This document provides a detailed overview of the history and evolution of emergency management law in the United States from ancient times to the modern era. It traces the increasing role of the federal government over time, from early fire hazards addressed by volunteer brigades to the establishment of FEMA in 1979 and the Department of Homeland Security after 9/11. The document discusses key laws and policies that have shaped the field, such as the Stafford Act, various presidential directives, and the Homeland Security Act of 2002.
Defines disasters and conflict, delineates gender issues in conflicts and disasters, summarises UN Conventions/agreements on gender, disasters and conflict and good practices in addresses gender issues in conflicts and disasters
Defines disasters and conflict, delineates gender issues in conflicts and disasters, summarises UN Conventions/agreements on gender, disasters and conflict and good practices in addresses gender issues in conflicts and disasters
This seminar focuses on developing a general use of force policy. The instruction includes methodologies and standards for developing a clearly prescriptive response to force incidents, including:
- applicable case law
- authority established by these cases
- application of these rulings
- policy documentation and reporting procedures
- supervisor responsibilities
- training requirements
Bangladesh is a natural disaster-prone country of an area about 1, 47, 570 sq. km with population about 140 million (BBS, 2012). Bangladesh is facing various types of natural disaster due to its geographic and geologic setting (Carter, 1991). Bangladesh suffers regularly and frequently from disasters like flood, cyclone, drought, earthquake and landslide etc. (Fig.1). Disasters are annual event in Bangladesh (Nasreen, 2004). From time immemorial, the geographical location, land characteristics, multiplicity of rivers, monsoon climate and coastal morphology of Bangladesh have been a mixed blessing (Sabur, 2012). Bangladesh does not meeting all the necessities of pre, during and post disaster activities that cannot deal with to have large collaboration of different organization with highly advanced equipment. Disaster management in Bangladesh is mainly concerns to disaster mitigation and preparedness (Kafiluddin, 1991).
“Women are not only victims, they have driving power of changes, exclusive knowledge and skills that have crucial importance for providing solutions and managing risks”.
During the last 10 years 3 400 natural disasters took place in the world – hurricanes, floods earthquakes and other natural calamities. More than 700000 people died, more than 1,4 mln were injured and 23mln lost shelter. In general disaster affected 1,5 bln people and women, children and vulnerable people were most affected.
Role of women in disaster management Experience from Asia and Africa presente...Bibhuti Bhusan Gadanayak
Role of women in disaster management
Experience from Asia and Africa
"To awaken the people, it is the women who must be awakened. Once she is on the move, the family moves, the village moves, the nation moves".
Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru
MOS 6801, Emergency Management 1 Course Learning Out.docxgilpinleeanna
MOS 6801, Emergency Management 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit III
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Analyze disasters and the evolution of emergency management from 1900 to
present time.
1.1 Investigate disasters between 1950-1978 that became focusing events.
1.2 Analyze a focusing event during this time frame to identify the
contributing factors, the affected population, and the policy changes or
positive outcomes.
2. Investigate a major disaster called a focusing event that resulted in federal
emergency management policy revisions.
2.1 Analyze a focusing event during this time frame to identify the
contributing factors, the affected population, and the policy changes or
positive outcomes.
Unit Lesson
How Focusing Events Effect Policy–Part II
Since 1950, natural and man-made disasters have influenced the agenda-settings of
Congressional hearings. These major disasters or focusing events are categorized as
earthquakes, hurricanes, nuclear power, and oil spills. When a focusing event draws
the public’s attention to the destruction of the incident, coalition and interest groups
mobilize, and a Congressional hearing is conducted to assess present policy, make
policy changes, or institute policy-making. Between the years of 1950 and 1978,
focusing events also affected changes to the roles and responsibilities of the federal,
state, and local governments. In studying focusing events, there are many variables
that influence Congressional hearings.
