Cloud computing is a concept of providing user and application oriented services in a virtual environment.Users can use the various cloud services as per their requirements dynamically. Different users have
different requirements in terms of application reliability, performance and fault tolerance. Static and rigid
fault tolerance policies provide a consistent degree of fault tolerance as well as overhead. In this research
work we have proposed a method to implement dynamic fault tolerance considering customerrequirements. The cloud users have been classified in to sub classes as per the fault olerance requirements.Their jobs have also been classified into compute intensive and data intensive categories. The varying
degree of fault tolerance has been applied consisting of replication and input buffer. From the simulation
based experiments we have found that the proposed dynamic method performs better than the existing methods.
An Investigation of Fault Tolerance Techniques in Cloud Computingijtsrd
Cloud computing which is created on Internet has the most powerful architecture of computation that provides users with the capabilities of information technology as a service and allows them to have access to these services without having specialized information or controlling the infrastructure. Fault tolerance has. The main advantages of using fault tolerance that has all the necessary techniques to keep active power and reliability in cloud computing include failure recovery, lower costs, and improved performance criteria. In this paper, we will investigation of the different techniques that are used for fault tolerance on cloud computing. Ya Min | Khin Myat Nwe Win | Aye Mya Sandar "An Investigation of Fault Tolerance Techniques in Cloud Computing" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26611.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/distributed-computing/26611/an-investigation-of-fault-tolerance-techniques-in-cloud-computing/ya-min
An Introduction to Designing Reliable Cloud Services January 2014David J Rosenthal
This document provides an overview of designing reliable cloud services. It discusses key concepts like reliability versus resiliency and recovery-oriented computing. The document outlines a design process including failure mode and effects analysis to plan for failures. Designing for resilience, data integrity, and recoverability are essential principles. Coping strategies should allow services to degrade gracefully when failures occur. The goal is to minimize downtime and keep services available through redundancy and rapid recovery.
The document presents an overview of fault tolerance techniques in cloud computing. It discusses related work on fault tolerance methodologies. It defines a taxonomy of faults, errors, and failures in cloud computing. It also describes existing proactive and reactive fault tolerance techniques such as checkpointing, replication, and load balancing. Finally, it outlines some developed cloud fault tolerance techniques like a proactive fault tolerance manager and a self-tuning failure detection approach.
Advanced resource allocation and service level monitoring for container orche...Conference Papers
This document proposes an architecture for advanced resource allocation and service level monitoring for container orchestration platforms. It begins with background on containerization and popular orchestration platforms like Docker Swarm and Kubernetes. It then highlights issues with default scheduling approaches and proposes a resource-aware placement algorithm and SLA-based monitoring to minimize container migration and ensure performance. The key components of the proposed architecture are described and its advantages over default scheduling are discussed. In conclusion, the solution is meant to benefit container orchestrators by improving application performance through more effective scheduling and issues prevention.
This document discusses improving fault tolerance in virtual machine-based cloud infrastructures. It proposes a model to analyze how systems tolerate faults by making decisions based on the reliability of processing nodes (virtual machines). If a virtual machine produces the correct result within the time limit, its reliability increases, and if it fails or is incorrect, reliability decreases. If reliability does not meet a minimum threshold, the system performs recovery actions. The technique executes diverse variants on multiple VMs and assigns reliability scores to results. Related work on fault tolerance techniques for clouds is also reviewed.
This document discusses how virtualization and cloud computing can improve disaster recovery management. It begins by describing traditional disaster recovery approaches like dedicated and shared models that require tradeoffs between cost and speed of recovery. It then explains how cloud computing provides virtualized disaster recovery mechanisms that can offer lower costs, faster recovery times through replication of virtual servers, and improved scalability and flexibility. The document concludes that cloud computing is well-suited for disaster recovery as it allows organizations to scale resources as needed and achieve more reliable continuity of operations at lower costs than traditional approaches.
