Session 2 Power Point
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Emergency management has evolved over time in response to major events. It began as an informal practice and grew into a formal public sector function with key federal organizations. Major disasters often result in changes to laws, policies, and emergency response processes. The formation of the Department of Homeland Security in 2002 was one of the largest US government reorganizations, triggered by the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001.
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DIAGRAM OF MAJOR COURSE CONCEPTS*
*United States Federal Emergency Information Management (2015). National preparedness cycle. Retrieved on March 30, 2015 from http://www.fema.gov/national-preparedness-cycle.
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2
How to prepare
Tips for preparing for the material in this module
Read the chapters before listening to the lecture.
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Module 1 At A Glance: Chapters 1, 3, 4
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Module 1 At A Glance
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Chapter 1 Learning Objectives:
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Recognize the role ...
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Course Description
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DIAGRAM OF MAJOR COURSE CONCEPTS*
*United States Federal Emergency Information Management (2015). National preparedness cycle. Retrieved on March 30, 2015 from http://www.fema.gov/national-preparedness-cycle.
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United States Federal Emergency Information Management (2015). National preparedness cycle. Retrieved on March 30, 2015 from http://www.fema.gov/national-preparedness-cycle.
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How to prepare
Tips for preparing for the material in this module
Read the chapters before listening to the lecture.
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Go to the federal emergency management agency website and register as a student in independent studies. You will then receive a student identification number, which will be important. If you cannot obtain a student ID, inform your instructor. You will need a student identification number in order to take the final exam for this course. Link: http://www.Training.Fema.Gov/is/courseoverview.Aspx?Code=is-230.D
Read the FEMA course “IS-230.D: Fundamentals of Emergency Management” overview.
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Read the chapters before listening to the lecture.
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Go to the federal emergency management agency website and register as a student in independent studies. You will then receive a student identification number, which will be important. If you cannot obtain a student ID, inform your instructor. You will need a student identification number in order to take the final exam for this course. Link: http://www.Training.Fema.Gov/is/courseoverview.Aspx?Code=is-230.D
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Module 1 At A Glance: Chapters 1, 3, 4
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The Historical Context of Emergency Management
Emergency management is an ancient discipline that deals with risk and risk avoidance. Risk represents a broad range of issues and includes an equally diverse set of players. The range of situations that could possibly involve emergency management or the EM system is extensive. This supports the premise that emergency management is integral to the security of everyone’s daily lives and should be integrated into daily decisions and not just called on during times of disaster.
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Early History: 1800-1950; The first federal involvement in disaster management appears with an 1803 Congressional act to provide financial assistance to a New Hampshire town. During the 1930s, the Reconstruction Finance Corporation and the Bureau of Public Roads make disaster loans available for public facilities, and the Tennessee Valley authority is created to reduce flooding (in addition to generating electricity). The Flood Control Act of 1934 gave the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers authority to design and build flood control projects.
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1974 - Disaster Relief Act of 1974
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1979
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1988 - Stafford Act
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2002 - Homeland Security Act
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Upon completion of this module, you should be able to:
8I
Explain how the federal government funds first responders.
8J
Understand how the Department of Homeland Security was formed, its components, its role in the emergency management and counterterrorism efforts, and its accomplishments.
10C
Explain how the government's hazard focus has been affected by the changing risk of terrorism.
10D
Discuss the events of September 11, 2001, the consequences of those events, and how the government responded.
10E
Summarize how the U.S. government communicates terrorist threat information to the public.
10F
Understand why the 9/11 Commission was formed and what was found as a result of its investigation.
10G
Explain how state and local governments manage the risk of terrorism.
10H
Outline how Hurricane Katrina affected terrorism preparedness and response.
11A
Understand how the past has impacted emergency management as it exists today.
11B
Discuss the possibilities the future holds for emergency management, and how the profession may be improved in the near future.
Module 8 Reading Assignment
Haddow, G., Bullock, J., & Coppola, D. (2011). Introduction to emergency management. Burlington: Elsevier. Chapters 9 and 10.
Emergency Management and the New Terrorist Threat
The September 11th (9/11) and the October 2001 Anthrax attacks together prompted dramatic changes in U.S. emergency management, and have been the impetus for a reexamination of the nation’s emergency management system, its priorities, funding, and practices. These changes are ongoing and will continue for the foreseeable future. Prior to 9/11, the Nunn-Lugar legislation provided the primary authority for domestic Federal preparedness activities for terrorism. FEMA, DOJ, HHS, DOD, and the National Guard all jockeyed for leadership on terrorism. Attempts a.