The perceived threat of a focusing event affects the agenda for a Congressional
hearing. If the perceived threat is known and causes fear, the blame can be assigned
to a specific group or cause. Prior to 1945, World War II dominated the focus of the
Federal government. Floods, hurricanes, and earthquakes took second place to civil
defense with the threat of the Cold War in 1950. The population within the United
States perceived a viable threat from a known enemy to the homeland while the
Federal government focused on national security policy. The fear of a nuclear attack
from the Soviet Union caused states to develop civil defense laws and mutual aid
agreements between states. The population did not perceive these actions as
adequate and demanded that the U.S. Government also provide assistance against
the nuclear threat. Congress conducted hearings and passed the Civil Defense Act of
1950 to assist in emergency preparedness on the homeland. If the time element for
congressional action is short term, the agenda focuses on immediate emergency
preparedness and response. If the time element for the threat is long term, the
congressional agenda will include mitigation efforts. For example, the threat of a
Reading
Assignment
Chapter 4:
The Formative Years:
1950-1978
UNIT III STUDY GUIDE
Focusing Events: 1950-1978
in the United States
MOS 6801, Emergency Management 2
pending war require ...
This seminar focuses on developing a general use of force policy. The instruction includes methodologies and standards for developing a clearly prescriptive response to force incidents, including:
- applicable case law
- authority established by these cases
- application of these rulings
- policy documentation and reporting procedures
- supervisor responsibilities
- training requirements
Bangladesh is a natural disaster-prone country of an area about 1, 47, 570 sq. km with population about 140 million (BBS, 2012). Bangladesh is facing various types of natural disaster due to its geographic and geologic setting (Carter, 1991). Bangladesh suffers regularly and frequently from disasters like flood, cyclone, drought, earthquake and landslide etc. (Fig.1). Disasters are annual event in Bangladesh (Nasreen, 2004). From time immemorial, the geographical location, land characteristics, multiplicity of rivers, monsoon climate and coastal morphology of Bangladesh have been a mixed blessing (Sabur, 2012). Bangladesh does not meeting all the necessities of pre, during and post disaster activities that cannot deal with to have large collaboration of different organization with highly advanced equipment. Disaster management in Bangladesh is mainly concerns to disaster mitigation and preparedness (Kafiluddin, 1991).
“Women are not only victims, they have driving power of changes, exclusive knowledge and skills that have crucial importance for providing solutions and managing risks”.
During the last 10 years 3 400 natural disasters took place in the world – hurricanes, floods earthquakes and other natural calamities. More than 700000 people died, more than 1,4 mln were injured and 23mln lost shelter. In general disaster affected 1,5 bln people and women, children and vulnerable people were most affected.
Role of women in disaster management Experience from Asia and Africa presente...Bibhuti Bhusan Gadanayak
Role of women in disaster management
Experience from Asia and Africa
"To awaken the people, it is the women who must be awakened. Once she is on the move, the family moves, the village moves, the nation moves".
Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru
MOS 6801, Emergency Management 1 Course Learning Out.docxgilpinleeanna
MOS 6801, Emergency Management 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit III
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Analyze disasters and the evolution of emergency management from 1900 to
present time.
1.1 Investigate disasters between 1950-1978 that became focusing events.
1.2 Analyze a focusing event during this time frame to identify the
contributing factors, the affected population, and the policy changes or
positive outcomes.
2. Investigate a major disaster called a focusing event that resulted in federal
emergency management policy revisions.
2.1 Analyze a focusing event during this time frame to identify the
contributing factors, the affected population, and the policy changes or
positive outcomes.
Unit Lesson
How Focusing Events Effect Policy–Part II
Since 1950, natural and man-made disasters have influenced the agenda-settings of
Congressional hearings. These major disasters or focusing events are categorized as
earthquakes, hurricanes, nuclear power, and oil spills. When a focusing event draws
the public’s attention to the destruction of the incident, coalition and interest groups
mobilize, and a Congressional hearing is conducted to assess present policy, make
policy changes, or institute policy-making. Between the years of 1950 and 1978,
focusing events also affected changes to the roles and responsibilities of the federal,
state, and local governments. In studying focusing events, there are many variables
that influence Congressional hearings.
