This document presents a framework for evaluating policies based on the concept of equality of opportunity (EOp). It develops conditions to rank social states based on how much they satisfy EOp without requiring complete equalization. It introduces concepts like types based on circumstances, opportunity sets, and welfare differences between types. Key results include:
1) A social state satisfies EOp if the economic advantage of advantaged types is always lower than in another state, based on a class of preferences.
2) When types can be ranked, EOp is satisfied if the gap between types is always lower.
3) When ranking is unclear, EOp is satisfied if the integrated gap between types is always lower.
The framework
The document provides an introduction to type constraints. It defines type constraints as denoting the subtyping relationships that must hold between program elements for a program to be considered well-typed. Type constraints can be inferred from program constructs like assignments and field accesses based on implied subtype relationships. They can be used for applications like type checking, type inference, and refactoring by solving the generated constraint variables and subtyping relationships.
Manual practico elenafernandez y edelmira fernande zpptxlunitafernandez
El documento presenta instrucciones para enseñar a los estudiantes de primer grado a escribir los números del 1 al 9. Para cada número, hay una página que guía a los estudiantes a través de las flechas para escribir el número correctamente. También incluye una canción tradicional sobre 10 niños indios que cuenta regresivamente los números.
Session 6 b garner ruser of ag growth iairw 2014IARIW 2014
The paper analyzes data from Rwanda to assess how agricultural productivity growth has benefited the poor. It extends traditional pro-poor growth tools to examine distributional patterns of land and labor productivity growth. The results show that land productivity growth was pro-poor in both relative and absolute terms, but labor productivity growth only benefited the poor relatively, not absolutely. Additionally, households with lower human capital saw smaller gains in productivity over time. The discussants found the productivity-focused analysis useful but had questions about relationship of variables in opportunity curves and drivers of changes between survey waves.
Potting of electromagnets in steel mills with dc silicone elastomersProject Sales Corp
This document discusses considerations for choosing a potting material for electromagnets in steel mills. It recommends using Sylgard 170 A&B silicone elastomer, which has advantages like reversion resistance at high temperatures, low toxicity, flexible curing, and dielectric properties. It maintains component stability and insulation at temperatures over 250°C. Sylgard 170 A&B provides an easy to use 1:1 mix ratio without catalysts, improving processing and component life.
This document summarizes an approach to constructing commercial property price indexes for Tokyo using three methods: an accounting-based index, a repeat sales index, and time-dummy hedonic indexes. It also describes constructing separate indexes for the land and structure components. The accounting-based approach estimates capital stocks using assessed values. The time-dummy hedonic models include variables for land, structure, age, and fixed effects. Results show the age parameter is positive and no-fixed effects models do not adjust for quality. Separate land and structure indexes are constructed using a geometric depreciation model and one allowing depreciation to vary with age. Issues for further research include justifying the capital expenditures depreciation rate and handling early
This paper compares different methods for estimating poverty and identifying those in need of social assistance in Moldavia and Mongolia. It finds that using per capita income, as the World Bank does for cross-country comparisons, can mislead for smaller households and those with special needs. The paper estimates alternative equivalence scales based on expenditure patterns and subjective assessments that better account for differences in needs by household size and characteristics. However, the authors note limitations to their analyses and more work is needed to fully address estimation and data issues.
This paper develops an unemployment measure called the FGT index to assess the distribution of unemployment in India based on unemployment intensity. The measure considers both the share of the population that is unemployed as well as how long they are unemployed. The paper finds that unemployment is low in India but unequally distributed, being higher among women and more educated individuals. However, the data has limitations as it only captures unemployment duration for those unemployed the entire reference week, likely biasing the unemployment intensity measure. The paper provides insights into distributing unemployment in India but more interpretation is needed given India's context of low unemployment that mostly impacts richer, more educated groups who can afford to be unemployed.
This paper examines whether people adapt to poverty over time and whether past experiences of poverty and unhappiness influence current poverty and happiness levels. It uses longitudinal data from the German Socio-Economic Panel from 1992 to 2010. The study finds that individuals adapt to poverty such that fluctuations in poverty are no worse than being poor consistently. Additionally, past short-lived unhappiness is found to promote current poverty. The paper uses a bivariate probit model with increasing lags to control for initial conditions and relates poverty and happiness dynamically over time.
The document provides an introduction to type constraints. It defines type constraints as denoting the subtyping relationships that must hold between program elements for a program to be considered well-typed. Type constraints can be inferred from program constructs like assignments and field accesses based on implied subtype relationships. They can be used for applications like type checking, type inference, and refactoring by solving the generated constraint variables and subtyping relationships.
Manual practico elenafernandez y edelmira fernande zpptxlunitafernandez
El documento presenta instrucciones para enseñar a los estudiantes de primer grado a escribir los números del 1 al 9. Para cada número, hay una página que guía a los estudiantes a través de las flechas para escribir el número correctamente. También incluye una canción tradicional sobre 10 niños indios que cuenta regresivamente los números.
Session 6 b garner ruser of ag growth iairw 2014IARIW 2014
The paper analyzes data from Rwanda to assess how agricultural productivity growth has benefited the poor. It extends traditional pro-poor growth tools to examine distributional patterns of land and labor productivity growth. The results show that land productivity growth was pro-poor in both relative and absolute terms, but labor productivity growth only benefited the poor relatively, not absolutely. Additionally, households with lower human capital saw smaller gains in productivity over time. The discussants found the productivity-focused analysis useful but had questions about relationship of variables in opportunity curves and drivers of changes between survey waves.
Potting of electromagnets in steel mills with dc silicone elastomersProject Sales Corp
This document discusses considerations for choosing a potting material for electromagnets in steel mills. It recommends using Sylgard 170 A&B silicone elastomer, which has advantages like reversion resistance at high temperatures, low toxicity, flexible curing, and dielectric properties. It maintains component stability and insulation at temperatures over 250°C. Sylgard 170 A&B provides an easy to use 1:1 mix ratio without catalysts, improving processing and component life.
