The document discusses set operations and Venn diagrams. It defines the basic set operations of intersection, union, and complement. Intersection refers to elements common to two sets, union refers to all elements in either set, and complement refers to elements not in the set. Venn diagrams use circles or regions to visually represent sets and the relationships between them. Examples demonstrate using Venn diagrams to illustrate different set operations like intersection, union, and complement. Exercises involve identifying the appropriate Venn diagram shading for expressions involving these operations.

1. Part 1 Module 2
Set operations, Venn diagrams

2. Set operations
Let U = {x|x is an English-language film}
Set A below contains the five best films according to
the American Film Institute.
Set B below contains the five best films according to
TV Guide.
Set C below contains the five most passionate films
according to the American Film Institute.

3. Set operations
A = {Citizen Kane, Casablanca, The Godfather,
Gone With the Wind, Lawrence of Arabia}
B= {Casablanca, The Godfather Part 2, The Wizard
of Oz, Citizen Kane, To Kill A Mockingbird}
C = {Gone With the Wind, Casablanca, West Side
Story, An Affair To Remember, Roman Holiday}.

4. Set operations
Form a new set whose elements are those that sets A and B
have in common
A = {Citizen Kane, Casablanca, The Godfather, Gone With
the Wind, Lawrence of Arabia}
B= {Casablanca, The Godfather Part 2, The Wizard of Oz,
Citizen Kane, To Kill A Mockingbird}
{Citizen Kane, Casablanca}
This set is called the INTERSECTION of A and B, denoted
A Ç B.
A Ç B = {Citizen Kane, Casablanca}

5. Set operations
Find B Ç C
B= {Casablanca, The Godfather Part 2, The Wizard of Oz,
Citizen Kane, To Kill A Mockingbird}
C = {Gone With the Wind, Casablanca, West Side Story, An
Affair To Remember, Roman Holiday}
B Ç C = {Casablanca}

6. Set operations
A different operation: form a new set that contains all the elements of A
along with all the elements of B.
A = {Citizen Kane, Casablanca, The Godfather, Gone With the Wind,
Lawrence of Arabia}
B= {Casablanca, The Godfather Part 2, The Wizard of Oz, Citizen Kane,
To Kill A Mockingbird}
{Citizen Kane, Casablanca, The Godfather, Gone With the Wind,
Lawrence of Arabia, The Godfather Part 2, The Wizard of Oz, To Kill
A Mockingbird}
This set is called the union of A with B, denoted A È B.

7. Set operations
We have encountered three basic set operations (including
something from Part 1 Module 1).
Intersection
S Ç T = {x|xÎ S and xÎ T}
Union
S È T = {x|x Î S or x Î T}.
Complement
S¢ = {x|x Ï S}.

8. Venn Diagrams
A Venn diagram is a drawing in which sets are
represented by geometric figures such as
circles and rectangles.
Venn diagrams can be used to illustrate the
relationships between sets, and the effects of
set operations.
Venn diagrams are also used in other areas of
mathematics, such as counting, probability and
logic.

9. Venn Diagrams - Intersection
Let S, T represent any sets in a universe U. The Venn
diagram below illustrates the effect of
intersection. The shaded region corresponds to S Ç
T.

10. Venn Diagrams - Union
Let S, T represent any sets in a universe U. The Venn
diagram below illustrates the effect of
union. The shaded region corresponds to
S È T.

11. Venn diagrams - Complement
Let S, T represent any sets in a universe U. The Venn
diagram below illustrates the effect of
complement. The shaded region corresponds to S¢.

12. Exercise #1
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11}
S = {3, 5, 8, 11}
T = {3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11}
V = {2, 5, 6, 7, 8}
W = {1, 3, 5, 6}
Find ( V¢ Ç S¢ ) Ç ( W È T )
A. { }
B. {4, 10, 11}
C. {1, 4, 10}
D. None of these

13. Solution #1
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11}
S = {3, 5, 8, 11} T = {3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11}
V = {2, 5, 6, 7, 8} W = {1, 3, 5, 6}
Find ( V¢ Ç S¢ ) Ç ( W È T )
First, find V¢ and S¢
V¢ = {1, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11} S¢ = {1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10}
So V¢ Ç S¢ = {1, 4, 9, 10}
Next, T = {3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11} and W = {1, 3, 5, 6}
W È T = {1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11}
Finally, ( V¢ Ç S¢ ) Ç ( W È T ) = {1, 4, 10}

14. Exercise #2
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11}
T = {3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11}
V = {2, 5, 6, 7, 8}
Find (V Ç T¢)¢
A. {1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11}
B. {3, 4, 10, 11}
C. {1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11}
D. None of these