The perceived threat of a focusing event affects the agenda for a Congressional
hearing. If the perceived threat is known and causes fear, the blame can be assigned
to a specific group or cause. Prior to 1945, World War II dominated the focus of the
Federal government. Floods, hurricanes, and earthquakes took second place to civil
defense with the threat of the Cold War in 1950. The population within the United
States perceived a viable threat from a known enemy to the homeland while the
Federal government focused on national security policy. The fear of a nuclear attack
from the Soviet Union caused states to develop civil defense laws and mutual aid
agreements between states. The population did not perceive these actions as
adequate and demanded that the U.S. Government also provide assistance against
the nuclear threat. Congress conducted hearings and passed the Civil Defense Act of
1950 to assist in emergency preparedness on the homeland. If the time element for
congressional action is short term, the agenda focuses on immediate emergency
preparedness and response. If the time element for the threat is long term, the
congressional agenda will include mitigation efforts. For example, the threat of a
Reading
Assignment
Chapter 4:
The Formative Years:
1950-1978
UNIT III STUDY GUIDE
Focusing Events: 1950-1978
in the United States
MOS 6801, Emergency Management 2
pending war require ...
CRJ 145: Module 1 Notes
Module 1 Reading Assignment
Haddow, G., Bullock, J., & Coppola, D. (2011). Introduction to emergency management. Burlington: Elsevier. Chapter 1.
The Historical Context of Emergency Management
Emergency management is an ancient discipline that deals with risk and risk avoidance. Risk represents a broad range of issues and includes an equally diverse set of players. The range of situations that could possibly involve emergency management or the EM system is extensive. This supports the premise that emergency management is integral to the security of everyone’s daily lives and should be integrated into daily decisions and not just called on during times of disaster.
Understanding the history and evolution of emergency management is important because at different times, the concepts of emergency management have been applied differently. Unlike other more structured disciplines, EM has expanded and contracted in response to events, congressional desires, and leadership styles. The following list details the evolution of Emergency management to the present day.
Early History: 1800-1950; The first federal involvement in disaster management appears with an 1803 Congressional act to provide financial assistance to a New Hampshire town. During the 1930s, the Reconstruction Finance Corporation and the Bureau of Public Roads make disaster loans available for public facilities, and the Tennessee Valley authority is created to reduce flooding (in addition to generating electricity). The Flood Control Act of 1934 gave the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers authority to design and build flood control projects.
The Cold War and the Rise of Civil Defense: 1950s; The threat of nuclear war and its consequences spurs the creation of Civil Defense programs throughout the country. The Federal Civil Defense Administration (FCDA) is created to support state and local civil defense directors, bringing the concept of emergency management to every community. The Office of Defense Mobilization, which eventually merges with the FCDA, is established to produce, stockpile, and transport emergency supplies and effectively creating emergency preparedness. Congressional response to disasters during this period continue to be ad hoc and primarily involves financial assistance to affected areas.
Natural Disasters Bring Changes to Emergency Management: 1960s; Several major disasters result in significant human and financial losses. Hurricane Betsy, in particular, spurs the passage of the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968, effectively creating the National Flood Insurance Program and introducing the concept of community-based mitigation. However, the voluntary insurance program was not meeting expectations for the reduction of federal relief expenditures. In 1972, NFIP participation was linked to homeowner loans, and the program’s efficacy rises significantly. However, emergency management continues to evolve in a fragmented manner.
The Call for.
Why do risk and disaster management matterDavid Solis
For development to be sustainable, disaster management must be built into the planning process. In this way, countries can reduce some of the negative impacts on development and improve the situation of the poor during and after crises.
ERM 1200 Introduction to Emergency ManagementModule 1 ChapterTanaMaeskm
ERM 1200 Introduction to Emergency Management
Module 1: Chapters 1, 3, and 4
Course Description
ERM 1200 Introduction to Emergency Management provides an overview of the history and current status of the emergency management discipline. Topics include an introduction to areas of emergency management responsibility including risk assessment, mitigation, preparedness, communications, response and recovery.
1
DIAGRAM OF MAJOR COURSE CONCEPTS*
*United States Federal Emergency Information Management (2015). National preparedness cycle. Retrieved on March 30, 2015 from http://www.fema.gov/national-preparedness-cycle.
Diagram of Major Course Concepts
United States Federal Emergency Information Management (2015). National preparedness cycle. Retrieved on March 30, 2015 from http://www.fema.gov/national-preparedness-cycle.
2
How to prepare
Tips for preparing for the material in this module
Read the chapters before listening to the lecture.