This document proposes an adaptive and power-aware algorithm called Lazy Shadowing to achieve high resilience in extreme-scale computing environments through forward progress. Lazy Shadowing associates each process (main) with a replica (shadow) that executes at a reduced rate. Upon a main's failure, its shadow increases its rate to complete the task. Compared to existing fault tolerance methods, Lazy Shadowing can achieve 20% energy savings with potential reductions in solution time at extreme scales. The key techniques of Lazy Shadowing are shadow collocation, where multiple shadows are time-shared on a single core, and shadow leaping, where shadows can benefit from mains' faster execution during recovery without extra overhead.
An Investigation of Fault Tolerance Techniques in Cloud Computingijtsrd
Cloud computing which is created on Internet has the most powerful architecture of computation that provides users with the capabilities of information technology as a service and allows them to have access to these services without having specialized information or controlling the infrastructure. Fault tolerance has. The main advantages of using fault tolerance that has all the necessary techniques to keep active power and reliability in cloud computing include failure recovery, lower costs, and improved performance criteria. In this paper, we will investigation of the different techniques that are used for fault tolerance on cloud computing. Ya Min | Khin Myat Nwe Win | Aye Mya Sandar "An Investigation of Fault Tolerance Techniques in Cloud Computing" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26611.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/distributed-computing/26611/an-investigation-of-fault-tolerance-techniques-in-cloud-computing/ya-min
An Introduction to Designing Reliable Cloud Services January 2014David J Rosenthal
This document provides an overview of designing reliable cloud services. It discusses key concepts like reliability versus resiliency and recovery-oriented computing. The document outlines a design process including failure mode and effects analysis to plan for failures. Designing for resilience, data integrity, and recoverability are essential principles. Coping strategies should allow services to degrade gracefully when failures occur. The goal is to minimize downtime and keep services available through redundancy and rapid recovery.
The document presents an overview of fault tolerance techniques in cloud computing. It discusses related work on fault tolerance methodologies. It defines a taxonomy of faults, errors, and failures in cloud computing. It also describes existing proactive and reactive fault tolerance techniques such as checkpointing, replication, and load balancing. Finally, it outlines some developed cloud fault tolerance techniques like a proactive fault tolerance manager and a self-tuning failure detection approach.
Advanced resource allocation and service level monitoring for container orche...Conference Papers
This document proposes an architecture for advanced resource allocation and service level monitoring for container orchestration platforms. It begins with background on containerization and popular orchestration platforms like Docker Swarm and Kubernetes. It then highlights issues with default scheduling approaches and proposes a resource-aware placement algorithm and SLA-based monitoring to minimize container migration and ensure performance. The key components of the proposed architecture are described and its advantages over default scheduling are discussed. In conclusion, the solution is meant to benefit container orchestrators by improving application performance through more effective scheduling and issues prevention.
This document discusses improving fault tolerance in virtual machine-based cloud infrastructures. It proposes a model to analyze how systems tolerate faults by making decisions based on the reliability of processing nodes (virtual machines). If a virtual machine produces the correct result within the time limit, its reliability increases, and if it fails or is incorrect, reliability decreases. If reliability does not meet a minimum threshold, the system performs recovery actions. The technique executes diverse variants on multiple VMs and assigns reliability scores to results. Related work on fault tolerance techniques for clouds is also reviewed.
This document discusses how virtualization and cloud computing can improve disaster recovery management. It begins by describing traditional disaster recovery approaches like dedicated and shared models that require tradeoffs between cost and speed of recovery. It then explains how cloud computing provides virtualized disaster recovery mechanisms that can offer lower costs, faster recovery times through replication of virtual servers, and improved scalability and flexibility. The document concludes that cloud computing is well-suited for disaster recovery as it allows organizations to scale resources as needed and achieve more reliable continuity of operations at lower costs than traditional approaches.
This document proposes an adaptive and power-aware algorithm called Lazy Shadowing to achieve high resilience in extreme-scale computing environments through forward progress. Lazy Shadowing associates each process (main) with a replica (shadow) that executes at a reduced rate. Upon a main's failure, its shadow increases its rate to complete the task. Compared to existing fault tolerance methods, Lazy Shadowing can achieve 20% energy savings with potential reductions in solution time at extreme scales. The key techniques of Lazy Shadowing are shadow collocation, where multiple shadows are time-shared on a single core, and shadow leaping, where shadows can benefit from mains' faster execution during recovery without extra overhead.
