps gs n`”Vpdz
lq:p vkgs- ijarw R;klkBh O;kid /kksj.k voyacw ‘kdyks ukgh- vktgh vkiY;kdMs nq”dkGkoj ekr
dj.;klkj[kh ifjfLFkrh vkgs ijarw R;klkBh bPNk’kDrhph xjt vkgs- vktgh vki.k fodklkP;k
izpyhr i/nrhauk ewjM ?kkywu ty] taxy o tehu ;kaP;k lao/kZuklkBh iz;Ru dsys ikghtsr-
3-2 nw"dkGkph frozrk%
HkkSxkSfyd ?kVdakP;k izHkkokeqGs egkjk”Vªkrhy toGtoG 84 VDds Hkkx izR;{k vFkok
vizR;{k fjR;k ekUlwuoj voyacwu vkgs- R;kewGs egkjk”Vªkrhy [kwi eksBh ‘ksrh ikolkoj voyacwu
vkgs- egkjk”VªkP;k toGikl 1@3 Hkkxkr [kwi deh o viqjk ikml iMrks- Eg.kwup gk Hkkx
vo”kZ.kizo.k {ks= Eg.kwugh vksG[kyk tkrks- gk vo”kZ.kxzLr Hkkx Bjfo.;klkBh ‘kklukus rhu
osxosxG;k dfeV;k LFkkfir dsY;k gksR;k- R;akuh osxosxG;k vk/kkjkoj dkgh rkywds nq”dkGxzLr
Eg.kwu tkghj dsys vkgsr- lu 2007 e/;s nq”dkG egkeaMGkus egkjk”VªkP;k ,dw.k 355
rkywD;kiSdh 166 rkywds nw”dkGxzLr Eg.kwu tkghj dsys- ;ke/;s lksykiwj] lkaxyh] iq.ks] lkrkjk]
vgenuxj] ukf’kd] chM] mLekukckn] vkSjaxkckn] ykrwj o tkyuk ftYg;krhy rkywD;kapk
lekos’k gksrks-
nw"dkGkph rhozrk tkLr vl.kkjs egkjk”Vªkrhy dkgh rkywds---
1- lksykiwj% ck’khZ] djekGk] ek<k] ekGf’kjl] eaxGos<k] eksgksG] ia<jiwj] mRrj lksykiwj]
lkaxksyk] nf{k.k lksykiwj] vDdydksV
2- lkaxyh% tr] doVsegkadkG] rklxko] fejt] [kkukiwj] vkVikMh] dMsxko
3- iq.ks% ckjkerh] nkSaM] bankiwj ]iwjanj] f’kjiwj

14. 14
4- lkrkjk% eku] [kVko] [kaMkGk] QyVu] dksjsxko
5- vgenuxj% laxeusj] dksijxko] Jhjkeiwj] vdksyk] ikFkMhZ] ikjusj] Jhxkasnk]
vgenuxj] jkgrk] tke[ksM] ‘ksxko] jkgwjh] usoklk] dtZr
6- ukf’kd% ;soyk] flUUkj] ukanxko] pkanoM] nsoyk] ekysxko
7- chM% ijGh] [kkt] vk”Vh] iVksnk] chM] f’kjiwj] oMo.kh
8- mLekukckn% mLekukckn] rqGtkiwj] mejxk] yksgkjk] dGac] ok’kh] Hkwe] ijkaMk
9- vkSjaxkckn% oStkiwj] xaxkiwj
10- ykrwj% ykrwj] jsukiwj] vkSlk] fuyaxk
11- tkyuk% vacsM] ?kulkoaxh

15. 15
ojhy rkyqD;ko:u ,d xks”V y{kkr ;srs dh egkjk”VªP;k ,dftulh vl.kkÚ;k if’pe
egkjk”Vª] ejkBokMk o fonHkkZP;k dkgh Hkkxkr izR;sd o”khZ dks.kR;k u dks.kR;k Hkkxkr rhoz
ik.khVapkbZP;k Lo:ikr fnlwu ;srks- egkjk”Vª’kklukdMwu ohl o”kkZPkh ljkljh Eg.kwu ;k xkokaph
la[;k 600 iklwu 14000 i;Zar vkgs- rj gh la[;k 1972& 73 e/;s 30000 brdh gksrh-
brdsp uOgs rj rhoz Lo:ikpk nq”dkG egkjk”Vªkrhy ,d lkrR;kph ?kVuk vlwu nj 3 rs 5
o”kkZauh rks vuwHkokl ;srks- l/;k gk nw”dkG egkjk”VªkP;k 123 rkywD;kr vlwu gs rkywds ‘kklukus
nw”dkGxzLr Eg.kwu tkghj dsys vkgsr-
rDrk 3-1 egkjk”Vªkrhy Hkwi`”Vkojhy ik.;kph l/;fLFkrh ¼15 ekpZ 2013 i;Zar½
v-ua Rki’khy miyC/krk
1 Yk?kw] e/;e o eksBs izdYi 2475
2 izdYikph lkBo.k {kerk 1323 Vh,elh
3 Qsczwokjh 2011 v[ksjpk lkBk 840 Vh,elh
4 Qsczwokjh 2012 v[ksjpk lkBk 628 Vh,elh
5 Lk/;kpk mi;wDr ik.khlkBk 533 Vh,elh