This course relies heavily on content from the federal emergency management agency emergency management institute and the community emergency response team in your area.
Go to the federal emergency management agency website and register as a student in independent studies. You will then receive a student identification number, which will be important. If you cannot obtain a student ID, inform your instructor. You will need a student identification number in order to take the final exam for this course. Link: http://www.Training.Fema.Gov/is/courseoverview.Aspx?Code=is-230.D
Read the FEMA course “IS-230.D: Fundamentals of Emergency Management” overview.
How to Prepare
Tips for preparing for the material in this module
Read the chapters before listening to the lecture.
This course relies heavily on content from the federal emergency management agency emergency management institute and the community emergency response team in your area.
Go to the federal emergency management agency website and register as a student in independent studies. You will then receive a student identification number, which will be important. If you cannot obtain a student ID, inform your instructor. You will need a student identification number in order to take the final exam for this course. Link: http://www.Training.Fema.Gov/is/courseoverview.Aspx?Code=is-230.D
Read the FEMA course “IS-230.D: Fundamentals of Emergency Management” overview.
3
Module 1 At A Glance: Chapters 1, 3, 4
Chapter 1: History and current status of emergency management
Chapter 3: Research methods and practice of emergency management
Chapter 4: Current, new, and emerging hazards and disasters
Module 1 At A Glance
Chapter 1: History and current status of emergency management
Chapter 3: Research methods and practice of emergency management
Chapter 4: Current, new, and emerging hazards and disasters
4
Chapter 1 Learning Objectives:
Define emergency management
Describe the development of emergency management in the united states.
Recognize the role ...
Class, this is the final forum of the course. From our readings fro.docxgordienaysmythe
Class, this is the final forum of the course. From our readings from Week 8, we see that field of emergency management including the Incident Command System and NIMS have changed drastically over the years. The NIC has been developed in order to make sure that our incident management systems are as efficient and effective as possible. Going forward, there will inevitably be changes that will positively impact our emergency response and disaster planning organizations. In the past 50 years we have seen significant changes to the field of emergency management in our country. Some of the notable turning points in the field of emergnecy management include the following:
1974 - Disaster Relief Act of 1974
- The Disaster Relief Act of 1974 authorized the president of the United States to implement a program of disaster preparedness and relief aid that would enable use of all federal agencies. The Disaster Relief Act of 1974 states that any federal assistance offered is dependent upon the president authorizing such aid in the form of issuing a declaration.
1979
- FEMA is created.
1988 - Stafford Act
- Part of the reason for the change from the Disaster Relief Act of 1974 to the Stafford Act was the fact that the federal government was concerned about expanding disaster declarations beyond only natural disasters, and this included other types of incidents such as technological disasters (Three Mile Island in PA) and other instances outside the scope of natural disasters. Terrorism is not yet included. Federal assistance could be requested by the state on behalf of either the local government or state government. However, the request from the state must come from the governor.
2002 - Homeland Security Act
- The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks resulted in the creation of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). FEMA is now included under the umbrella of DHS.
HSPD-5 established the National Incident Management System (NIMS) and the National Response Plan (NRP).
HSPD-8 established policies to strengthen the preparedness of the United States to prevent and respond to threatened or actual domestic terrorist attacks, major disasters, and other emergencies by requiring a national domestic all-hazards preparedness goal, establishing mechanisms for improved delivery of Federal preparedness assistance to State and local governments, and outlining actions to strengthen preparedness capabilities of Federal, State, and local entities.
2005 - Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act
- the performance of FEMA and other emergency management agencies during Hurricane Katrina results in the Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act (
PKEMRA
) of 2006. The act enhances FEMA's responsibilities and its autonomy within DHS. Significant and meaningful changes to FEMA were made to increase preparedness levels of the general population and aid in mitigation and resilience efforts. These changes also included incident managem.
WELCOME To Introduction to Homeland SecurityCJUS254-1504A-02.docxalanfhall8953
WELCOME
To Introduction to Homeland Security
CJUS254-1504A-02
Professor Stephen E. Smith
Discussion Board: Primary Posting Due Wednesday November 4, 2015 by 11:59 PM Central Time.