This document summarizes an approach to constructing commercial property price indexes for Tokyo using three methods: an accounting-based index, a repeat sales index, and time-dummy hedonic indexes. It also describes constructing separate indexes for the land and structure components. The accounting-based approach estimates capital stocks using assessed values. The time-dummy hedonic models include variables for land, structure, age, and fixed effects. Results show the age parameter is positive and no-fixed effects models do not adjust for quality. Separate land and structure indexes are constructed using a geometric depreciation model and one allowing depreciation to vary with age. Issues for further research include justifying the capital expenditures depreciation rate and handling early
This paper compares different methods for estimating poverty and identifying those in need of social assistance in Moldavia and Mongolia. It finds that using per capita income, as the World Bank does for cross-country comparisons, can mislead for smaller households and those with special needs. The paper estimates alternative equivalence scales based on expenditure patterns and subjective assessments that better account for differences in needs by household size and characteristics. However, the authors note limitations to their analyses and more work is needed to fully address estimation and data issues.
This paper develops an unemployment measure called the FGT index to assess the distribution of unemployment in India based on unemployment intensity. The measure considers both the share of the population that is unemployed as well as how long they are unemployed. The paper finds that unemployment is low in India but unequally distributed, being higher among women and more educated individuals. However, the data has limitations as it only captures unemployment duration for those unemployed the entire reference week, likely biasing the unemployment intensity measure. The paper provides insights into distributing unemployment in India but more interpretation is needed given India's context of low unemployment that mostly impacts richer, more educated groups who can afford to be unemployed.
This paper examines whether people adapt to poverty over time and whether past experiences of poverty and unhappiness influence current poverty and happiness levels. It uses longitudinal data from the German Socio-Economic Panel from 1992 to 2010. The study finds that individuals adapt to poverty such that fluctuations in poverty are no worse than being poor consistently. Additionally, past short-lived unhappiness is found to promote current poverty. The paper uses a bivariate probit model with increasing lags to control for initial conditions and relates poverty and happiness dynamically over time.
Session 7 b commentson daneilkerpaperonukr&d servicelives2014iariw[1]IARIW 2014
This document summarizes Wendy Li's comments on Daniel Ker's paper comparing survey and patent-based approaches to estimating the service lives of R&D assets. It outlines two main methods - a UK survey of firms and analysis of UK patent renewal data. The survey had response rates around 43% while the patent analysis matched 35% of patents to businesses. Results showed median lives ranging from 5 to 10 years across industries. Li comments that both approaches have limitations but the survey provides direct estimates while the patent method avoids issues of unknown skewed distributions.
Manual practico elenafernandez y edelmira fernande zpptxlunitafernandez
El documento presenta instrucciones para enseñar a los estudiantes de primer grado a escribir los números del 1 al 9. Para cada número, hay una página que guía a los estudiantes a través de las flechas para escribir el número correctamente. También incluye una canción tradicional sobre 10 niños indios que cuenta regresivamente los números.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document summarizes research, design work, and video footage created for a motion graphics branding identity for a studio specializing in behavior design. It included concept development, editing, logo sketches, and a final branding video with organic background visuals and audio mixing. The work was presented at the start of a semester to experiment with a creative research method called triangulation for a broader view of design.
Plenary session 3 3 tim smeeding stik iariwIARIW 2014
The document summarizes two papers presented at a conference on measuring inequality accounting for social transfers in kind. The first paper from Italy develops a new method for valuing national health services and incorporates adjustments for demographics and regional differences. This raises the estimated value of health subsidies for the poor. The second paper applies the US Supplemental Poverty Measure methodology to compare poverty in the US and Australia, finding that medical out-of-pocket expenses significantly impact poverty rates when accounted for as a resource. The paragraph asks whether thresholds used to measure poverty should also account for in-kind benefits included as resources to have a fully consistent measure of resources versus needs.
The document discusses research, graphic design, and video footage creation for a screen-based motion graphics branding identity for a behavior design studio. It included concept development, editing, simulations of behavior design solutions, logo sketches and forms based on keyword research, and a final branding video with organic phenomena backgrounds, audio mixing, and still images. The work was created for a class assignment on experimenting with triangulation as a creative research method.
A logo was created for the organization Ruihai using elements from suggested words like 163 and information. The new name created was 1nformathree to suggest offering lots of information. Several logo sketches were made before deciding on a final logo design featuring the letter H made of shipping containers to represent Ruihai resolving complex issues. The logo was then added to t-shirt designs for the front and back.
Session 7 a pabilonia paper presented by gaoIARIW 2014
This document summarizes a research paper that examines the work hours of unincorporated self-employed workers in the US using data from the Current Population Survey (CPS) and American Time Use Survey (ATUS). The paper finds that (1) work hours of the unincorporated self-employed are procyclical and correlate with GDP and unemployment rates, and (2) the ATUS data provides a more accurate measure of work hours for this group than the CPS, though both surveys have limitations. The paper also discusses two competing theories about how self-employment relates to the business cycle and aims to determine which theory the data supports.
The document outlines the main points of a paper on partial identification with missing data:
1. It introduces the problem of partial identification in missing data problems and surveys related literature.
2. It formalizes the general framework as estimating a parameter θ0 that depends on an unobserved variable U based on an observed variable O that is related to U.
3. The main result shows that for a large class of missing data problems, bounds on the identified set Θ0 can be obtained by optimizing over the extreme parts of the restriction set Rθ rather than the full set, making the optimization problem tractable.
Spillover dynamics for systemic risk measurement using spatial financial time...SYRTO Project
Spillover dynamics for systemic risk measurement using spatial financial time series models - Blasques F., Koopman S.J., Lucas A., Schaumburg J. June, 12 2014. 7th Annual SoFiE (Society of Financial Econometrics) Conference
1) The document describes using diagonal reference models to analyze the effect of social mobility on long-term limiting illness using data from the UK ONS Longitudinal Survey.