16. 16
rDrk 3-2 egkjk”Vªkrhy nq”dkGkph rhozrk ¼15 ekpZ 2013 i;Zar½
v-ua ftYgk Xkkokaph la[;k okM;kaph la[;k VWadlZph la[;k
1 lksykiwj 236 1291 279
2 lkaxyh 84 891 144
3 iw.ks 29 270 60
4 lkrkjk 196 655 231
5 vgenuxj 230 896 270
6 ukf’kd 75 197 98
7 chM 170 196 224
8 mLekukckn 80 8 169
9 vkSjaxkckn 200 5 247
10 ukansM 41 17 62
11 tkyuk 173 61 231
12 tGxko 49 0 44
13 cqy<k.kk 65 0 77
,dw.k 1628 4487 2136
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
236
84
29
196
230
75
170
80
200
41
173
49 65
1291
891
270
655
896
197 196
8 5 17
61
0 0
279
144
60
231
270
98
224
169
247
62
231
44
77
la[;k
ftYgs
egkjk"Vªkrhy nw"dkGh fLFkrh
Xkkokaph la[;k okM;kaph la[;k VWadlZph la[;k

17. 17
rDrk 3-3 egkjk”Vªkrhy pkjkfLFkrh ¼15 ekpZ 2013 i;Zar½%
v-u rif’ky Lka[;k
1 jkT;kr lq: vlysY;k pkjk NkoU;k 488
2 Pkjk Nko.;ke/;s nk[ky tukojs 4]14]205
rDrk 3-4 egkjk”Vªkrhy ftYgkfugk; pkjk Nko.;k ¼15 ekpZ 2013 i;Zar½
lksykiwj lkaxyh iw.ks lkrkjk uxj chM mLekukckn tkyuk
177 30 1 100 210 20 5 5
egkjk"VªkP;k 123 rkywD;kr 50 VDdsis{kk deh ikml iMY;kus gs rkywds nq”dkGxzLr
Eg.kwu tkghj dsys xsys vkgsr- egkjk"Vªkr ljkljhP;k 82 VDds ikml >kyk vlwu /kj.kke/;s
QDr 52 VDds ik.khlkBk vkgs- egkjk"Vªkrhy 11]801 xkokae/;s nq”dkG tkghj dj.;kr vkyk
vkgs-

18. 18
izdj.k 4 nw”dkGkps ifj.kke
4-1 izLrkouk%
nq”dkG gh ,d uSlfXkZd ?kVuk vlyh rjh R;kpk izpaM eksBk ifj.kke tuftoukoj gksr
vlrks- R;k ifj.kkaekph izR;{k eksteki djrk ;sbyp vls ukgh- ijarw laiw.kZ tuftou foLdGhr
gksrs- ;k o”kkZpk nw”dkGgh vlkp ifj.kkedkjh vkgs o R;kP;kp dkgh ifj.kkekapk gk FkksMD;kr
?ksrysyk vk<kok---
4-2 nq”dkGkps ifj.kke
1- vkfFkZd fodklkyk f[kG
l/;kP;k vkiRrhtud fLFkrhr loZ uSlfxZd o ekuoh lalk/kukpk R;kpcjkscj vkfFkZd ?kVd
o laiRrhpk nq”dkG fuokj.;klkBh okij gksr vlY;kus mRiknd dk;Z gksr ukgh- R;keqGs ns’kkpk
vkfFkZd fodkl 8 VD;ko:u 5 VDd;kai;Zar deh gksm ‘kdrks- ‘ksrh gkp izew[k O;olk;
vMp.khP;k HkksoÚ;kr vMdYkk vlY;kus vFkZO;oLFksoj R;kpk eksB;k izek.kkoj ifj.kke >kyk
vkgs- eksB;k izek.kkoj lalk/kukpk o HkkaMoykpk mnjfuokZgklkBh vUu/kkU;kpk] ik.khiqjoBk rlsp
pkjkiqjoBk bZ oj [kpZ gksr vlY;kus vkfFkZd fodklkph vis{kkp dj.ks ;ksX; ukgh-
2- fcdV ik.khiz’u%
egkjk”Vªkr ik.;kph vleku miyC/krk
vkf.k okij R;kpcjkscj vleku forj.k gk ,d
eksBk iz’u vkgs- egkjk”Vªkr osxkus gks.kkjs
ukxjhdj.k vkf.k R;kpk miyC/k ik.khlkB;koj
iM.kkjk rk.k gk egRokpk eqík cuyk vkgs-
ok<R;k ukxjhdj.kkewGs tkLr ik.kh ukxjh
Hkkxkr iqjokos ykxrs o R;kpk vfrokijgh

19. 19
‘kgjkr gksrks R;kewGs ‘ksrh o xzkeh.k Hkkxkr ik.;kph leL;k tkLrp fcdV curs- fi.;kP;k
ik.;klkBh eSyksueSy ouou djkoh ykxrs- cÚ;kp osGk tho /kksD;kr ?kkyokok ykxrks rjhgh ik.kh
fuf’pri.ks feGsyp vls ukgh- ;k leL;sph rhozrk ekxhy izdj.kkrhy vkdMsokjho:u lgti.ks
y{kkr ;srs-
3- fi.;kP;k ik.;kpk rwVoMk%
nw”dkGh Hkxkrhy xkoke/;s
o ‘kgjkae/;s l/;k Hkh”k.k
ik.khVapkbZ tkuors vkgs- v’kk
xkokr o ‘kgjkae/;s ‘kklukdMwu
VWadjP;k lqfo/kk miyC/k d:u
fnY;k tkr vlY;k rjh
yksdla[;sP;k rwyusr R;kaph
la[;k [kwi deh vkgs- f’kok; ;k
VWadjuk ik.kh iqjo.;klkBh
egkjk”Vªkrhy vusd Hkkxkrhy ik.;kps lkBs vVY;kus ik.;kph leL;k xaHkhj cuyh vkgs- vusd
xkokr vkBoM;ke/kwu ,dnk ik.khiqjoBk dsyk tkrks o rksgh viwjk vlrkas-
4- ik.;klkBh eksBh ouou%
l/;k egkjk”Vª nw”dkGkP;k Hkh”k.k >Gk lkslrks vkgs- egkjk”Vªkrhy toGtoG 12 gtkj
xkos ik.khVapkbZxzLr vkgsr- ;k xkokr o okM;kaoj ‘kklukekQZr VWadjOnkjs ik.kh iwjfoys tkrs ijarw
;ke/;s dks.kR;kgh izdkjph fuf’prrk ulrs- R;keqGs ik.khiqjoBk osGsoj o vko’;D;rsuwlkj gksr
ukgh- ifj.kkeh egkjk”Vªkrhy vusd xkos ik.;klkBh ouou HkVdr vkgsr-
5- fi.;kP;k ik.;kl izk/kkU;%
v’kk ;k fLFkrhe/;s ‘kklu brj ckchis{kk fi.;kP;k ik.;klkBh izk/kkU; nsr vkgs- ;kpk [kwi
eksBk QVdk ‘ksrh o m|ksxkauk clyk vlwu ‘ksrke/khy mlklkj[kh fids djiwu xsyh vkgsr-