Review and reflect on the knowledge you have gained from this course. Based on your review and reflection, write at least three paragraphs on the following:
What were the most compelling topics learned in this course?
How did participating in discussions help your understanding of the subject matter? Is anything still unclear that could be clarified?
What approaches could have yielded additional valuable information?
The main post should include at least 1 reference to research sources, and all sources should be cited using APA format.
Introduction To Homeland Security
History
On September 22, 2001 Pennsylvania Governor Tom Ridge was appointed as the first Director of the Office of Homeland Security in the White House
In June 2002, President George W. Bush proposed to create the new Department of Homeland Security that realigned various government activities into a single department whose primary mission is to protect our homeland
On 25 November 2002 Congress passed The Homeland Security Act (Public Law 107-296) which established a cabinet-level department
Introduction To Homeland Security
National Homeland Security Strategy
Guides, organizes, and unifies our Nation’s homeland security efforts
Prevents and disrupts terrorist attacks
Protect the American People, our critical infrastructure, and key resources
Respond to and recover from incidents that do occur
Continue to strengthen the foundation to ensure our long-term success
Introduction To Homeland Security
Department of Homeland Security Mission
Build A Resilient Nation
Safeguard and Secure Cyberspace
Strengthen the Security Enterprise
Administer Immigration Laws
Preventing terrorism and enhance security
Secure and Manage Borders
Introduction To Homeland Security
25 Homeland Security Presidential Directives
1. Organizational & Operation of the Homeland
Security Council
2. Combating Terrorism Through Immigration Policies
3. Homeland Security Advisory System
4. National Strategy to Combat Weapons of Mass
Destruction
5. Management of Domestic Incidents
6. Integration and Use of Screening Information to
Protect Against Terrorism
7. Critical Infrastructure Identification, Prioritization
and Protection
8. National Preparedness
9. Defense of United States Agriculture and Food
10. Biodefense for the 21st Century
11. Comprehensive Terrorist-Related Screening
Procedures
12. Policy for a Common Identification Standard for
Federal Employees and Contractors
13. Maritime Security Policy
14. Domestic Nuclear Detection
15. U.S. Strategy and Policy in the War on Terror
16. National Strategy for Aviation Security
17. Nuclear Materials Information Program
18. Medical Countermeasures Against Weapons of Mass
Destruct.
‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
An astonishing, first-of-its-kind, report by the NYT assessing damage in Ukraine. Even if the war ends tomorrow, in many places there will be nothing to go back to.
04062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
31052024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
03062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
Here is Gabe Whitley's response to my defamation lawsuit for him calling me a rapist and perjurer in court documents.
You have to read it to believe it, but after you read it, you won't believe it. And I included eight examples of defamatory statements/
01062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
El Puerto de Algeciras continúa un año más como el más eficiente del continente europeo y vuelve a situarse en el “top ten” mundial, según el informe The Container Port Performance Index 2023 (CPPI), elaborado por el Banco Mundial y la consultora S&P Global.
El informe CPPI utiliza dos enfoques metodológicos diferentes para calcular la clasificación del índice: uno administrativo o técnico y otro estadístico, basado en análisis factorial (FA). Según los autores, esta dualidad pretende asegurar una clasificación que refleje con precisión el rendimiento real del puerto, a la vez que sea estadísticamente sólida. En esta edición del informe CPPI 2023, se han empleado los mismos enfoques metodológicos y se ha aplicado un método de agregación de clasificaciones para combinar los resultados de ambos enfoques y obtener una clasificación agregada.
2. Why does the history of
emergency management
law matter?
2
3.
Ancient roots
◦ Cave paintings
◦ Biblical disasters
In U.S., first effort: fire hazards – still most
common kind of disasters
◦ Volunteer fire brigades
◦ Now more full-time, professional firefighters
3
4. Definition: “Emergency management” is the
discipline dealing with risk and risk avoidance.
Risk involves
◦ Many issues
◦ Many players
Integral to all lives
Need to use every day
4
5. Essential role of government
Perhaps most essential?