Toward Cloud Computing: Security and Performanceijccsa
Security and performance are basic requirements for any system. They are considered the criteria for the
measurement of any progress in a security system. Security is an indicator that affects the level of
performance through the threats that influence the performance of parts of the cloud during the rendering
of services. Both security and performance demonstrate the efficiency of cloud computing which indicates
that the performance and security are measurements for the extent of the development of the cloud. In this
paper, the relationship between performance and security will be examined to know the extent of their
impact on the progress of cloud computing.
An enhanced wireless presentation system for large scale content distribution Conference Papers
An enhanced wireless presentation system (eWPS) was developed to distribute presentation content to larger audiences over WiFi networks. The eWPS uses multiple access points connected via a high-speed Ethernet switch to provide WiFi coverage to audiences. It captures screenshots of presentations and stores them on an external web server for access by audience devices through a web browser. Testing showed the eWPS could serve up to 125 audience devices with an average delay of 1.74ms per page load. The system utilized CPU and memory resources efficiently, indicating it could potentially serve a much larger audience size.
IRJET- An Adaptive Scheduling based VM with Random Key Authentication on Clou...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on an adaptive scheduling-based virtual machine (VM) approach with random key authentication for cloud data access. The paper proposes allocating VMs to servers in a way that flexibly utilizes cloud resources while guaranteeing job deadlines. It employs time sliding and bandwidth scaling in resource allocation to better match resources to job requirements and cloud availability. Simulations showed the approach can accept more jobs than existing solutions while increasing provider revenue and lowering tenant costs. The paper also discusses generating random keys for user authentication and reviewing related work on scheduling methods and cloud resource provisioning.
Project book on WINDS OF CHANGE:FROM VENDOR LOCK-IN TO THE META CLOUDNAWAZ KHAN
The document discusses the shift from vendor locking to the meta cloud. It describes how vendor locking is problematic as businesses locked into a cloud have no guarantees of quality of service or cost control. This leads to a need for businesses to be able to rapidly migrate between clouds. The meta cloud allows businesses to permanently monitor clouds and migrate between them if needed, avoiding the issues of vendor locking.
Score based deadline constrained workflow scheduling algorithm for cloud systemsijccsa
Cloud Computing is the latest and emerging trend in information technology domain. It offers utility- based
IT services to user over the Internet. Workflow scheduling is one of the major problems in cloud systems. A
good scheduling algorithm must minimize the execution time and cost of workflow application along with
QoS requirements of the user. In this paper we consider deadline as the major constraint and propose a
score based deadline constrained workflow scheduling algorithm that executes workflow within
manageable cost while meeting user defined deadline constraint. The algorithm uses the concept of score
which represents the capabilities of hardware resources. This score value is used while allocating
resources to various tasks of workflow application. The algorithm allocates those resources to workflow
application which are reliable and reduce the execution cost and complete the workflow application within
user specified deadline. The experimental results show that score based algorithm exhibits less execution
time and also reduces the failure rate of workflow application within manageable cost. All the simulations
have been done using CloudSim toolkit.
This document provides 6 IEEE project summaries in the domain of Java and cloud computing/data mining. The summaries are:
1. A decentralized access control scheme for secure cloud data storage that supports anonymous authentication.
2. A performance analysis framework for distributed file systems that qualitatively and quantitatively evaluates performance.
3. Approaches to guarantee trustworthy transactions on cloud servers by enforcing policy consistency constraints.
4. A scalable MapReduce approach for anonymizing large datasets to satisfy privacy requirements like k-anonymity.
5. A resource allocation scheme for a self-organizing cloud that achieves maximized utilization and optimal execution efficiency.
6. An attribute-based encryption framework for flexible
1) The document discusses quality of service (QoS)-aware data replication for data-intensive applications in cloud computing systems. It aims to minimize data replication cost and number of QoS violated replicas.
2) It presents a mathematical model and algorithm to optimally place QoS-satisfied and QoS-violated data replicas. The algorithm uses minimum-cost maximum flow to obtain the optimal placement.