20. 20
QGckxk tkxsojPk okGY;k vkgsr- vusd fids gkrkrksaMkyk vkY;kuarj ik.;kokpwu tGkyh vkgsr-
;kewGs ‘ksrdÚ;kaps vkrksukr uqdlku >kys vkgs f’kok; ;k o”khZ egkjk”Vªkrhy lk[kj dkj[kkus 15
ekpZykp can gks.kkj vlY;kus ;kpk lk[kj m|ksxkojgh izpaM eksBk ifj.kke >kyk vkgs-
6- fo|wr rwVoMk%
jkT;kr nq”dkGkps FkSeku
lq: vlrkuk dsanz ljdkjP;k
vlgdkjkeqGs egkjk”Vª l/;k
ohtVapkbZP;k macjV;koj
vlY;kps fp= fnlr vkgs-
jkT;kyk mtkZ ns.kkjs nkHkksG] mj.k
vkf.k ijGh ;sfFky
ohtizdYikrhy ik.kh] fot o
dksG’kkvHkkoh ohtfufeZrh BIi
>kyh vkgs- ;k izdYikaph
ohtfufeZrh {kerk vuqdzes 1950] 800 o 1100 esxkoWV vlwu l/;k ;krwu vuwdzes 300]
250 o 300 esxkoWV brdhp ohtfufeZrh gksrs vkgs- R;keqGs laiw.kZ egkjk”Vª yksM’ksMhaxP;k
leL;sus xzLr vkgs-
7- ohtfcykpk iz’u%
jkT;kr nw”dkGkph izpaM eksBh leL;k HksMlkor vlrkuk R;kpk vizR;{k ifj.kke Eg.kwu fot
fuehZrh o forj.kkoj gks.kkj vkgs- jkT;krhy Fkdhr ohtfcys ‘ksrh mRiknu ulY;kus Fkdhrp
jkgrhy fdaok jkT; ljdkjyk rh iw.kZ djkoh ykxrhy-

21. 21
8- uqdlkuHkjikbZpk eksBk Hkkj%
uSlfXkZd vkiRrheqGs fuekZ.k gks.kkÚ;k ;k fLFkrhr dsanz o jkT; ljdkjoj eksBk vkfFkZd ckstk
iM.kkj vkgs- ;k vkiRrhtU; fLFkrhr fBdwu jkg.;kcjkscj gks.kkÚ;k uwdlkuhpk dkgh va’kh Hkkj
ljdkjyk lgu djkok ykx.kkj vkgs- ,dw.kp toGikl ;koj 10 gtkj rs 20 gtkj djksM :i;s
[kpZ gks.kkj vlwu gk vkfFkZd Hkkj ljdkjyk dks.kR;kgh fLFkrhr isykokp ykx.kkj vkgs-
9- m|ksaxkoj eksBk ifj.kke%
nw”dkGkP;k >Gk QDr ‘ksrhojp ifj.kke djrkr vls ulwu LFkkfud m|ksxkaojgh eksB;k
izek.kkoj >kyk vkgs- ;ke/;s vusd ‘ksrhv/kkjhr m|ksx cGh cMr vkgsr- ;kr eq[;r% lk[kj
m|ksx nw”dkGkpk izR;{k ifj.kke fnlrks- ;k o”khZ mlykxoM {ks= 9-07 yk[k gsDVj brds gksrs rj
gsp {ks= 2011&12 e/;s 10-22 yk[k gsDVj gksrs vf.k 2013&14 lkBh rs [kwip deh vl.kkj
vkgs- ifj.kkeh dksV;ko/kh :i;s [kpZ d:u mHks dsysys lk[kj dkj[kkus mlkfo.kk iMwu vl.kkj
vkgsr- brj m|ksxkauk ik.khVapkbZ o nw”dkGkeqGs fuekZ.k >kysY;k eanhpk eksB;k izek.kkoj >kysyh
vkgs-
10- eksBk fu/kh nq”dkGklkj[;k vkiRrhoj [kpZ%
uSlfxZd vkiRrhyk rksaM
ns.;klkBh brj ckch xkS.k ekuwu
dsanz o jkT; ljdkjpk [kwi eksBk
fu/kh nq”dkGkoj [kpZ gks.kkj vkgs-
fodlu’khy dk;sZ ekxs iMwu
vkfFkZd fodklkyk [khG clukj
vkgs-