2) Diagonal reference models estimate the effects of stable and mobile social classes on health outcomes. The models were fit separately for men and women using the gnm package in R.
3) The results found higher odds of long-term illness for lower social classes, and that the effect of social mobility was to dilute health inequalities, with larger effects for stable lower classes.
A new analysis of failure modes and effects by fuzzy todim with using fuzzy t...ijfls
Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) is awidely used engineering technique for designing, identifying
and eliminating theknown and/or potential failures, problems, and errors and so on from system to other
parts. The evaluating of FMEA parameters is challenging point because it’s importantfor managers to
know the real risk in their systems. In this study,we used fuzzy TODIM for evaluating the potential failure
modes in our system respect to factors of FMEA,which is known as; Severity(S); Occurrence (O); and
detect ability (D).The final result was combined with fuzzy time function which helps to predict systems in
future and solving problems in our system and it could help to avoid potential future failure modes in our
systems.
The paper examines whether the accounting concept of goodwill is necessary for national accounts. It discusses goodwill in business accounting and how it was incorporated into national accounting standards over time. The author argues that goodwill is not required for national accounts based on the relationship that goodwill equals negative net worth. They propose that national accounts can use market capitalization and net worth without the need to include goodwill as a separate concept.
Session 7 d iariw 2014 session 7 d gueye and gruetzIARIW 2014
This document discusses issues related to the introduction of the European System of Accounts 2010 (ESA 2010) in Europe. It outlines the main methodological changes in ESA 2010, including the capitalization of R&D, treatment of military expenditures and pension entitlements. It also describes actions taken to facilitate implementation, such as additional manuals and training. The main challenges of benchmark revisions, treatment of head offices and holding companies, and service life of R&D investments are examined. The discussant questions whether more depth and discussion of further work could have been included, and examines pros and cons of using national accounts for administrative purposes in the EU.
Session 7 d iariw 2014 session 7 d schmidt and heilIARIW 2014
This document discusses the delineation of Germany's general government sector and the classification of extra-budgetary units. It describes Germany's use of a register of public units (BKM) to classify 29,250 units as either part of general government or public corporations. The paper distinguishes between "primary units" like ministries that are automatically classified as general government, and "extra-budgetary units" that are evaluated against three criteria from ESA 2010: whether they are institutional units, controlled by government, and market/non-market producers. It notes some minor changes to the BKM from implementing ESA 2010 and reclassifying some units, but says the overall impact on statistics was small.
Statistics Netherlands implemented a comprehensive revision of the Dutch National Accounts to comply with new international guidelines. This involved 200 revision projects and a heavy resource burden. The benchmark year was 2010, showing GDP increased 7.6% (3.0% from guidelines, 4.6% from new data). Public debt to GDP ratio was revised down from 63.4% to 59.0%. To communicate the results, Statistics Netherlands developed a publication strategy including early background documents, briefing key users in advance, and maintaining close contact with users after releasing the benchmark results in March and full results in June. The strategy helped ensure mostly factual and positive media coverage.
This document summarizes Peter van de Ven's presentation on the implementation of the 2008 System of National Accounts (SNA) and future challenges for national accounts. It discusses key changes in the 2008 SNA, such as the treatment of R&D, pensions, and holding companies. It also examines major challenges, including the globalization of production, aging populations, and accounting for knowledge economies. The presentation argues that future revisions will focus on developing supplementary modules to address issues like analyzing multinational enterprises and measuring human capital.
Session 7 c presentation session 7 c xuguang song & yafei wangIARIW 2014
This paper examines how globalization and exports have contributed to increasing environmental pressures in China. The authors use a multi-regional input-output table to analyze the environmental impacts from China's exports by sector and destination country. They find that consumption in other countries accounts for 6.6-13.2% of China's water use, land use, material use, and emissions. The top destination countries are the US, Japan, Germany, South Korea, Australia, Canada and the UK. The paper argues that policies to reduce China's environmental pressures need to consider actions in both production and demand sides across different countries.
Session 7 b commentson daneilkerpaperonukr&d servicelives2014iariw[1]IARIW 2014
This document summarizes Wendy Li's comments on Daniel Ker's paper comparing survey and patent-based approaches to estimating the service lives of R&D assets. It outlines two main methods - a UK survey of firms and analysis of UK patent renewal data. The survey had response rates around 43% while the patent analysis matched 35% of patents to businesses. Results showed median lives ranging from 5 to 10 years across industries. Li comments that both approaches have limitations but the survey provides direct estimates while the patent method avoids issues of unknown skewed distributions.
Manual practico elenafernandez y edelmira fernande zpptxlunitafernandez
El documento presenta instrucciones para enseñar a los estudiantes de primer grado a escribir los números del 1 al 9. Para cada número, hay una página que guía a los estudiantes a través de las flechas para escribir el número correctamente. También incluye una canción tradicional sobre 10 niños indios que cuenta regresivamente los números.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document summarizes research, design work, and video footage created for a motion graphics branding identity for a studio specializing in behavior design. It included concept development, editing, logo sketches, and a final branding video with organic background visuals and audio mixing. The work was presented at the start of a semester to experiment with a creative research method called triangulation for a broader view of design.
Plenary session 3 3 tim smeeding stik iariwIARIW 2014
The document summarizes two papers presented at a conference on measuring inequality accounting for social transfers in kind. The first paper from Italy develops a new method for valuing national health services and incorporates adjustments for demographics and regional differences. This raises the estimated value of health subsidies for the poor. The second paper applies the US Supplemental Poverty Measure methodology to compare poverty in the US and Australia, finding that medical out-of-pocket expenses significantly impact poverty rates when accounted for as a resource. The paragraph asks whether thresholds used to measure poverty should also account for in-kind benefits included as resources to have a fully consistent measure of resources versus needs.