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Topic 1: Preparedness for Terrorist Attacks
Since September 11, there has been a significant focus on preparedness for terrorist attacks. The response to Katrina highlighted significant shortcomings in response to the impact of natural disasters. Based upon your text and outside readings, what do you see as the improvements required to adequately respond to terrorist threats and attacks, as well as hurricanes like Katrina, earthquakes, and other natural disasters? Does preparing for one emergency assist in preparing for the other type of disaster? What organizations within the community would you engage in preparing an emergency response plan to both terrorist attacks and natural disasters?
Topic 1: Reply to Student #1 Below (Help the student, give advice)
Courtney Wheeler
Terrorist attacks can be different than natural disasters, there is a wide range of attacks that can happen. Emergency managers should look at preparedness needs the community needs, depending upon the consequences of the attack, what the community can do to mitigate or prevent an attack from happening, how the community should respond to attacks, and what will be needed for the long-term recovery process (Haddow, et al., 2021, pg. 405). With natural disasters, the best thing is to be prepared for any level of disaster, what I mean by this is there needs to be emergency plans for a level 4 or 5 hurricane, but a level 1 hurricane as well. I think that preparing for one emergency disaster can help in preparing for future disasters, you learn and experience things as they happen, and you can take that knowledge into plans for future emergencies. I would engage with emergency responders, neighboring communities to get extra help, local TV networks to help get information out about evacuation plans, hospitals, and the American Red-Cross.
Haddow, D.G., Bullock, A.J. & Coppola, P.D. (2021). Introduction to emergency management (7th ed). Butterworth-Heinemann.
Topic 1: Reply to Student #2 Below (Help the student, give advice)
Matthew Burdette
Several improvements will be required to adequately respond to terrorist threats and attacks, major hurricanes and earthquakes, and other natural disasters. The shift from an “all hazards approach” to a “single-hazard approach” was certain to cause issues in the future as the focus seemed to be on the threat of terrorist attacks and not on the possibility of other disasters (Haddow et al., 2021). In the first 20 years of the reorganization of DHS and FEMA, many issues arose particularly with leadership roles and the chain of command. In other words, who should be called during emergency situations and in what order, and who is in control? According to Haddow et al. (2021), Bush’s reorganization and creation of the new “Homeland Security Presidential Directive” merged approximately 179,000 employees from 22 pre-existing agencies and programs into one “cabinet-level” organization” (p. 14). ...
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Jessica Perez
Interagency Communication
Professor Samuel Alexander
Phoenix University
October 15, 2017
Hurricane Katrina Emergency Management
Summary of the event
Hurricane Katrina was one of the most disastrous events in the United States of America. The hurricane reached the United States’ Gulf Coast in August, 2005. It caused huge flood, massive damaging, and almost completely displaced Louisiana, Alabama, and Mississippi. According to an estimate, the overall damage caused by Hurricane Katrina was greater than $ 100 billion (Pou, 2008). The hurricane also left people wondering about the arrangements of Federal government of the United States to deal with the hurricane. It was already known that New Orleans is risky for flooding, and there have been massive flooding in the past too. Almost, 80 % of the city went under water and more than 50,000 people even did not have any access to cars or other vehicles because of massive flooding. It also destroyed economy of the affected areas as almost 21000 to 22000 businesses remained shuttered up until six months after the Hurricane Katrina (Moynihan, 2009). The aftermaths of the storms were too negative and it took so long to overcome the tragic disaster.
Outline the response by police and fire agencies
The performance of police and fire departments remained inefficient during the storm. The police department of New Orleans did not seem to be prepared for the event despite the pre-notifications. The Louisiana State Police sent the notifications to its personnel to be prepared for the emergency response. The joint headquarters along with the Louisiana National Guard personnel, helped to mobilize around 2000 people. For the disaster relief operation, the National Guard service of Mississippi prepared its 750 personnel (Pou, 2008). However, on duty employees moved to secure buildings from the fire stations. On the other hand, many firefighters were not present at their duties at the time of massive flooding and storm. There was no actual system of accountability for such personnel. Even some firefighters had left the city to go across the Mississippi River. There were a large number of phone calls to the fire department of New Orleans, but they did not send firefighters to the location of disaster. The director of Emergency Management clearly said that during the storm, they could not put the lives of firefighters at risk.
Detail roles within structured command
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Question 1When it comes to disasters, some contend that governme.docx
Question 1
When it comes to disasters, some contend that governments still largely play the role of arriving like the cavalry after the fact. Assuming this might be at least partially true, how can emergency management policies (local, state and/or federal) be more proactive? What barriers, if any, to such proposals might exist? (For instance, should local jurisdictions consider additional efforts to regulate building, land-use, development, and other activities that may cause hazards and/or increase risk to members of the community? What lessons should we learn from the flooding that took place in South Carolina in 2015?)