22. 22
11- nq”dkGkP;k eq|ko:u izknsf’kd QwV%
nw”dkGkph frozrk o fu/khps forj.k ;k eq|kao:u jkT;karxZr izknsf’kd QwV iMrkuk fnlrs
vkgs- if’pe egkjk”V fo:/n ejkBokMk o fonHkZ vlk gk la?k”kZ fuekZ.k >kyk vkgs- jkT;kr if’pe
egkjk”VkP;k dkgh Hkkxkr nw”dkGkph frozrk tkLr vlwu gh frozrk ejkBokMk o fonHkkZrgh cÚ;kp
izek.kkoj vkgs- ;k Hkkxkauk enrhlkBh miyC/k d:u fnY;k tkr vl.kkÚ;k o izR;{kkr [kpZ gksr
vlukÚ;k fu/kho:u izknsf’kd okn ok<wu QwV iMrkuk fnlrs- g;k izdkjph QwV jkT;kP;k ,dkfREkd
o fn?kZdkyhu fLFkrhpk fopkj djrk eksBh gk.khdkjd Bj.kkj vkgs-
12- ‘ksrh o m|ksx/ka|kaph ik.;kokpwu okuok%
Ikk.;kP;k rwVoM;kewGs ‘ksrhcjkscjp vusd m|ksx vMp.khr vkys vkgsr- lk[kj] dkiM]
QGizfdz;k] vUUk/kkU; izfdz;k] rsy izfdz;k b lkj[ks m|ksx ik.;kokpwu vMp.khr vkgsr-
13- VWadjpk rwVoMk%
jkT;kr lw: vlukjk VWadj}kjk gks.kkjk ik.;kpk iwjoBk viwjk Bjr vlwu fnolsafnol
nw”dkGkph frozrk ok<rs vkgs- jkT;krhy vusd xkokae/khy ik.;kps lkBs laiw”Vkr ;sr vkgsr

23. 23
R;kewGs ik.;kph BapkbZ fuekZ.k gksr vkgs- R;kewGs jkT;kr lw: vlysys VWadj viwjs iMw ykxys
vkgsr-
14- tukojkaph nwjkoLFkk%
ik.;kph fHk”k.k VapkbZ
fuekZ.k >kY;kus tukojkapk
pkÚ;kpk o ik.;kpk iz’u fuekZ.k
>kyk vkgs- v’kk fLFkrhr Lor%pk
mnfuokZgkph [kk=h ulrkuk o
fi.;kP;k ik.;kph [kk=h ulrkuk
tukojkaps laxksiu dj.ks ‘kD;
gksr ukgh- R;keqGs nwHkrh vlks ok
cSy vlksr i.k ;k tukojkaph
doMheksy fderhus dlk;kyk fodzh gksrs ukghrj gh tukojs csokjli.ks lksMwu fnyh tkrkr rj ghp
tukojs ‘ksoVh dks.khrjh dlk;kyk fodr vlrks-fdR;sd tukojs dqiksf”kr >kyh vkgsr rj dkgh
tkxsojp xrizk.k >kyh vkgsr- ‘kklukus tukojkalkBh pkjk Nko.;kaph O;oLFkk dsyh vkgs ijarw
R;kaph la[;k viwjh vkgs- f’kok; rsFks feG.kkjk pkjk ;ksX; ntkZpk ulrks R;keqGs tukojkaph nwjkoLFkk
fuekZ.k >kyh vkgs-
15- QGckxkaph nqnZ’kk%
fi.;kP;k ik.;klkBh ouou
fQjkO;k ykx.kkÚ;k ;k
egkjk”Vkrhy QGckxkaph fLFkrh
lkgthdp u ikg.;klkj[kh >kyh
vkgs- gtkjks gsDVj {ks=kojhy
QGckxk v{kj’k% tGdh ykdMs

24. 24
gksowu clyh vkgsr- QGkaps mRiknu rj lksMkp i.k ;k >kMkaoj lk/ks okGysys ik.kgh f’kYYkd fnlr
ukghr- o”kkZuwo”ksZ tru d:u QGk;ksX; >kYksY;k ;k ckxk o ckxkaps ekyd ;k nks?kkaphgh nwnZ’kk
>kyh vkgs-
16- vUu/kkU;kP;k leL;k%
jkT;Hkjkr nw”dkGkP;k >Gk clr vlrkuk vUu/kkU;kph leL;kgh egRpkph Bjrs- viwÚ;k
ikolkewGs [kfji gaxkekr visf{kr /kkU;ksRiknu gksow ‘kdys ukgh fdacgwuk jCch gaxkekrgh visf{kr
/kkU;ksRiknu >kys ukgh- jkT;kr 25 dksBh Vu /kkU;ksRiknu ‘kD; vlwu xsY;k o”kkhZis{kk 3-5
VDD;kauh deh vkgs- ifj.kkeh egkxkgh lkj[;k leL;k fuekZ.k gksow ‘kdrkr-
17- Hkwi`f”V; o HkwvarxZr ik.;kpk rwVoMk%
Ekkxhy rhu o”kkZiklwu gks.kkÚ;k
viwÚ;k ikolkewGs jkT;Hkjkr Hkwi`f”V; o
HkwvarxZr ik.;kpk izpaM eksBk rwVoMk
fuekZ.k >kyk vkgs- viwÚ;k ikolkewGs
HkwvarxZr ik.;kph ikrGh ok<yh ukgh rj
ik.;kph xjt ok<r xsY;kus R;kpk eksB;k
izek.kkoj milk gksr xsyk vkgs o
fnolsafnol ik.;kph ikrGh [kksykor vkgs-
jkT;kP;k dkgh Hkkxkr rj HkwvarXkZr
ik.;kpk iRrkp ukgh- R;keqGs ,dw.kp
tuftou foLdGhr >kys vkgs-