3) The algorithm takes as input a set of requested nodes and outputs the optimal placement for QoS-satisfied and QoS-violated replicas by modeling the problem as a network flow graph and applying existing polynomial-time algorithms.
A DDS-Based Scalable and Reconfigurable Framework for Cyber-Physical Systemsijseajournal
Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) involve the interconnection of heterogeneous computing devices which are
closely integrated with the physical processes under control. Often, these systems are resource-constrained
and require specific features such as the ability to adapt in a timeliness and efficient fashion to dynamic
environments. Also, they must support fault tolerance and avoid single points of failure. This paper
describes a scalable framework for CPSs based on the OMG DDS standard. The proposed solution allows
reconfiguring this kind of systems at run-time and managing efficiently their resources.
This document discusses software reliability assessment in multi-cloud computing systems. It begins by defining multi-cloud computing and explaining the motivations for using multiple cloud providers. It then discusses the importance of software reliability and the impact failures can have. The document proposes a software reliability assessment lifecycle for multi-cloud systems including failure analysis, designing coping strategies, fault injection testing, monitoring live systems, and capturing unexpected faults. Finally, it provides recommendations for improving reliability in multi-cloud environments such as disaster recovery planning and security controls.
Iaetsd pinpointing performance deviations of subsystems in distributedIaetsd Iaetsd
This document proposes the Cloud Debugger tool to help diagnose performance problems in cloud manufacturing systems. The Cloud Debugger allows developers to set watch points in code to get snapshots of variables when requests hit that line, without needing to change production code. It also utilizes cloud tracing to visualize time spent processing requests and cloud monitoring to identify and quickly repair performance issues from dashboards and alerts. The tool aims to significantly reduce the effort for cloud operators to diagnose problems compared to traditional approaches.
Analysis of a Pool Management Scheme for Cloud Computing Centres by Using Par...IJERA Editor
A monolithic model may suffer from and poor scalability due to large number of parameters. A cloud user may
submit a super task at once. The user request is sent to the global queue and then to the Resource Assigning
Module (RAM). A number of heterogeneous server pools placed in the RAM. First is Hot, in which the servers
will be handling the jobs currently, second is Warm, in which the servers are kept in ideal state, then Finally
Cold, in which the servers are Turned Off state. Initially the request is send to Hot, if those servers are busy the
request is forwarded to warm, then finally if required to Cold if both the hot and warm server pools are busy.
The user submitted supertask may split so that the individual task run on different physical machines, this is
called as partial acceptance policy. So the supertask rejection ratio will be reduced.
Client server computing in mobile environmentsPraveen Joshi
Client server computing in mobile environments. Versatile, Message based, Modular Infrastructure intended to improve usability, flexibility, interoperability and scalability as compared to Centralized, Mainframe, time sharing computing.
Intended to reduce Network Traffic.
Communication is using RPC or SQL
This document describes a Cloud Price Estimation Tool (CPET) that was developed to help users estimate the optimal pricing plan for running their applications on Amazon EC2 cloud servers. CPET collects resource usage data from applications running on a user's private server, analyzes the requirements, and recommends the best EC2 instance type and pricing plan based on the application's estimated usage levels. The tool is meant to help users confidently migrate their applications to the cloud by reducing uncertainty about required resources and pricing. It was evaluated using workloads run on the University of Waterloo's compute clusters to verify its modules worked as intended.
Harnessing the Cloud for Performance Testing- Impetus White PaperImpetus Technologies
For Impetus’ White Papers archive, visit- http://www.impetus.com/whitepaper
The paper provides insights on the various benefits of using the Cloud for Performance Testing as well as how to address the various challenges associated with this approach.
IRJET- Research Paper on Energy-Aware Virtual Machine Migration for Cloud Com...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using artificial neural networks and genetic algorithms to optimize virtual machine migration for energy efficiency in cloud computing. Virtual machine migration allows live movement of virtual machines between physical machines for load balancing and maintenance. The proposed approach uses an artificial neural network for virtual machine classification and a genetic algorithm for optimization to reduce energy consumption and service level agreement violations during migration. The goal is to develop an energy-aware virtual machine migration method for cloud computing data centers.