The document discusses research, graphic design, and video footage creation for a screen-based motion graphics branding identity for a behavior design studio. It included concept development, editing, simulations of behavior design solutions, logo sketches and forms based on keyword research, and a final branding video with organic phenomena backgrounds, audio mixing, and still images. The work was created for a class assignment on experimenting with triangulation as a creative research method.
A logo was created for the organization Ruihai using elements from suggested words like 163 and information. The new name created was 1nformathree to suggest offering lots of information. Several logo sketches were made before deciding on a final logo design featuring the letter H made of shipping containers to represent Ruihai resolving complex issues. The logo was then added to t-shirt designs for the front and back.
Session 7 a pabilonia paper presented by gaoIARIW 2014
This document summarizes a research paper that examines the work hours of unincorporated self-employed workers in the US using data from the Current Population Survey (CPS) and American Time Use Survey (ATUS). The paper finds that (1) work hours of the unincorporated self-employed are procyclical and correlate with GDP and unemployment rates, and (2) the ATUS data provides a more accurate measure of work hours for this group than the CPS, though both surveys have limitations. The paper also discusses two competing theories about how self-employment relates to the business cycle and aims to determine which theory the data supports.
The document outlines the main points of a paper on partial identification with missing data:
1. It introduces the problem of partial identification in missing data problems and surveys related literature.
2. It formalizes the general framework as estimating a parameter θ0 that depends on an unobserved variable U based on an observed variable O that is related to U.
3. The main result shows that for a large class of missing data problems, bounds on the identified set Θ0 can be obtained by optimizing over the extreme parts of the restriction set Rθ rather than the full set, making the optimization problem tractable.
Spillover dynamics for systemic risk measurement using spatial financial time...SYRTO Project
Spillover dynamics for systemic risk measurement using spatial financial time series models - Blasques F., Koopman S.J., Lucas A., Schaumburg J. June, 12 2014. 7th Annual SoFiE (Society of Financial Econometrics) Conference
1) The document describes using diagonal reference models to analyze the effect of social mobility on long-term limiting illness using data from the UK ONS Longitudinal Survey.
2) Diagonal reference models estimate the effects of stable and mobile social classes on health outcomes. The models were fit separately for men and women using the gnm package in R.
3) The results found higher odds of long-term illness for lower social classes, and that the effect of social mobility was to dilute health inequalities, with larger effects for stable lower classes.
A new analysis of failure modes and effects by fuzzy todim with using fuzzy t...ijfls
Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) is awidely used engineering technique for designing, identifying
and eliminating theknown and/or potential failures, problems, and errors and so on from system to other
parts. The evaluating of FMEA parameters is challenging point because it’s importantfor managers to
know the real risk in their systems. In this study,we used fuzzy TODIM for evaluating the potential failure
modes in our system respect to factors of FMEA,which is known as; Severity(S); Occurrence (O); and
detect ability (D).The final result was combined with fuzzy time function which helps to predict systems in
future and solving problems in our system and it could help to avoid potential future failure modes in our
systems.
The paper examines whether the accounting concept of goodwill is necessary for national accounts. It discusses goodwill in business accounting and how it was incorporated into national accounting standards over time. The author argues that goodwill is not required for national accounts based on the relationship that goodwill equals negative net worth. They propose that national accounts can use market capitalization and net worth without the need to include goodwill as a separate concept.
Session 7 d iariw 2014 session 7 d gueye and gruetzIARIW 2014
This document discusses issues related to the introduction of the European System of Accounts 2010 (ESA 2010) in Europe. It outlines the main methodological changes in ESA 2010, including the capitalization of R&D, treatment of military expenditures and pension entitlements. It also describes actions taken to facilitate implementation, such as additional manuals and training. The main challenges of benchmark revisions, treatment of head offices and holding companies, and service life of R&D investments are examined. The discussant questions whether more depth and discussion of further work could have been included, and examines pros and cons of using national accounts for administrative purposes in the EU.
Session 7 d iariw 2014 session 7 d schmidt and heilIARIW 2014
This document discusses the delineation of Germany's general government sector and the classification of extra-budgetary units. It describes Germany's use of a register of public units (BKM) to classify 29,250 units as either part of general government or public corporations. The paper distinguishes between "primary units" like ministries that are automatically classified as general government, and "extra-budgetary units" that are evaluated against three criteria from ESA 2010: whether they are institutional units, controlled by government, and market/non-market producers. It notes some minor changes to the BKM from implementing ESA 2010 and reclassifying some units, but says the overall impact on statistics was small.
Statistics Netherlands implemented a comprehensive revision of the Dutch National Accounts to comply with new international guidelines. This involved 200 revision projects and a heavy resource burden. The benchmark year was 2010, showing GDP increased 7.6% (3.0% from guidelines, 4.6% from new data). Public debt to GDP ratio was revised down from 63.4% to 59.0%. To communicate the results, Statistics Netherlands developed a publication strategy including early background documents, briefing key users in advance, and maintaining close contact with users after releasing the benchmark results in March and full results in June. The strategy helped ensure mostly factual and positive media coverage.
This document summarizes Peter van de Ven's presentation on the implementation of the 2008 System of National Accounts (SNA) and future challenges for national accounts. It discusses key changes in the 2008 SNA, such as the treatment of R&D, pensions, and holding companies. It also examines major challenges, including the globalization of production, aging populations, and accounting for knowledge economies. The presentation argues that future revisions will focus on developing supplementary modules to address issues like analyzing multinational enterprises and measuring human capital.
Session 7 c presentation session 7 c xuguang song & yafei wangIARIW 2014
This paper examines how globalization and exports have contributed to increasing environmental pressures in China. The authors use a multi-regional input-output table to analyze the environmental impacts from China's exports by sector and destination country. They find that consumption in other countries accounts for 6.6-13.2% of China's water use, land use, material use, and emissions. The top destination countries are the US, Japan, Germany, South Korea, Australia, Canada and the UK. The paper argues that policies to reduce China's environmental pressures need to consider actions in both production and demand sides across different countries.