25. 25
18- eksB;k izek.kkojhy LFkkukarj%
xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy
nw”dkGkewGs fuekZ.k >kysY;k
leL;sewGs jkT;Hkjkr
eksB;k izek.kkoj LFkykarj
>kys vkgs- toGP;k ‘kgjkr
tkowu feGsy rs dke d:u
mnjfuokZg dj.;kpk iz;Ru
yksd djrkuk fnlrkr-
;kewGs xkos vksl iMysyh
fnlr vkgsr- rj ‘kgjh
Hkkxkoj rk.k fuekZ.k >kyk vkgs- ;krwup osxosxGs Dys’k fuekZ.k gksrkuk fnlrkr- rj ‘kgjh lqfo/kk
viqÚ;k iMr vkgsr-
19- ‘ksrdÚ;kaP;k vkRegR;k%
vfu'pr v’kk ekULkwupk QVdk clwu vMpuhr vkysY;k dtZcktkjh ‘ksrdÚ;kiq<s loZ
laiY;kph fujk’kk fuekZ.k gksowu vusd ‘ksrdjh vkRegR;k djrkuk fnlrkr- cWadkaps rlsp
O;Drhxr dtsZ iw.kZ dj.;kr vi;’kh BjysY;k ‘ksrdÚ;kae/;s gh leL;k tkLr fnlrs- R;krp
nw”dkGkewGs uohu dtZca/kh vlY;kus tquh dtsZ iw.kZ dj.;klkBh uohu dtsZ feGr ukghr- grk’k
gksowu vkRegR;k dj.kkÚ;k ‘ksrdÚ;kae/;s if’pe egkjk”Vªkrhy vo”kZ.kizo.k Hkkxkrhy rlsp
ejkBokMk o fonHkkZr la[;k tkLr vkgs-

26. 26
izdj.k 5 nw”dkG fuokj.;klkBh iz;Ru
5-1 izLrkouk%
nw"dkG fuokj.kklkBh ‘kklu] laLFkk o oS;Drhd LFkjkoj dkgh iz;Ru dsys tkr vkgsr- gs
iz;Ru dkgh vYidkyhu rj dkgh fn?kZdkyhu vkgsr- l/;kP;k fLFkrhpk fuiVkjk dj.;klkBh
vYidkyhu iz;Rukauk izk/kkU; fnys tkr vkgs- ;k fLFkrhr dsY;k tkr vlukÚ;k iz;Rukapk vk<kok
?ks.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk vkgs-
5-2 nw”dkG fuokj.;klkBh iz;Ru%
1- nw”dkGxzLr xkokuk VWadjus ik.khiwjoBk% jkT;kr vusd xkokr o okM;kae/;s fuekZ.k
>kysyk ik.khiz’u rkRiwjR;k Lo:ikr lksMfo.;klkBh jkT; ljdkjdMwu VWadjph O;oLFkk dsyh tkr
vkgs- nw”dkGkP;k frozrsuwlkj ;kph la[;k o Qsjs Bjfoys tkr vkgsr- R;keqGs fdek.k fi.;kP;k
ik.;kpk iz’u cÚ;kp izek.kkr lksMfoyk tkr vkgs- ;k VWadjP;k la[;sr o QsÚ;kr xjtsuwlkj ok<
dsyh tk.kkj vkgs-
2- tukojkalkBh pkjk Nko.;k% jkT;krhy nw”dkGkewGs fuekZ.k >kysyk tukojkaP;k pkÚ;kpk
iz’u lksMfo.;klkBh ‘kklu iz;Ru djhr vlwu ;klkBh jkT;kr BapkbZxzLr Hkkxkr pkjk Nko.;k lw:
dsY;k vkgsr- ;k ek/;ekrwu vusd ftYg;krwu tukojkauk pkjk o ik.kh iwjfoys tkr vkgs-
3- yksdkalkBh jkstxkjkph miyC/krk% jkT;krhy yksdkauk jkstxkj miyC/k Ogkok Eg.kwu
ujsxk o eusjxk ;k ek/;ekrwu xzkeiapk;rhP;k lgdk;kZrwu LFkkfud Hkkxkr jkstxkj fo”k;d
dkes iwjfoyh tkr vkgsr-
4- flapuklkBh fBcd lapkoj lwV% jkT;kr ik.kh miyC/k vl.kkÚ;k Hkkxkr o brj Hkkxkrgh
‘ksrhlkBh gks.kkjk HkMhekj ik.khokij Fkkaco.;klkBh fBcd flapu ;kstuk dk;ZfUor dj.;klkBh
‘ksrdÚ;kauk ;k fBcd flpu lapkoj eksB;k izek.kkoj lwV fnyh tkukj vkgs-
5- BapkbZxzLr Hkkxkr vUUk/kkU;kpk iwjoBk% jkT;kr T;k Hkkxkr vUu/kkU;kph froz VapkbZ
fuekZ.k >kyh vkgs v’kk Hkkxkr js’kuP;k ek/;ekrwu iqjslk vUUkiwjoBk dsyk tkr vkgs-