Question 2
Define in your own words the term “benchmarking” used in our textbook and compare it to the terms “lessons learned” or “best practices”, which are often used in emergency management. Include at least one example that you think represents one or more of these terms.
Question 3
Your response to each of the questions below should be at least one brief paragraph.
After reading the South Carolina Public Incident Report, consider how recent large data security breaches affects public administration.
a.) How would you recommend improving policy and practice with regard to information security? (At least one paragraph)
b.) Provide a statement of the problem and at least two recommendations; support your points with additional detail and references (in APA Style). (At least one paragraph)
Question 4 https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/ECFR website to external link
After reading Chapter 11 in the textbook, go to the online Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site., which is the compendium of federal agency regulations. Explore to find regulations of one or more of the following agencies. Select one regulation that you think has an impact on or is related to the phases of emergency management. (Click on “Browse parts” links, if needed, to access regulations.) Write a short summary of the purpose of the regulation you chose, including its context (what kind of regulation is it part of and what agency enforces it) and how it is related to or could impact emergency/disaster management at the local or state level; include a citation to the CFR section (for example 9 CFR 56.10).
Other link for this question. Once you get to this page you can access the other external links listed.
https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/
· Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
· Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
· U.S. Department of Transportation Pipeline and Hazardous Material Safety Administration (PHMSA) (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
· U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) Maritime Security (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
· U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
· (L ...
10.11770002716205285404 604MarchTHE ANNALS OF THE AMERICAN AC.docx
10.1177/0002716205285404 604MarchTHE ANNALS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMYAGILITY AND DISCIPLINE
For more than thirty years, the U.S. emergency manage-
ment community has been increasing its ability to struc-
ture, control, and manage a large response. The result of
this evolution is a National Response System based on
the National Response Plan and the National Incident
Management System that is perceived to have failed in
the response to Hurricane Katrina. Over the same
period, social scientists and other disaster researchers
have been documenting and describing the nonstruc-
tural factors such as improvisation, adaptability, and cre-
ativity that are critical to coordination, collaboration,
and communication and to successful problem solving.
This article argues that these two streams of thought are
not in opposition, but form orthogonal dimensions of
discipline and agility that must both be achieved. The
critical success factors that must be met to prepare for
and respond to an extreme event are described, and an
organizational typology is developed.
Keywords: response; critical success factors; agility;
improvisation; discipline
Extreme events such as the September 11,2001, attacks on the United States, the De-
cember 2004 Sumatra earthquake and Indian
Ocean Tsunami, Hurricane Katrina, and the
October 2005 Pakistan earthquake produce cat-
astrophic immediate impacts and cause long-
term disruption of economic and social systems.
With the exception of the 9/11 attacks, these
256 ANNALS, AAPSS, 604, March 2006
DOI: 10.1177/0002716205285404
Agility and
Discipline:
Critical Success
Factors for
Disaster
Response
By
JOHN R. HARRALD
John R. Harrald is the director of the George Washing-
ton University (GWU) Institute for Crisis, Disaster, and
Risk Management and a professor of engineering man-
agement in the GWU School of Engineering and Ap-
plied Science. He is the executive editor of the Journal of
Homeland Security and Emergency Management. He
has been actively engaged in the fields of emergency and
crisis management and maritime safety and port secu-
rity and as a researcher in his academic career and as a
practitioner during his twenty-two-year career as a U.S.
Coast Guard officer, retiring in the grade of captain. He
received his B.S. in engineering from the U.S. Coast
Guard Academy, an M.S. from the Massachusetts Insti-
tute of Technology where he was an Alfred P. Sloan Fel-
low, and an MBA and Ph.D. from Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute.
events exceeded our ability to organize and execute coordinated, effective
response and relief efforts. The national response system crafted over the past
three years by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) was tested for
the first time when Hurricane Katrina struck the Gulf Coast. Hurricane Katrina
was a catastrophic event because it was actually two disasters. Comfort (2005, 5)
noted that “the first phase, the hurricane, could legitimately be called a natural
disaster, as it was genera.
Respond to at least one colleague and provide a different pers.docx
Respond
to at least
one
colleague and provide a different perspective on how your colleague’s disaster might have influenced specific policy. Describe any insight you have gained from reading your colleague’s post. Use in text citations, references and APA formatting.