The document summarizes a presentation on measuring global corporate income. It discusses:
1) Using an alternative classification to distinguish foreign affiliates, including multinational corporations, from other corporations. This would provide insight into key transactions.
2) The impact on allocating primary income, such as showing direct investment income flows separately from other flows.
3) Other issues covered in the paper, like analyzing capital formation and balance sheets with the new classification.
4) The conclusions that greater integration of national and balance of payments data is needed to better understand issues like corporate tax practices. Cooperation with international standards groups is also important.
This paper uses Italian survey and administrative data to identify non-registered workers and estimate their earnings. The authors find that 9.5% of Italian workers are non-registered, with higher rates among employees and those who are male, older, foreign-born, living in Southern Italy, and working in small farms. Households with non-registered workers tend to have lower disposable incomes. Combining survey and administrative data can improve measurement of the underground economy and inform policies around tax evasion from unreported labor.
Session 7 a 20140829 rotterdam bruckmeierIARIW 2014
This paper analyzes tax evasion in Italy by:
1. Estimating the total tax gap in Italy using a methodology that integrates top-down and bottom-up approaches.
2. Disaggregating the total tax gap into its components for different taxes and types of taxpayers.
3. Analyzing the effects of tax evasion on primary income distribution and finding it has a negative effect on income inequality.
Session 7 a fantozzi raitano discussion_gvIARIW 2014
This study examines the impact of political cycles on tax evasion in Italy using a difference-in-differences strategy. It finds self-employed individuals reported 6.5-7.9% lower earnings after a center-right government took power in 2001 compared to employees, indicating increased tax evasion. The effect was larger (12.6% lower earnings) when controlling for specific time trends. Additionally, the negative impact was largest among lower income self-employed and decreased along the income distribution. The results suggest political ideology and policies can influence tax compliance.
Session 7 b bobbio et al service lives paper 7 b iariw discussionIARIW 2014
This document summarizes a study that surveyed Italian firms to determine realistic service lives for machinery and equipment, compared to the values used in national accounts. The survey found service lives were 4 years shorter than official statistics. Updating to the survey values significantly reduced the calculated capital stock, especially for services and construction. While capital service flows and productivity were less affected, updating service lives more regularly was deemed important for accurate national accounts.
This paper aims to construct capital input series for all sectors of the Chinese economy from 1949-2012 by addressing gaps and inconsistencies in the available data. The author develops investment flows and capital stock estimates using a perpetual inventory method approach with adjustments to the official data, including: standardizing industry classifications over time; transforming investment proxies; decomposing investments into asset types; and revising depreciation rates. Comparisons of the author's capital stock estimates to official statistics show differences, particularly for specific industries. The discussant provides suggestions for clarifying the objectives and perspective, updating terminology, and further examining certain methodological issues.
Session 7 b 7 b role of capital in india’s economic growthIARIW 2014
This document discusses improving measures of capital's role in India's economic growth by disaggregating capital stocks into five asset types and 26 industries. The authors find significant differences in capital growth rates across industries driven by varying equipment shares. Their disaggregated approach reveals composition biases in simple aggregate capital measures, varying across industries, that the traditional single-asset approach obscures. By better capturing industry-level dynamics, the disaggregated capital model provides more accurate insights into how capital contributes to economic growth.
This document summarizes a paper by Nicholas Oulton and Gavin Wallis on estimates of capital stocks and services for the United Kingdom from 1950 to 2013. It discusses the paper's comprehensive coverage of UK assets over a long time period using a capital services methodology. It also covers the choice of rates of return and assets used in the methodology. Robert Inklaar then comments on choices around rates of return and the usefulness of the hybrid approach used.
Session 7 c de haan measuring global production in na_bpIARIW 2014
This document summarizes the findings of the UNECE Task Force on Global Production regarding the challenges of measuring global production in national accounts and balance of payments statistics. The Task Force developed a Guide to Measuring Global Production that provides a conceptual framework and typology for classifying different global production arrangements. It also provides guidance on practical issues like overcoming data gaps and accounting for large, complex multinational enterprises. The fragmentation of value chains across borders is increasingly challenging for statisticians, and global production will continue to require significant resources to adequately measure.
This document summarizes a study that quantifies CO2 emissions according to the control criterion of enterprises on a global scale. The study develops a new approach to allocate emissions based on the "span of control" or ultimate controlling institute of an enterprise. The results show that Dutch controlled emissions total 242 million tons, with 57% emitted abroad. Emissions in the EU are largely from Germany, Spain, and Poland in chemical, basic metals, and warehousing industries. Non-EU emissions are highest in the US, Canada, China, and Brazil in mining, chemicals, and food. Foreign control accounts for 38% of Dutch emissions, largely from energy and chemicals. The study is still developing but provides insight into allocating emissions according to
Session 8 a iariw discussion clark paper -rugglesIARIW 2014
This document summarizes a paper that examines how an individual's job satisfaction is impacted by their own promotions or income increases as well as those of their partner, coworkers, and others in their region and cohort. The authors find that while one's own promotions and income increases positively impact job satisfaction, similar successes of others, especially a partner, tend to reduce one's satisfaction. They conclude that job satisfaction has relative components and is influenced by social comparisons, though there may be individual differences in how much people compare themselves. The discussant questions what implications this has for economic and social justice policies.
Session 8 a iariw discussion wolfson paper -rugglesIARIW 2014
This document discusses an analysis of health inequalities in Canada based on empirical data and philosophical perspectives of justice. Key points:
- A statistical model was developed to identify relationships between health outcomes like life expectancy and factors like socioeconomic status, behaviors, and health conditions.