27. 27
6- ‘ksrdÚ;kauk vkfFkZd enr% jkT;kr nw”dkGkewGs ‘ksrhps izpaM uqdlku >kys vlwu ;k
‘ksrdÚ;kauk fnyklk Eg.kwu gsDVjh 3000 :i;s fnys tkukj vkgsr-
7- fotfcykr loyrh% jkT;krhy ‘ksrhiaiklkBh okij.;kr ;s.kkÚ;k fotfcykr ‘ksrdÚ;kauk
loyr ns.;kr ;s.kkj vlwu ‘ksrdÚ;kaojhy vkfFkZd Hkkj deh dj.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk vkgs-
8- ‘ksrlkjk o ik.khiVVhr lwV% nw"dkGtU; fLFkrhr ‘ksrhojhy lkjk o dj ?ksrys tkr ukghr
o ik.;kojhy djgh eki dj.;kr ;srhy-
9- QGckxkalkBh vuwnku% QGckxkaps gks.kkjs uqdlku Hk:u dk<.;klkBh R;koj vuwnkukph
rjrwn dj.;kph ‘kD;rk vkgs-
10- jsYosus ik.kh vk.k.;kpk fopkj% jkT;krhy ik.;kph leL;k lksMfo.;klkBh dsanzkP;k enrhus
ik.khVapkbZxzLr Hkkxkr jsYosus ik.kh vk.k.;kpk fopkj lq: vlwu egkjk”Vª ‘kklu R;klkBh
iz;Ruf’ky vkgs-
11- ik.khiwjoB;klkBh eksBk fu/kh% jkT;kr mnHkoYksY;k ;k vkLekuh vkiRrh’kh lkeuk
dj.;klkBh jkT; ljdkj dkgh va’kh iz;Ru djhr vlwu ;ke/;s ik.khiqjoV;klkBh eksB;k fu/khph
rjrwn dsyh vkgs f’kok; ;kr xjtsuwlkj ok<gh dj.;kr ;s.kkj vkgs- jkT;kps eq[;ea=h i`fFojkt
pOgk.k ;kauh ek/;eka’kh cksyrkuk ekxsy R;kyk pkjkNko.kh o ik.khiwjoBk VWadj ns.;kr ;sbZy f’kok;
VapkbZxzLr Hkkxkr jsYosus ik.kh iwjfo.;kps izLrko fopkj/khu vkgsr o R;klkBh fu/kh deh iMw fnyk
tk.kkj ukgh vls lkaxhrys-
12- nw”dkGxzLrkauk ifj{kk ‘kqYdkr loyr% f’kokth fo|kihBkP;k O;oLFkkiu ifj”knsus
nw”dkGxzLr fo|kFkkZauk ifj{kk ‘kqYdkr lqV ns.;kpk fu.kZ; ?ksryk vkgs- ;kpk Qk;nk lkrkjk] lkaxyh
o f’kjksG rkywD;krhy fo|kFkkZauk gksukj vkgs- ;klkBh 50 iS’kkais{kk deh vk.ksokjhpk fud”k
yko.;kr vkyk-
13- jktdh; O;Drhapk o m|kstdkaPkk nw”dkGxzLrkauk O;Drh’k vk/kkj% cÚ;kp jktdkj.;kauh
o m|kstdkauh vkiY;k lkekthd cka/khydhP;k Hkwfedsrwu nw”dkGxzLrkauk osxosxG;k Lo:ikr
enr dj.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk vkgs- ldkG o`Rri= lewgkus nw”dkGxzLrkalkBh Lora=
yksdlgHkkxkrwu QaMkph mHkkj.kh dsyh vlwu R;k ek/;ekrwugh enrhpk pkaxyk vks?k feGrks vkgs-

28. 28
14- nw”dkG fu/khyk vf/kdkÚ;kapk ixkj% jkT;krhy 90 gtkj jktif=r ,df=r ;sowu vkiyk
nksu fnolkpk ixkj nw”dkG fuokj.;klkBh 30 dksBha :i;kapk fu/kh tek dsyk vkgs-
15- ryko Hkj.;klkBh ‘kklukdMwu fu/kh% jkT;krhy nw”dkGxzLr Hkkxkrhy rykokr ik.;klkBh
‘kklukus fu/kh miyC/k d:u fnyk vlwu ;k ik.;kpk fi.;klkBh o tukojkalkBh okij dj.;kr
;s.kkj vkgs- fejtP;k uthdpk Hkksls rykokr EgSlkG ;kstusrwu ik.kh Vkd.;klkBh ‘kklukdMwu
vkB dksVh :i;s fu/kh feGkyk vkgs-
16- 2270 dksBh :i;kaph dsanzkdMs ekx.kh% nw”dkGkyk rksaM ns.;klkBh dsanzkdMwu feG.kkjh
jDde iwjs’kh ulwu dsanzkus Bjfoysys pkjkewY; rlsp ik.khiwjoB;klkBh ;s.kkjk [kpZ ;kaP;krhy
rikor Hk:u dk<.;klkBh jkT; ‘kklukus dsanzkdMs vk.k[kh 2270 dksBh :i;kaph ekx.kh dsyh
vkgs-
17- BapkbZxzLr xkokauk loyrh% 50 VDdsis{kk deh vkusokjh vlysY;k nw"dkGxzLr Eg.kwu
tkghj dsysY;k xkoke/;s uG ik.khiwjoBk o d`”kh iaikP;k fot fcykr loyr] lgdkjh dtkZps
:ikarj.k] fo|kF;kZaps ifj{kk ‘kwYd eki o ‘ksrh’kh fuxMhr dtZolwyhyk LFkxhrh vlk ykHk ;k
xkokauk feG.kkj vkgs-
18- d`”khiaikP;k ohtfcykr loyr% nw”dkGtU; fLFkrhr laiw.kZ egkjk”Vkr oht chykr
‘ksrdÚ;kauk 3:i;s 44 iSls ;k ohtnjk,oth 1:i;s 10 iSls ohtnj ‘kklukus ekU; dsyk vkgs-
;klkBh izk- ,u Mh ikVhy ;kauh fo’ks”k iz;Ru dsys-
19- nw”dkGxzLr ‘ksrdÚ;kauk vkfFkZd enr% 50 iS’kkis{kk deh vkusokjh vlukÚ;k Hkkxkrhy
‘ksrdÚ;kauk gsDVjh 3000 :i;s ns.;kps vkns’k jkT; ljdkjus dk<ys vkgsr- ;klkBh dsanzkus 778
dksBh :i;s enr tkghj dsyh vkgs- R;kiSdh 563 dksBh :i;s ‘ksrdÚ;kauk uqdlku HkjikbZ Eg.kwu
ns.;klkBh Eg.kwu [kpZ dj.;kr ;s.kkj vkgsr-
20- MkWDVjkaph nw”dkGkyk nhM dksVhph enr% jkT;krhy vkjksX; foHkkxkrhy MkWDVjkauh ,d
fnolkapk ixkj Eg.kwu rCcy vkMhp dksVh :Ik;kapk fu/kh nw”dkGklkBh miyC/k d:u fnyk vkgs-
v’kkp izdkjps enrhps vks?k ok<r xsys rj ;kpk nw”dkG fuokj.;klkBh ;kpk uDdhp mi;ksx
gksbZy-