This document summarizes key concepts in distributed systems including:
The CAP theorem states that a distributed system can only guarantee two of three properties: consistency, availability, and partition tolerance.
Fallacies of distributed systems include assuming the network is reliable with zero latency and infinite bandwidth, that the topology does not change, and there is a single administrator.
The document discusses patterns like CQRS which separates commands from queries, event sourcing which stores an entire stream of events, and publisher/subscriber which allows applications to send messages to interested receivers without knowing their identities.
It provides an overview of an agenda covering distributed system definitions, CAP theorem, design problems and solutions, and demonstrates a pub/sub pattern in
Cloudlet-Based Cyber-Foraging in Resource-Constrained EnvironmentsPatricia Lago
First responders and others operating in crisis environments increasingly make use of handheld devices to help with tasks such as face recognition, language translation, decision-making and mission planning. These resource-constrained environments are characterized by dynamic context, limited computing resources, high levels of stress, and poor network connectivity. Cyber-foraging in general is the leverage of external resource-rich surrogates to augment the capabilities of resource-limited devices. In Cloudlet-Based Cyber-Foraging, resource-intensive computation and data is offloaded to cloudlets – discoverable, generic servers located in single-hop proximity of mobile devices. I will present the basics of cloudlet-based cyber-foraging in addition to future work in this area to address system-wide quality attributes that are critical in resource-constrained environment, beyond energy, performance and fidelity of results.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document summarizes two papers on software testing in the cloud. The first paper discusses the generalized procedure for cloud testing, including user login, resource provisioning, payment, and implementation through functional, performance, load and stress testing. It also outlines the pros of cost savings and improved efficiency, and the cons of security and restrictions. The second paper uses grounded theory and snowball sampling to identify application, management, legal and financial issues for cloud-based software testing, such as test data ownership, pricing models, and quality assurance across cloud providers. Both papers note that challenges in cloud testing implementation and standardization require further research.
The document discusses customer journeys and the vision for optimizing them. It presents examples of how companies like Sungevity have mapped customer journeys and improved their experiences. The slides note that the goals are to create frictionless experiences, maximize lifetime value through touchpoints, and understand customer motivations. Orchestrating organizational and customer processes is key to becoming a customer experience leader. Journey innovation, automation, personalization, and real-time analytics are described as ways to make journeys "stickier". The ultimate vision is a "digital factory" approach where customer experiences are treated as products.
If you are finding the professional accounting firms in Melbourne. Then Lsks account and auditing helping you in your financial future also we gives you taxes plan detail. Our experienced team member gives you best services. We are telling you how to pay your personal and business tax.
Toward Cloud Computing: Security and Performanceijccsa
Security and performance are basic requirements for any system. They are considered the criteria for the
measurement of any progress in a security system. Security is an indicator that affects the level of
performance through the threats that influence the performance of parts of the cloud during the rendering
of services. Both security and performance demonstrate the efficiency of cloud computing which indicates
that the performance and security are measurements for the extent of the development of the cloud. In this
paper, the relationship between performance and security will be examined to know the extent of their
impact on the progress of cloud computing.
An enhanced wireless presentation system for large scale content distribution Conference Papers
An enhanced wireless presentation system (eWPS) was developed to distribute presentation content to larger audiences over WiFi networks. The eWPS uses multiple access points connected via a high-speed Ethernet switch to provide WiFi coverage to audiences. It captures screenshots of presentations and stores them on an external web server for access by audience devices through a web browser. Testing showed the eWPS could serve up to 125 audience devices with an average delay of 1.74ms per page load. The system utilized CPU and memory resources efficiently, indicating it could potentially serve a much larger audience size.
IRJET- An Adaptive Scheduling based VM with Random Key Authentication on Clou...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on an adaptive scheduling-based virtual machine (VM) approach with random key authentication for cloud data access. The paper proposes allocating VMs to servers in a way that flexibly utilizes cloud resources while guaranteeing job deadlines. It employs time sliding and bandwidth scaling in resource allocation to better match resources to job requirements and cloud availability. Simulations showed the approach can accept more jobs than existing solutions while increasing provider revenue and lowering tenant costs. The paper also discusses generating random keys for user authentication and reviewing related work on scheduling methods and cloud resource provisioning.