- A microsimulation model then examined scenarios where smoking, socioeconomic differences, and pain were eliminated to assess impacts on health outcomes.
- Eliminating smoking reduced inequalities the most by modestly decreasing differences across health levels. Eliminating pain and socioeconomic differences increased overall health but had mixed effects on inequalities.
- The discussant comments that simply changing disparities without harming anyone may not reduce fairness, and justice is not the
The document summarizes a presentation by K. Decancq and C. Zoli on developing intertemporal social welfare functions that account for both inequality and mobility. The key contributions are:
1) Axiomatically characterizing social evaluation functions sensitive to both inequality and mobility over time.
2) Proposing a family of rank-dependent social welfare functions based on generalized Gini indices that consider cross-sectional inequality and exchange mobility.
3) Developing a Gini-based relative mobility index and providing decompositions.
This document discusses research analyzing how attitudes towards redistribution have changed over time in the US. It summarizes that previous research has mostly looked at determinants of preferences at static points in time. This study uses General Social Survey data from 1978 to 2010 to examine trends. Preliminary results show no clear evidence that overall support for redistribution has increased or decreased, but remains relatively flat. The researchers use multilevel modeling to analyze how the effects of individual predictors, like income, have varied over time, accounting for age and cohort effects. They estimate these time-varying slopes to capture temporal patterns net of other factors.
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Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
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Independent Study - College of Wooster Research (2023-2024) FDI, Culture, Glo...AntoniaOwensDetwiler
"Does Foreign Direct Investment Negatively Affect Preservation of Culture in the Global South? Case Studies in Thailand and Cambodia."
Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.
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2. nitions, implementable
conditions and application to early-childhood policy
evaluation
Francesco Andreoli
CEPS/INSTEAD and University of Verona
Tarjei Havnes
ESOP and University of Oslo
Arnaud Lefranc
THEMA, University of Cergy-Pontoise
Discussant: Flaviana Palmisano
University of Luxembourg
33th IARIW Conference
Rotterdam, the Netherlands, August 24-30, 2014
Flaviana Palmisano Rotterdam, the Netherlands August 24-30, 2014 1 / 24
3. The EOp model to evaluate public policies
Public policies are usually aimed at promoting equal opportunities.
To assess their ecacy possibly use the equality of opportunity theory
(inter alia Roemer 1998 and Lefranc et al. 2009):
y = fp(c, e, l ) (1)
y individual outcome; c circumstances; e eort; l luck; p social state.
c and e are illegitimate respectively legitimate sources of inequality. l
legitimate source of inequality as long as it aects individual outcomes in a
neutral way given c and e (see on this Dworkin 1981, Roemer 1998,
Fleurbaey 2008).
A type is a set of individuals having same c. An opportunity set is a set of
feasible outcomes for each type.
Fp(jc, e) outcome prospects in state p for individuals with same
circumstances and eort, with associated quantile function F1
p (pjc, e)
In a given state p equality of opportunity is satis
4. ed i 8(c, c0) and 8e:
Fp(jc, e) = Fp(jc0, e) (2)
Flaviana Palmisano Rotterdam, the Netherlands August 24-30, 2014 2 / 24
5. The EOp model to evaluate public policies (2)
(2) can be used to compare social states, distinguishing between states
where EOP prevails and states where EOP fails. (2) is a strong condition
and in most empirical applications, it turns out to be violated ) very
partial ranking.
No insight on the severity of the departure from EOP ) policy evaluation
remains silent on policies that fail to completely eradicate existing
inequality of opportunity or that reduce the existing level of EOP.
Alternative approach: indices of inequality of opportunity (see on this
Checchi and Peragine 2010, Bourguignon et al. 2007, Ramos and Van de
Gaer 2012). They are, however, fragile to the precise speci
6. cation of the
welfare function. They require summarizing the opportunity sets faced by
each type in a scalar, which may mask important dierences between policy
states .
Flaviana Palmisano Rotterdam, the Netherlands August 24-30, 2014 3 / 24
7. Research question and aims
How to compare and rank, robustly, social states in situations where EOP is
not satis
8. ed?
Develop a robust criterion to rank social states that is:
I consistent with conventional theories of equality of opportunity;
I consistent with recent developments in measuring social welfare;
I readily implementable in policy evaluation.
Evaluation of child care expansion in Norway.
Flaviana Palmisano Rotterdam, the Netherlands August 24-30, 2014 4 / 24
9. Contribution
Contribute to the EOp literature by providing set of conditions to order
social states on the base of the EOp criterion which:
I is robust to the speci
10. c individual or social welfare functions.
I is based on the extent of the economic advantage enjoyed by the
advantaged types in society. It posits that social state 1 is better than
social state 0, if the unfair advantage attached to favorable
circumstances is lower in state 1 than in state 0.
Contribute to the literature on public policy evaluation by providing a new
theoretical framework for the ranking of policy states coherently with the
theory of EOp.
Flaviana Palmisano Rotterdam, the Netherlands August 24-30, 2014 5 / 24
11. The framework
0p
0p
0pTwo types c and c0 with common level of eort e. Their respective outcome
prospect in state p is Fp for c and Ffor c0
W(Fp) (W(F)) individual utility from outcome prospect Fp (F)
DW(Fp, F0p
) = W(Fp) W(F0p
) economic advantage of type c relative to
type c0 in social state p
jDW(Fp, F0p
)j economic distance between types
Yaari's (1987) rank-dependent model to represent individual preferences
under risk:
W(F ) =
Z 1
0
w(p)F1(p)dp,w(p) 0 (3)
Let R denote the class of rank-dependent expected utility
Flaviana Palmisano Rotterdam, the Netherlands August 24-30, 2014 6 / 24
13. nition (EZOP 00
equalization of opportunity between two types): Moving
from policy state p = 0 to p = 1 equalizes opportunity between circumstances c
and c0 at eort e on the set of preferences R if and only if for all preferences
W 2 R, we have: jDW(F0, F)j jDW(F1, F)j.