29. 29
izdj.k 6 nq”dkG fuokj.;klkBh mik;;kstuk%
6-1 izLrkouk%
nw”dkG fuokj.;klkBh LFkku o dkyijRos iw<hyizek.ks vYidkyhu o fn?kZdkyhu mik;;stuk
djrk ;srhy-
6-2 mik;;kstuk%
1- ik.kyksV {ks= O;oLFkkiu%
ik.kyksV {ks= O;oLFkkiukrwu izR;sd Hkkxkr iM.kkjs ik.kh frFksp vMowu o ewjowu ty o Hkweh
la/kkj.k gks.ks xjtsps vkgs- yksdtkxzrhP;k ek/;ekrwu ikuyksV {ks= fo”k;d dk;Zs d:u LFkkfud
ik.kh O;oLFkkiukyk izk/kkU; fnys ikghts-
2- tyla/kkj.k%
tyla/kkj.kklkBh eksB;k /kj.kkaiklwu ukykcaMhxi;Zar loZ izdkjps midze jkcfo.ks jkT;kP;k
fn?kZdkyhu fLFkrhpk fopkj djrk xjtsps vkgs- ;klkBh eksBk vkfFkZd [kpZ gksow ‘kdrks ijarw izR;sd

30. 30
o”khZ rkRiwjR;k Lo:ikr dsY;k tkukÚ;k mik;;kstukis{kk R;koj ,dnkp dk;eLo:ih mRRkj ‘kks/kus
dsaOgkgh pkaxys- jkT;kr dksYgkiwjh i/nrhps ca/kkjs o vkgsr R;kis{kk nwiVhus ok<fous xjtsps vkgs-
3- d`f=e ikml%
uSlfXkZdfjR;k ikml iMsy ;kph okV ikgr ikoLkkGk ?kkyfo.;kis{kk ikolkG;kP;k
lqjokrhiklwup d`f=e ikolklkBh¼DykmM’ksMhaXk½ iz;Ru dsys ikghtsr- tjh uarj uSlfXkZd ikml
iMyk rjh tkLrhps ik.kh okgwu xsys rjh pkysy i.k [kk=hf’kj o”kZHkj iwjrhy brds ik.khlkBs Hkjsi;Zar
gs iz;Ru djkosp ykxrhy- cnyR;k dkGkr o cnyR;k gokekufo”k;d vfo”dkjkr uSlfXkZd
ikolkph okV ikgwu pky.kkj ukgh-
4- ;ksX; i/nrhus tehuhph e’kkxr dj.ks%
iM.kkjs ikolkPks ik.kh tkxhp ewjfo.;klkBh ‘ksrtehuhph f{krht lekarj ikrGhr e’kkxr
dsyh ikghts- ;kewGs tehuhr vksykok fn?kZdkG fVdwu jkgw ‘kdsy o d`f=e flapukph Qkjlh xjt
Hkklukj ukgh- f’kok; ty o e`nk la/kkj.kkyk enr gksbZy-
5- o`{kykxoM%

31. 31
gokekufo”k;d vusd iz’ukaps mRrj Eg.kts o`{kykxoM o laxksiu- o`{kkaP;k vfLFkRokewGs itZU;kr
ok< gksrs- o nw”dkGklkj[;k vkiRrhph frozrk deh gksrs-
6- tehuhps vkPNknu%
deh ik.;koj fidkaps mRiknu
?ks.;klkBh tfeuhrhy ik.;kP;k
izek.kkps lao/kZu dj.ks xjtsps vkgs-
R;klkBh ckf”iHkoukus ik.kh u”V gksow
u;s Eg.kwu tehuhoj ikykikpksG;kps
vkPNknu dj.ks xjtsps vkgs-
7- tyiw.kjHkj.k%
ikolkpk iM.kkjk izR;sd Fksac ik.kh fofo/k ek/;ekrwu vkMowu o tkxhp ftjowu HkwvarxZr
ik.;kph ikrGh ok<fork ;srs- ;kewGs mUgkG;kr fi.;klkBh rlsp brj okijklkBhgh eqcyd ik.kh
miyC/k gksow ‘kdrs- ;kpkp ,d iz;ksx vkSjaxkckntoGP;k nkSyrkcknP;k xzkelsodkus d:u
xkokrhy iwohZPkk ik.khiz’u dk;epk lksMfo.;klkBh iz;Ru dsys vkgsr-
8- ihdjpusr cny%
gokekukP;k vuw’ka?kkus fid jpuk Bjr vlrs- ijarw ekuoh gO;klkik;h ‘ksrhps O;kikjhdj.k
gksowu fid i/nrh cnyyh vkgs- ;kpkp ifj.kke Eg.kwu ;k fidkauk eksB;k izek.kkoj ik.;kpk okij
gksrks o fi.;klkBh ik.;kps nwfHkZ{k tk.kors- Eg.kwup HkSxksfyd ?kVdkapk fopkj d:u fid i/nrhr
cny dsys ikghtsr-
9- vpwd gokekufo”k;d vanktkph xjt%
Hkkjrh; gokeku [kkR;kdMwu feG.kkjs gokekufo”k;d vankt gs cÚ;kp osGk fudkeh Bjrkr-
ifj.kkeh laHkkO; /kksdsnk;d ifjfLFkrhpk vankt u vkY;kus iwoZfu;ksthr vjk[kMk r;kj d:u
nw”dkGklkj[;k ifjLFkrh’kh ;ksX; izdkjs lkeuk djrk ;sr ukgh- Eg.kwu vpwd gokekufo”k;d
vanktkph xjt vkgs-