“Public health and safety” = public risks
States responsible
Federal role secondary
History of constant increase in federal role
5
6. 1803 Congressional Act – assistance for NH
town after huge fire
1930s Reconstruction Finance Corporation,
Bureau of Public roads
◦ Disaster loans
◦ Public facilities only
Flood Control Act of 1934
◦ Army Corps of Engineers authority for flood control
projects
◦ Man controls nature
6
7.
World War II
◦ Air raid wardens
◦ Enforce blackouts
Cold War – 1950s
◦ Retired military
◦ Few natural disasters
◦ Hurricanes – dealt with one by one
7
8. Federal Civil Defense Administration assists
states and locals
Office of Defense Mobilization located in DoD
◦ Included “Emergency Preparedness” function
Merger in 1958 into Office of Civil and Defense
Mobilization
8
9. More natural disasters
Earthquakes, hurricanes
1961 – Office of Emergency Preparedness in
White House
Civil Defense still in Pentagon
1964 Alaska earthquake 9.2
1965 Hurricane Betsy huge damage
No flood insurance for homeowners
9
10. National Flood Insurance Act of 1968
National Flood Insurance Program
Introduced Community Based Mitigation
◦ Community agrees to forbid building in floodplains
◦ Feds make low-cost flood insurance available
10
11.
Flood Insurance Act of 1972
◦ Required flood insurance for loans backed by federal
mortgages
Need for national focus on EM
Many agencies responsible
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
Dept. of Commerce
General Services Administration
Treasury Dept.
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Housing and Urban Development
11
12.
Disaster Relief Act of 1974 - HUD most authority
◦
◦
◦
◦
NFIP
Federal Disaster Assistance Administration
Still over 100 federal agencies involved in disasters
Similar scattering of authority in states
States push for single agency
Governor Carter elected President in 1976
12
13.
President Carter in 1978 sent Congress Reorganization
Plan Number 3 stating intent to create FEMA
FEMA officially established in 1979 by Executive Order
EO mandated moving agencies, programs, and personnel
into FEMA
Why by Executive Order not by Congressional enactment?
Downsides of Executive Order approach
Many programs, operations, policies, people needed
integrating into FEMA
23 Congressional Committees oversight
13
14.
Effort to unite natural hazards preparedness and civil
defense
Led to INTEGRATED EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM
Comprehensive emergency management
Addresses all hazards
Four phases
◦ Mitigation
◦ Preparedness
◦ Response
◦ Recovery
14
15. Civil defense again high priority
Cold war heated up under President Reagan
Challenges
◦
◦
◦
◦
FEMA lead for Continuity of Government
Love Canal, Times Beach pollution
Cuban refugee crisis
Corruption charges
Funding to fallout shelters not natural disasters
15
16.
1988: Robert T. Stafford Disaster and
Emergency Assistance Act
◦ Codified federal agency duties in disasters
◦ Still main source of guidance
1988: Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
◦ Led to Oil Pollution Act of 1990
◦ HAZMAT plan
16
17.
Responses criticized
◦ Hurricane Hugo hit southeast US
◦ Loma Prieta earthquake in CA
◦ Slow FEMA response contrast with rapid CA state
response
◦ FEMA thinking nuclear war, CA preparing for earthquake
1992 Hurricanes Andrew and Iniki
Result: many calls to abolish FEMA
17
18.
Many huge natural disasters
◦ Midwest floods 1993 - 9 states
◦ Northridge CA earthquake 1994
◦ Tornados, ice storms, hurricanes, floods, wildfires,
drought
Major terrorist attacks
◦ 1993: first World Trade Center attack
◦ 1995: Murrah Building bombing in Oklahoma City
18
19.
1995: Presidential Decision Directive (PDD) 39
◦ FBI – crisis management
◦ FEMA - consequence management
1998 PDD 62: more systematic approach to
fighting terrorism
1998: PDD 63 critical infrastructure protection
1998: PDD 67 Ensuring Constitutional
Government and Continuity of Government
Operations (COOP)
19
20.
FEMA launches Project Impact: Building
Disaster Resistant Communities mitigation
program
◦ Incorporate risk avoidance into every day community
decisions
◦ Build grassroots support for EM
Hazard Mitigation Act of 2000
◦ States to create Hazard Mitigation plans
◦ Promote sustainable economic development
Project Impact eliminated in 2001
20
21. Old reality – Survivable skyjackings
Old reality – Many domestic terrorists
First World Trade Center bombing and Murrah
Building attack begin to change perspective
After September 11 attacks, immediate legal
action
◦ USA PATRIOT Act
◦ Homeland Security Act of 2002
21
22.