Here jDW(Fp, F0p
)j = j
R 1
0 w(p)G(F, F 0, p)dpj;
G(F, F 0, p) = F1(p) F 01(p) is the gap curve;
jG(F, F 0, p)j is the absolute gap curve.
Proposition (1)
If EZOP is satis
14. ed over the set of preferences R then for all p 2 [0, 1] :
jG(F0, F00
, p)j jG(F1, F01
, p)j (4)
Flaviana Palmisano Rotterdam, the Netherlands August 24-30, 2014 7 / 24
15. Results: Necessary and sucient conditions for EZOP
0p
0p
If individuals agree on the ranking of types:
Fp F8W 2 R () Fp ISD1 FProposition (2)
If 8p Fp ISD1 Fp then: EZOP is satis
16. ed over the set of preferences R if
and only if for all p 2 [0, 1] :
G(F0, F00
, p) G(F1, F01
, p) (5)
Flaviana Palmisano Rotterdam, the Netherlands August 24-30, 2014 8 / 24
17. Results: Restricted consensus on EZOP
If Fp ISD1 F0p
does not hold, consider R2 R such that Fp ISD2 F0p
.
This is the set of risk-avers rank-dependent preferences.
Proposition (3)
If 8p Fp ISD2 Fp then: EZOP is satis
18. ed over the set of preferences
R2 R if and only if for all p 2 [0, 1] :
Z p
0
G(F0, F00
, t)dt
Z p
0
G(F1, F01
, t)dt (6)
Flaviana Palmisano Rotterdam, the Netherlands August 24-30, 2014 9 / 24
19. Results: The general case
If Fp ISD2 F0p
does not hold, consider Rk Rk1 ... R such that
Fp ISDk F0p
. This is the set of of rank-dependent preferences putting
increasing restrictions on the cumulative weighting scheme ˜w
(p) such that
Rk =
n
W 2 Rj(1)i1 di ˜w
(p)
dpi 0, di ˜w(1)
dpi = 08p 2 [0, 1]andi = 1, ..., k
o
let k denote the minimal order at which Fp and F0p
can be ranked. Let
L2
p(p) =
R p
0 F1
p (u)du and Lk
p(p) =
R p
0 L(k1)
p (u)du
p,L0k
p , p) = Lk
p(p) L0k
p (p) the cumulative distribution gap
let G(Lk
integrated at order k 1
If for all p Fp ISDk F0pthen for all set of preferences W 2 Rk, DW in p is
an increasing function of G(Lk
p,L0k
p , p)
Proposition (4)
EZOP is satis
20. ed over the set of preferences Rk , 8p 2 [0, 1]:
jG(Lk0
,L0k
0 , p)j jG(Lk1
,L0k
1 , p)j (7)
This represents a necessary condition if we look at the whole set of
preferences R
Flaviana Palmisano Rotterdam, the Netherlands August 24-30, 2014 10 / 24
21. Comments (1)
If I understand well, Proposition 4 is a generalization of proposition 2 and 3.
Then I would expect the following condition:
G(Lk0
,L0k
0 , p) G(Lk1
,L0k
1 , p) (8)
rather then:
jG(Lk0
,L0k
0 , p)j jG(Lk1
,L0k
1 , p)j (9)
Flaviana Palmisano Rotterdam, the Netherlands August 24-30, 2014 11 / 24
22. Comments (2)
I think you could generalize this and the following result by considering not
only situations where individuals do not agree on the ranking of types, but
also to situations in which even though people agree there is no gap curve
dominance. Therefore, Proposition 3 and 4 can also be de
23. ned for
additional restriction on the weight of (3).
In the discussion of the advantages of your model you say '...Third, our
criterion does not even require a priori that individuals agree in their ranking
of the various types...' (page 11). However you need to reach agreement (at
order k) on the ranking of types in order for Proposition 2, 3 and 4 to hold.
When agreement (at any k) on the ranking of types is not required, you have
only a necessary condition (Proposition 1), hence you cannot rank social
states, but you can just state that if there is violation than EZOP is ruled
out, a limitation similar to that of other existing models described above.
Flaviana Palmisano Rotterdam, the Netherlands August 24-30, 2014 12 / 24
24. Results: generalization to multiple circumstances (1)
Let C = c1, ..., ci , ..., cT the set of all possible circumstances.
De
25. nition 2 (Non-anonymous EZOP between multiple types) Moving from
policy state p = 0 to p = 1 equalizes opportunity over the set of circumstances
C at eort e on the set of preferences R if and only if for all preferences W 2 R,
for all (i , j ) 2 1, ...,T we have:
jW(F0(jci , e) W(F0(jcj , e)j jW(F1(jci , e) W(F1(jcj , e)j
Generalizing proposition 4, integrated gap curve dominance for each pair of
types ci and cj provides a necessary and sucient condition for EZOP over
the subclass Rkij , where kij is the minimal order at which F (jci , e) and
F (jcj , e) can be ranked according to ISD. This condition is, however, only
necessary when looking at the whole class R
Proposition (5)
If EZOP between multiple types over the set of preferences R then
8(i , j ) 2 1, ...,T, 8p 2 [0, 1]:
jG(Lki ,j
0 (pjci , e),Lki ,j
0 (pjcj , e))j jG(Lki ,j
1 (pjci , e),Lki ,j
1 (pjcj , e))j (10)
Flaviana Palmisano Rotterdam, the Netherlands August 24-30, 2014 13 / 24
27. nition 2 makes the identity of each type relevant, since the advantaged
between any pair ci and cj under p = 0 is confronted with the advantage
between the same two types under p = 1.
It could be the case that only the magnitude of the gaps (and not the
identity of the types involved) is relevant.
let rW
p (c) be the rank function assigning to circumstance c its rank in policy
state p, according to preferences W.