32. 32
10- ‘kgjh Hkkxkr gks.kkjk ik.;kpk vfrokij VkG.ks%
Xkzkeh.k HkkxkP;k rqyusr ‘kgjkae/;s ik.;kpk okij HkfMekji.ks gksrs- ;kps izek.k izpaM vlwu
[kwi eksB;k izek.kkoj ik.kh QDr ?kjxqrh okijklkBh Eg.kwu okijys tkrs- f’kok; gs ik.kh okijkuarj
dks.kR;kgh izdkjps ‘kqf/ndj.k u djrk un;kae/;s lksMys tkrs- R;keqGs ukxfjsdkaps vkjksX; /kksD;kr
rj ;srsp f’kok; rs ik.kh fi.;k;ksX; o okijk;ksX; jkgr ukgh- ik.;kpk deh okij o ik.;kpk
iw.kZokij ;kewGs ik.;kph leL;k cÚ;kp va’kh deh gksow ‘kdrs-
11- nw"dkGh dkyko/khr ‘ksrdÚ;kaph fotfcys] dtsZ]ik.khiVVh o ‘ksrlkjk eki dj.ks%
nw”dkGkus gksjiG.kkÚ;k ;k egkjk”Vªkrhy ljdkj ek= ‘ksrdÚ;kadMwu fotfcys]
dtsZ]ik.khiVVh o ‘ksrlkjk bZ vkfFkZd HkkjkP;k ckch olwy djhrp vlrs- R;kewGs nw”dkGkph frozrk
vk.k[kh ok<.;kl enr gksrs- rj v’kk dkyko/khr ;k lokZae/kwu ‘ksrdÚ;kauk lwV nsowu iM.kkjk
vkfFkZd Hkkj ‘kklukus lgu djkok-
12- ‘ksrhps ;ka=hdhdj.k%
ikjaikjhd ‘ksrh ra=kewGs eksB;k izek.kkoj
ik.;kpk o brj xks”Vhapk viO;; gksrks- eksB;k
izek.kkr ik.kh okijkewGs ik.;kps lkBs yodj
laiw”Vkr ;srkr- ;koj mik; Eg.kwu ‘ksrhps
;ka=hdhdj.k dj.ks xjtsps vlrs- fBcd
flapuklkj[;k ra=Kkukus deh ik.kh fn?kZdky
fBdowu okijrk ;srs-
13- ik.;kpk okij dkVdljhus dj.ks%
laiw.kZ egkjk”V nw”dkGkP;k >Gk lgu djhr vlrkuk dkgh xHkZJhear yksd iS’kkP;k cGkoj
ik.;kpk HkMhekj okij djhr vlrkr- gkWVsye/;s] ‘kkWoj o ckFklkBh rlsp fu;ferP;k
okijklkBhgh ik.;kpk vrhokij gksr vlrks- gk okij VkGyk ikghts o dkVdljhus ik.kh okijys
ikghts-
14- ‘ksrhlkBh fBcd flapukpkp okij%

33. 33
‘ksrhyk ;ksX; i/nrhus ik.kh iwjoBk dj.;klkBh fBcd flapukpk okij dj.;klkBh jkT;
ljdkj iwjLd`r vlwu R;klkBh ;kstuk vk[k.;kr ;sr vkgsr- ‘ksrdÚ;kauk ;klkBh loyr fnyh
tkrs- ;krwu ik.;kpk izHkkohi.ks ik.;kpk okijgh gksrks-
fu"d”kZ%
egkjk”Vª gk l/;k Hkh”k.k nw”dkGkus xzLr vkgs- ;kph frozrk fnolsafnol ok<rs vkgs- ;kP;k
fuokj.kklkBh dsanz o jkT; ljdkjus rkRiwjR;k Lo:ikr loZrksijh iz;Ru dsys ightsr- f’kok;
jkT;kP;k fn?kZdkyhu fodklklkBh o nw”dkGkoj dk;eLo:ih ekr dj.;klkBh eksB;k izek.kkoj
ik.kyksV {ks= O;oLFkkiukph o brj dkgh dk;sZ dsyh ikghtsr- ;kfo”k;h oj vki.k ppkZ dsyh vkgs-
EgSlkG ;kstusewGs jkT;krhy dkgh Hkkxkrhy nw”dkGkph frozrk [kwi va’kh deh >kyh vkgs- v’kkp
izdkjP;k ;kstuk jkT;kP;k brjgh Hkkxkr d:u nq”dkGkoj ekr djrk ;sby- un;ktksM izdYi]
uohu /kj.kkaph mHkkj.kh] dksYgkiwj i/nrhps ca/kkjs] uohu ykac iY;kP;k eksBeksB;k milk flapu
;kstuk] fBcd flapukpk loksZrksijh okij] jsuokWVj gkosZfLVax] ;ksX; e’kkxrh o ;ksX; fidjpuk
;k}kjk nq”dkGkoj uDdhp ekr djrk ;sby-
lanHkZ%
o nSfud ldkG]
o Combating drought in Maharashtra, Dushkal Hatavu Manus Jagavu, (DHMJ
Drought Forum) 2007
o Drought In India: Challenges & Initiatives, Poorest Areas Civil Society
(Pacs) Programme 2001-2008