Uniting and Strengthening America By Providing
Appropriate Tools Required To Intercept and
Obstruct Terrorism Act (USA PATRIOT Act) of
2001
◦
◦
◦
◦
Department of Justice’s “wish list”
Redefines terrorism
Broader meaning for “terrorist organization”
Association triggers immigration bans
Title III: International Money Laundering
Abatement and Anti-Terrorism Financing Act of
2001
◦ Goal – cut off terrorist financial support
22
23.
Aviation and Transportation Security (ATS) Act of
2002
◦ Federalizes screeners
◦ Establishes TSA (later moved to DHS)
Homeland Security Act of 2002 (HS Act)
◦
◦
◦
◦
Creates Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
180,000 Federal workers from 22 agencies
DHS mission to stop terrorism
Mandates National Incident Management System (NIMS)
23
24.
Public Health Security and Bioterrorism
Preparedness and Response Act of 2002
◦ Improves ability to prevent, prepare for, and respond to
bioterrorism & public health emergencies
◦ National preparedness plan by HHS
National Emergencies Act of 2003
◦ Establishes procedures for Presidential declaration
and termination
◦ Declaration is prerequisite to exercising special or
extraordinary powers in Act
24
25.
Defense Against Weapons of Mass Destruction Act of
2003
◦ Improve ability to prevent and respond to terrorist incidents
with WMD
◦ DOD to provide expert advice on WMD
Emergencies Involving Chemical or Biological
Weapons 2003
Emergencies Involving Nuclear Materials 2002
25
26. Homeland Security Act of 2002
Terrorism focus
Natural hazards deemphasized
Structural complement to USA PATRIOT Act
26
27.
Homeland Security Act of 2002
Law enforcement has leadership role in DHS
HS Act of 2002 SEC. 101. EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT;
MISSION.
(b) Mission. (1) The primary mission of the
Department is to-(A) prevent terrorist attacks within the United
States;
(B) reduce the vulnerability of the United States to
terrorism; and
(C) minimize the damage, and assist in the recovery,
from terrorist attacks that do occur within the United
States.
27
28. Homeland Security Act of 2002
HS Act § 507 ROLE OF FEDERAL
EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY
(a) IN GENERAL.—FEMA functions include:
(1) Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and
Emergency Assistance Act
(2) Carrying out its mission to reduce the loss of
life and property and protect the Nation from
all hazards by leading and supporting the
Nation in a comprehensive, risk-based
emergency management program—
28
29.
Executive Order (EO) 13224 – Sept. 23, 2001
◦ Defined “terrorism”
◦ Blocked Property and Prohibited Transactions
EO 13228 – Oct. 8, 2001
◦ Established Office of Homeland Security
◦ Homeland Security Council
◦ Coordinated federal activities
EO 13231 – Oct. 16, 2001
◦ Critical Infrastructure Protection in the Information Age
◦ Supersedes PDD 63
29
30.
Homeland Security Presidential Directive (HSPD) 1:
Establishing the Homeland Security Council (2001)
◦ Coordinated federal activities
HSPD 2: Combating Terrorism Through Immigration
Policies (2001)
◦ Foreign Terrorist Tracking Task Force
◦ Locate, detain, prosecute, or deport terrorist aliens already
present
30
31. HSPD 3: Homeland Security Advisory System (2002)
– color coded warnings
HSPD 4: National Strategy to Combat Weapons of
Mass Destruction (2002)
◦ Counterproliferation to Combat WMD Use,
◦ Strengthened Nonproliferation to Combat WMD Proliferation,
and
◦ Consequence Management to Respond to Use
31
32.
HSPD 5: Management of Domestic Incidents (2003)
◦ Federal agencies to take specific steps for planning and
incident management
◦ Single, comprehensive approach to domestic incident
management
◦ Repeals PDD 39
◦ DHS to create, enforce emergency responder standards
◦ No compliance means loss of preparedness funding
◦ Mandates creation of National Response Plan (NRP)
and National Incident Management System (NIMS)
32
33.