Project book on WINDS OF CHANGE:FROM VENDOR LOCK-IN TO THE META CLOUDNAWAZ KHAN
The document discusses the shift from vendor locking to the meta cloud. It describes how vendor locking is problematic as businesses locked into a cloud have no guarantees of quality of service or cost control. This leads to a need for businesses to be able to rapidly migrate between clouds. The meta cloud allows businesses to permanently monitor clouds and migrate between them if needed, avoiding the issues of vendor locking.
Score based deadline constrained workflow scheduling algorithm for cloud systemsijccsa
Cloud Computing is the latest and emerging trend in information technology domain. It offers utility- based
IT services to user over the Internet. Workflow scheduling is one of the major problems in cloud systems. A
good scheduling algorithm must minimize the execution time and cost of workflow application along with
QoS requirements of the user. In this paper we consider deadline as the major constraint and propose a
score based deadline constrained workflow scheduling algorithm that executes workflow within
manageable cost while meeting user defined deadline constraint. The algorithm uses the concept of score
which represents the capabilities of hardware resources. This score value is used while allocating
resources to various tasks of workflow application. The algorithm allocates those resources to workflow
application which are reliable and reduce the execution cost and complete the workflow application within
user specified deadline. The experimental results show that score based algorithm exhibits less execution
time and also reduces the failure rate of workflow application within manageable cost. All the simulations
have been done using CloudSim toolkit.
This document provides 6 IEEE project summaries in the domain of Java and cloud computing/data mining. The summaries are:
1. A decentralized access control scheme for secure cloud data storage that supports anonymous authentication.
2. A performance analysis framework for distributed file systems that qualitatively and quantitatively evaluates performance.
3. Approaches to guarantee trustworthy transactions on cloud servers by enforcing policy consistency constraints.
4. A scalable MapReduce approach for anonymizing large datasets to satisfy privacy requirements like k-anonymity.
5. A resource allocation scheme for a self-organizing cloud that achieves maximized utilization and optimal execution efficiency.
6. An attribute-based encryption framework for flexible
1) The document discusses quality of service (QoS)-aware data replication for data-intensive applications in cloud computing systems. It aims to minimize data replication cost and number of QoS violated replicas.
2) It presents a mathematical model and algorithm to optimally place QoS-satisfied and QoS-violated data replicas. The algorithm uses minimum-cost maximum flow to obtain the optimal placement.
3) The algorithm takes as input a set of requested nodes and outputs the optimal placement for QoS-satisfied and QoS-violated replicas by modeling the problem as a network flow graph and applying existing polynomial-time algorithms.
A DDS-Based Scalable and Reconfigurable Framework for Cyber-Physical Systemsijseajournal
Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) involve the interconnection of heterogeneous computing devices which are
closely integrated with the physical processes under control. Often, these systems are resource-constrained
and require specific features such as the ability to adapt in a timeliness and efficient fashion to dynamic
environments. Also, they must support fault tolerance and avoid single points of failure. This paper
describes a scalable framework for CPSs based on the OMG DDS standard. The proposed solution allows
reconfiguring this kind of systems at run-time and managing efficiently their resources.
This document discusses software reliability assessment in multi-cloud computing systems. It begins by defining multi-cloud computing and explaining the motivations for using multiple cloud providers. It then discusses the importance of software reliability and the impact failures can have. The document proposes a software reliability assessment lifecycle for multi-cloud systems including failure analysis, designing coping strategies, fault injection testing, monitoring live systems, and capturing unexpected faults. Finally, it provides recommendations for improving reliability in multi-cloud environments such as disaster recovery planning and security controls.
Iaetsd pinpointing performance deviations of subsystems in distributedIaetsd Iaetsd
This document proposes the Cloud Debugger tool to help diagnose performance problems in cloud manufacturing systems. The Cloud Debugger allows developers to set watch points in code to get snapshots of variables when requests hit that line, without needing to change production code. It also utilizes cloud tracing to visualize time spent processing requests and cloud monitoring to identify and quickly repair performance issues from dashboards and alerts. The tool aims to significantly reduce the effort for cloud operators to diagnose problems compared to traditional approaches.