A brief description of each of the two disasters you selected. Then explain the specific policy that resulted from these disasters and their impact on the field of emergency management. Finally, describe the challenges that these disasters might present to emergency managers in establishing intergovernmental relationships for response and recovery.
A natural hazard is a threat of a naturally occurring event that affects humans in a negative manner. It is called a natural disaster when the hazardous threat actually happens and harms humans. There are several natural disasters that can leave behind a disastrous effort, but for the purpose of this discussion I chose tornadoes. According Sylves, a tornado is a rapidly rotating vortex or funnel of air extending groundward from a cumulonimbus cloud, exhibiting wind speeds of up to 300 mph (pp. 42). The wind force caused by a tornado has the ability to lift and shift massive amount of debris including destroying large objects such as buildings. There is no clear indication according to meteorologists on exactly how tornadoes are formed, but one known fact is the formation comes from thunderstorms. In order for a tornado to exist there are certain conditions that triggers them. Abundant low-level moisture is necessary to contribute to the development of a thunderstorm, and perhaps a cold front or other low-level zone of converging winds is needed to lift the moist air aloft. Most tornadoes are generated in the Central part of North America, known in the area of the Great Plains, but has been known to touch down in many states. Another natural disaster that can be detrimental in nature is a hurricane, especially a category 4 hurricane. Category 4 hurricanes have speeds between 130-156 mph, and with this time of strength can cause catastrophic damage. Amongst the damage that a category 4 hurricane cause, there is also a high risk of injury or death people, livestock, and pets (Cleary, 2016).
Specific Policies
In 1999, after a tornado torn through Oklahoma and Kansas causing damages to several schools the federal government decided to create a grant that would provide funding for damage prevention projects after a tornado called the FEMA’s Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP). FEMA’s Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP) provides grants to states for their use in conducting mitigation activities following a Presidential declaration of a major disaster. HMGP grants are awarded through a cost-sharing arrangement in which the Federal government provides a grant of up to 75 percent of eligible project costs. therefore, a non-Federal contribution of at least 25 percent is required (FEMA, 2002). The aftermath of Hurricane Katrin ...
HM502Unit 5 DQTopic 1 Infrastructure ProtectionA detailed
HM502
Unit 5 DQ
Topic 1: Infrastructure Protection
A detailed discussion of threats to and the process of protecting critical infrastructure and key resources (CI/KR) sectors from man-made and natural disasters are essential for understanding one of the main missions of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS). In detailed analysis of threats and protection challenges, several CI/KR sectors have emerged that require the attention of DHS professionals. These sectors include:
· Agriculture and Food
· Banking and Finance
· Communications
· Defense Industrial Base
· Energy
· Information Technology
· National Monuments and Icons
· Transportation Systems
· Water
What are some of the major threats to the CI/KR sectors identified above? Discuss some of the critical vulnerabilities of these CI/KR sectors. What are some of the prime consequences if these CI/KR sectors are damaged or destroyed? Describe DHS plans to deter threats, mitigate vulnerabilities, and minimize consequences.
Topic 1 Student Response #1 (Respond to Jeffery)
Jeffery Bailey
Hello classmates/Professor
The Homeland Security Act of 2002 provides the basis for Department of Homeland Security (DHS) responsibilities in the protection of the Nation’s CIKR. The act assigns DHS the responsibility for developing a comprehensive national plan for securing CIKR and for recommending the “measures necessary to protect the key resources and critical infrastructure of the United States coordination with other agencies of the Federal Government and in cooperation with State and
local government agencies and authorities, the private sector, and other entities. (Chertoff, 2009) The NIPP defines the organizational structures that provide
the framework for coordination of CIKR protection efforts at all levels of government, their framework includes the action of setting goals and objectives, Identify Assets, Systems and Networks, Assess Risk, consequences, vulnerabilities, and threats. Prioritize, Implement Programs and Measure effectiveness.
The NIPP Conducts research and development and using technology to improve CIKR protection-related capabilities to ensure refined risk assessments for many years into the future. The NIPP assistance programs offers Federal grant assistance to State, local, tribal, and territorial entities; and complement relevant private sector activities. Part of their mission is to make America safer and more secure from cyber attacks and also both man made and natural disasters. Together, the NIPP and SSPs provide the mechanisms for identifying critical assets, systems, and networks, and their associated sectors. In dealing with risk and emergencies the NIPP has Sector Specific Agencies that are assigned certain areas of responsibilities such as Agriculture, Food, Energy and Water. Banking and Finance Communications, in dealing with the potential risk that may befall any of these entities the NIPP takes critical steps to assess, mitigate, protect, and plan for futur ...
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