De
28. nition 2 (Anonymous EZOP between multiple types) Moving from
policy state p = 0 to p = 1 equalizes opportunity over the set of circumstances
C at eort e on the set of preferences R if and only if for all preferences W 2 R,
for all (i , j , h, l ) 2 1, ...,T such that rW
0 (ci ) = rW
1 (ch) and rW
0 (cj ) = rW
1 (cl ) we
have: jW(F0(jci , e) W(F0(jcj , e)j jW(F1(jch, e) W(F1(jcl , e)j
Flaviana Palmisano Rotterdam, the Netherlands August 24-30, 2014 14 / 24
29. Results: generalization to multiple circumstances (3)
Let Rkmax , where kmax = maxi ,j2f1,...,Tg fki ,j g, be the intersection of all
the sets Rki ,j
Proposition (6)
If EZOP between multiple types over the set of preferences R then
8(i , j , h, l ) 2 1, ...,T such that rW
1 (ch) and rW
0 (cj ) = rW
0 (ci ) = rW
1 (cl )
and 8p 2 [0, 1]:
jG(Lkmax
0 (pjci , e),Lkmax
0 (pjcj , e))j jG(Lkmax
1 (pjci , e),Lkmax
1 (pjcj , e))j
(11)
Comment: Could you also extend also the this case proposition 2 and 4?
Comment: does population share play a role in your model?
Flaviana Palmisano Rotterdam, the Netherlands August 24-30, 2014 15 / 24
30. An aggregate index of inequality of opportunity
Let pc the relative frequency of type c, an index of inequality of opportunity
is obtained aggregating the abslute welfare gap across all the pairwise
comparisons :
IO(p) =
Tå
i=1
Tå
j=i+1
pci pcj jW(Fp(jci , e)) W(Fp(jcj , e))j (12)
IO always allows to rank policy states, although the conclusion is not robust
with respect to the evaluation of advantage and it is consistent with the
anonymous EZOP.
Flaviana Palmisano Rotterdam, the Netherlands August 24-30, 2014 16 / 24
31. Empirical application
Assess whether the expansion of child care in Norway, through the
Kindergarten Act in 1975, equalized opportunity among children.
This reform assigned responsibility for child care to local municipalities and
was followed by large increases in federal funding.
They use the Norwegian registry data, covering the population of Norwegian
children born to married mothers in the relevant cohorts.
S.e. obtained using a non-parametric bootstrap with 300 replications.
Circumstances: parental earnings decile during early childhood. Outcome:
individual earnings at age 30-36.
Flaviana Palmisano Rotterdam, the Netherlands August 24-30, 2014 17 / 24
32. Implementation (1)
DiD approach, exploiting that the supply shocks to subsidized child care
were larger in some areas than others.
Compare the adult earnings of children aged 3 to 6 years old before and
after the reform, from municipalities where child care expanded a lot
(treatment group) and municipalities with little or no increase in child care
coverage (comparison group).
Order municipalities according to the percentage point increase in child care
coverage rates over the expansion period; separate the sample at the
median, the upper half constituting the treatment municipalities and the
lower half the comparison municipalities.
Pre-reform group: children born 1967-69, they enter school before the
expansion period. Post-reform group: children born 1973-76, they are in
child care age after the expansion period has ended.
The EZOP criterion rests on the comparison of the eects of the reform at
quantiles of the earnings distribution conditional on circumstances.
Flaviana Palmisano Rotterdam, the Netherlands August 24-30, 2014 18 / 24
33. Implementation (2)
DiD estimation:
I fyit yg = gt (y ) + [b0(y ) + b1(y )Pt + b2(y )Ti + b3(y )Pt Ti ] g(xit ) + I is the indicator function; yit average earnings in 2006-2009 of child i born
in year t; y is a threshold value of earnings (How is it de
34. ned?); Ti is a
dummy indicating the treatment municipality; Pt is a dummy equal
indicating post-reform cohorts. gt is a birth cohort
35. xed eect; eit is the
error term.
g(xit ) is a
exible function of average yearly earnings of the child's parents
when the child was in child care age, denoted xit . b3(y ) DiD estimates of
how the reform aected the earning distribution of aected children.
Flaviana Palmisano Rotterdam, the Netherlands August 24-30, 2014 19 / 24
36. Implementation (3)
QTE estimation:
QTE(pjc) =
E[b3(y1)(pjc) g(xit )jCit = c]
f (y1(pjc)jCit = c)
(13)
The counterfactual quantiles in the absence of treatment (Q0(pjc)) are
estimated as:
Q0(pjc) = Q1(pjc) QTE(pjc) (14)
Q1(pjc) is the quantile conditional on circumstances in the actual distribution of
earnings among treated children. are obtained through quantile treatment eect
estimation; QTE(pjc) is an estimate of the quantile treatment eect at quatile p
for children with circumstances c.
Flaviana Palmisano Rotterdam, the Netherlands August 24-30, 2014 20 / 24
37. IST1 across types: actual and countefactual distribution
Ten types: children whose parents had earnings in each decile of the
parental earning distribution.
Flaviana Palmisano Rotterdam, the Netherlands August 24-30, 2014 21 / 24
38. Proposition (2) with ten deciles
Flaviana Palmisano Rotterdam, the Netherlands August 24-30, 2014 22 / 24
39. Other Comments
You are only using one circumstance, i.e. parental income deciles during
childhood, which makes the analysis more interpretable in terms of
intergenerational mobility.
Have you thought about including other circumstances?
You should link better the empirical application to the theoretical
framework. For instance, discussing the role of eort.
Flaviana Palmisano Rotterdam, the Netherlands August 24-30, 2014 23 / 24
40. Other Comments (1)
Really interesting and well-written paper.
It represents an original theoretical contribution to the literature with a very
nice empirical application.
Flaviana Palmisano Rotterdam, the Netherlands August 24-30, 2014 24 / 24