Analysis of a Pool Management Scheme for Cloud Computing Centres by Using Par...IJERA Editor
A monolithic model may suffer from and poor scalability due to large number of parameters. A cloud user may
submit a super task at once. The user request is sent to the global queue and then to the Resource Assigning
Module (RAM). A number of heterogeneous server pools placed in the RAM. First is Hot, in which the servers
will be handling the jobs currently, second is Warm, in which the servers are kept in ideal state, then Finally
Cold, in which the servers are Turned Off state. Initially the request is send to Hot, if those servers are busy the
request is forwarded to warm, then finally if required to Cold if both the hot and warm server pools are busy.
The user submitted supertask may split so that the individual task run on different physical machines, this is
called as partial acceptance policy. So the supertask rejection ratio will be reduced.
Client server computing in mobile environmentsPraveen Joshi
Client server computing in mobile environments. Versatile, Message based, Modular Infrastructure intended to improve usability, flexibility, interoperability and scalability as compared to Centralized, Mainframe, time sharing computing.
Intended to reduce Network Traffic.
Communication is using RPC or SQL
This document describes a Cloud Price Estimation Tool (CPET) that was developed to help users estimate the optimal pricing plan for running their applications on Amazon EC2 cloud servers. CPET collects resource usage data from applications running on a user's private server, analyzes the requirements, and recommends the best EC2 instance type and pricing plan based on the application's estimated usage levels. The tool is meant to help users confidently migrate their applications to the cloud by reducing uncertainty about required resources and pricing. It was evaluated using workloads run on the University of Waterloo's compute clusters to verify its modules worked as intended.
Harnessing the Cloud for Performance Testing- Impetus White PaperImpetus Technologies
For Impetus’ White Papers archive, visit- http://www.impetus.com/whitepaper
The paper provides insights on the various benefits of using the Cloud for Performance Testing as well as how to address the various challenges associated with this approach.
IRJET- Research Paper on Energy-Aware Virtual Machine Migration for Cloud Com...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using artificial neural networks and genetic algorithms to optimize virtual machine migration for energy efficiency in cloud computing. Virtual machine migration allows live movement of virtual machines between physical machines for load balancing and maintenance. The proposed approach uses an artificial neural network for virtual machine classification and a genetic algorithm for optimization to reduce energy consumption and service level agreement violations during migration. The goal is to develop an energy-aware virtual machine migration method for cloud computing data centers.
This document summarizes key concepts in distributed systems including:
The CAP theorem states that a distributed system can only guarantee two of three properties: consistency, availability, and partition tolerance.
Fallacies of distributed systems include assuming the network is reliable with zero latency and infinite bandwidth, that the topology does not change, and there is a single administrator.
The document discusses patterns like CQRS which separates commands from queries, event sourcing which stores an entire stream of events, and publisher/subscriber which allows applications to send messages to interested receivers without knowing their identities.
It provides an overview of an agenda covering distributed system definitions, CAP theorem, design problems and solutions, and demonstrates a pub/sub pattern in
Cloudlet-Based Cyber-Foraging in Resource-Constrained EnvironmentsPatricia Lago
First responders and others operating in crisis environments increasingly make use of handheld devices to help with tasks such as face recognition, language translation, decision-making and mission planning. These resource-constrained environments are characterized by dynamic context, limited computing resources, high levels of stress, and poor network connectivity. Cyber-foraging in general is the leverage of external resource-rich surrogates to augment the capabilities of resource-limited devices. In Cloudlet-Based Cyber-Foraging, resource-intensive computation and data is offloaded to cloudlets – discoverable, generic servers located in single-hop proximity of mobile devices. I will present the basics of cloudlet-based cyber-foraging in addition to future work in this area to address system-wide quality attributes that are critical in resource-constrained environment, beyond energy, performance and fidelity of results.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document summarizes two papers on software testing in the cloud. The first paper discusses the generalized procedure for cloud testing, including user login, resource provisioning, payment, and implementation through functional, performance, load and stress testing. It also outlines the pros of cost savings and improved efficiency, and the cons of security and restrictions. The second paper uses grounded theory and snowball sampling to identify application, management, legal and financial issues for cloud-based software testing, such as test data ownership, pricing models, and quality assurance across cloud providers. Both papers note that challenges in cloud testing implementation and standardization require further research.