15. Solution #2
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11}
T = {3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11}
V = {2, 5, 6, 7, 8}
Find (V Ç T¢)¢
T¢ = {1, 2, 5, 9} and V = {2, 5, 6, 7, 8}
so V Ç T¢ = {2, 5}
Since V Ç T¢ = {2, 5} and U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11}
(V Ç T¢)¢ = {1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11}

16. EXAMPLE 1.2.1 Venn diagrams
From your text:
EXAMPLE 1.2.1 #13
On the Venn diagram below, shade the region corresponding to
A È B¢.
A B
U

17. Solution
To shade the region corresponding to A È B¢, we need to understand the meanings
of both terms, and understand the operation of union.
AIn the context of
a shaded figure,
A means that
everything
within set A is
shaded.
IBn¢ the context of
a shaded figure,
B′ means that
everything
outside set B
is shaded.

18. Solution, page 2
Now, apply the inclusive operation of union to the shaded figures for A and B¢
The shaded figure for A È B¢ will include all the shading from the A figure along
with all the shading from the B¢ figure.
UABN¢ I∪ON B′

19. Exercise #3
Select the Venn diagram whose shaded region corresponds to
A¢ È B¢.

20. Solution #3
For A¢ È B¢ ,we need to draw the shaded figure for A¢, the shaded
figure for B¢, and then perform the union of the shading from those
two figures.
UBAN¢¢ION A′ ∪ B′

21. Exercise #4
Select the Venn diagram whose shaded region corresponds to
(A Ç B)¢.

22. Solution #4
To make the shaded figure (A Ç B)¢, we need to first make the
shaded figure for A Ç B, and then apply the idea of complement.
I(CBANAOT MÇE ÇRP SLB BECM)T¢EINOTN

23. DeMorgan’s Laws
In the previous two exercises we saw that the shaded figure for
(A Ç B)¢ is identical to the shaded figure for A¢ È B¢. This
means that A¢ È B¢ and (A Ç B)¢ are equivalent operations.
This confirms one of the following general facts, which are
known as DeMorgan’s Laws for Set Mathematics.
For any sets S, T
( S È T)¢ = S¢ Ç T¢
( S Ç T)¢ = S¢ È T¢
“The complement of a union is the intersection of
the complements; the complement of an
intersection is the union of the complements”

24. Exercise #5, DeMorgan’s Laws
Let U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g}
T = {c, e}
V = {a, d, e}
Find ( T¢ È V¢ )¢
A. {e}
B. {a, c, d, e}
C. {b, f, g}
D. None of these

25. Solution #5
U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g}
T = {c, e}
V = {a, d, e}.
Find ( T¢ È V¢ )¢
We will first simplify ( T¢ È V¢ )¢ by applying one of DeMorgan’s Laws,
which states that we can distribute the outer complement onto both terms
inside the parentheses, if we also change the union to intersection:
( T¢ È V¢ )¢ = T Ç V
Now, finish the calculation by evaluating T Ç V:
T = {c, e} and V = {a, d, e}, so T Ç V = {e}

26. Alternative Solution #5
U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g} T = {c, e} V = {a, d, e}
Find ( T¢ È V¢ )¢
Instead of using one of DeMorgan’s Laws to simplify first, we can find the elements
of T¢, the elements of V¢, perform the union of those two sets, and then the
complement.
T¢ = {a, b, d, f, g}
V¢ = {b, c, f, g}
So, T¢ È V¢ = {a, b, c, d, f, g}
and finally
( T¢ È V¢ )¢ = {e}

27. Exercise #6
LIKE EXAMPLE 1.2.3 from your text:
On the Venn diagram below, shade the region
corresponding to B¢ Ç (A È C¢)
A B
U
C

28. Solution #6
To shade the region corresponding to B¢ Ç (A È C¢), we must
find the shaded figure for B¢, the shaded figure for A È C¢,
and the find the intersection of those shaded figures.
B¢
B¢ means that
we shade
everything
outside of set B.

29. Solution #6, page 2
The shaded figure for A È C¢ requires that we draw the shaded figure for A,
and shaded figure for C¢, and apply union to those two figures.
UACN ¢I∪ON C′

30. Solution #6, page 3
Now that we have produced the shaded figure for B¢ and the shaded figure for A È
C¢, we intersect those figures to get the shading for B¢ Ç (A È C¢).
IBABNT′¢ ∪E∩R SC(EA′C T∪IO NC′)

31. Exercise #7
Select the shaded figure for ( C Ç B¢ ) È A¢