HSPD 6: Integration and Use of Screening
Information (2003)
◦ Terrorist Screening Center (TSC) consolidate terrorist
watchlists
◦ provide operational support
HSPD 7: Critical Infrastructure Identification,
Prioritization, and Protection (2003)
◦ Identify and prioritize United States critical infrastructure
and key resources
◦ Provide protection for them from terrorists
33
34.
HSPD 8: National Preparedness (2003)
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
National domestic all-hazards preparedness goal
Defines “first responder” to include emergency managers
Access to federal preparedness grants and information
Rapidly set equipment, training, and exercise standards
Annual status report of national preparedness
34
35.
HSPD 9: Defense of United States Agriculture and
Food (2004)
◦ Food safety
◦ Identify and prioritize sector-critical infrastructure and key
resources
◦ Develop early warning
◦ Mitigate vulnerabilities
35
36.
HSPD 10: Biodefense for 21st Century (2004)
◦ Comprehensive framework
◦ Federal agency roles and responsibilities
HSPD 11: Comprehensive Terrorist-Related
Screening Procedures (2004)
◦ Detect, identify, track, and interdict people, cargo,
conveyances
HSPD 12: Policy for a Common Identification
Standard for Federal Employees and Contractors
(2004)
◦ Government-wide standard for federal identification of
employees and contractors
36
37.
National Strategy for Homeland Security (2002)
◦ Direction to federal government
◦ Established strategic objectives
◦ Critical mission areas: intelligence and warning, border
and transportation security, domestic counterterrorism,
protecting critical infrastructure, defending against
catastrophic terrorism, emergency preparedness and
response
37
38.
NIMS’ Chapter III – “Preparedness cycle” that
includes:
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
planning
training
equipping
exercising
evaluating
taking action to correct or mitigate
Groups must be multijurisdictional in nature
38
39.
National Strategy for the Physical Protection of
Critical Infrastructure and Key Assets (2003)
◦ Identify and assure protection of assets
◦ Specific initiatives - collaborative environment for
federal, state, and local governments and private sector
◦ Private sector must take a key part
39
40. 2006 Appropriations Act
Secretary Chertoff’s “second stage review”
Enacted October 18, 2005 (AFTER Hurricane
Katrina struck)
Broke preparedness away from FEMA into new
Preparedness Directorate
FEMA’s low point?
40
41. Congressional hearings on emergency
management failures during Hurricane Katrina
Suggestions that military should be in charge of
disaster response
Bills in Congress to restore FEMA
Biggest Issue: Inside DHS or independent?
41
42. Congress sees benefits in emergency
management “all hazards” approach
H.R.5441 2007 Appropriations Act resulted
Title V of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (6
U.S.C. 311 et seq.) amended
HR 5441 Title VI `Post-Katrina Emergency
Management Reform Act of 2006'
Direct result of lessons learned through
Hurricane Katrina
42
43. 503 b 1 FEMA PRIMARY MISSION- The
primary mission of the Agency is to reduce the
loss of life and property and protect the
Nation from all hazards, including natural
disasters, acts of terrorism, and other
man-made disasters , by leading and
supporting the Nation in a risk-based,
comprehensive emergency management
system of preparedness, protection, response,
recovery, and mitigation.
Note that natural disasters now listed first
43
44. Sec. 502 FEMA Administrator head of US
Emergency Management Authority
Must have demonstrated 5 years leadership
experience (was emergency management and
homeland security)
Presidential Signing Statement challenges
qualification requirements
44
45. Administrator is principal advisor to President,
Homeland Security Council, and DHS Secretary
for all emergency management issues in United
States
After informing DHS Secretary, Administrator
may make recommendations to Congress
President may designate FEMA Administrator
Cabinet status during natural disasters, acts of
terrorism, or other man-made disasters
45
46. Supervise grant programs
Supervision of National Response Plan – NIMS
Center
Supervision of credentialing – with EMAC
Supervise plans for
◦ continuity of operations
◦ continuity of government; and
◦ continuity of plans
46
47. We will explore these and many more relevant
issues in this class.
Questions or comments?
47