The document discusses customer journeys and the vision for optimizing them. It presents examples of how companies like Sungevity have mapped customer journeys and improved their experiences. The slides note that the goals are to create frictionless experiences, maximize lifetime value through touchpoints, and understand customer motivations. Orchestrating organizational and customer processes is key to becoming a customer experience leader. Journey innovation, automation, personalization, and real-time analytics are described as ways to make journeys "stickier". The ultimate vision is a "digital factory" approach where customer experiences are treated as products.
If you are finding the professional accounting firms in Melbourne. Then Lsks account and auditing helping you in your financial future also we gives you taxes plan detail. Our experienced team member gives you best services. We are telling you how to pay your personal and business tax.
Invitadas Oficiales: Dra. Guisela Orjeda (Directora Concytec), Dr. Carlos Valdez (Viceministro MTC), Embajador Néstor Popolizio (Viceministro MRE), entre otros
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses the Jumeirah Lakes Towers Park in Dubai, which offers a hidden green space ideal for exercise and recreation. It describes the park's running track, basketball court, playground, and open grassy areas that provide a perfect place for walks, jogs, picnics and family time. The park is easily accessible to residents in the surrounding Marina and Jumeirah areas and is open 24 hours for both early morning and late night visitors looking to stay active and take advantage of Dubai's beautiful weather.
Tom Mosher is a designer and fabricator who has worked on several projects involving large-scale fabric structures and installations. Some of his roles include designing canvases and fabric spreads, coordinating materials, and directing fabrications. He also designs durable bags and outdoor gear, such as bicycle accessories, dog coats, and a portable seat. Many of his products are launched through Kickstarter campaigns to fund new equipment for his studio.
شركة تسويق رقمي مقرها المملكة العربية السعودية, تقدم تصميم و تطوير الحلول التسويقية الرقمية. يستخدم فريقنا المبدع مجموعة فريدة من المهارات التسويقية اللازمة لأخذ شركات عملائنا من الجيد إلى الأفضل و ما هو ابعد من ذالك.
.. وكالة تفتخر في خلق قصص النجاح
للمزيد من التفاصيل
00966544990066
The Womens Fashion in Dubai is sprawled across a magnanimous area and also boasts of an womens clothing boutique.This boutique is one such womens clothing boutique in Dubai which has collaborated with over a hundred budding designers to produce an exclusive string of designer abayas which are a contemporary take on the regular traditional ones
The document discusses major design issues in cloud computing operating systems and techniques to mitigate them. It outlines issues like providing sufficient APIs, security, trust, confidentiality and privacy. To address these, a cloud OS needs to design abstract interfaces following open standards for interoperability. It also needs mechanisms like trusted third parties to establish trust dynamically between systems. The OS must allow for multitenancy while preventing confidentiality breaches through techniques like limiting residual data.
A survey on various resource allocation policies in cloud computing environmenteSAT Journals
Abstract Cloud computing is bringing a revolution in computing environment replacing traditional software installations, licensing issues into complete on-demand services through internet. In Cloud computing multiple cloud users can request number of cloud services simultaneously. So there must be a provision that all resources are made available to requesting user in efficient manner to satisfy their need. Resource allocation is based on quality of service and service level agreement. In cloud computing environment, to allocate resources to the user there are several methods but provider should consider the efficient way to guarantee that the applications’ requirements are attended to correctly and satisfy the user’s need This paper survey different resource allocation policies used in cloud computing environment. Keywords: Cloud computing, Resource allocation
A survey on various resource allocation policies in cloud computing environmenteSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Proactive Scheduling in Cloud ComputingjournalBEEI
Autonomic fault aware scheduling is a feature quite important for cloud computing and it is related to adoption of workload variation. In this context, this paper proposes an fault aware pattern matching autonomic scheduling for cloud computing based on autonomic computing concepts. In order to validate the proposed solution, we performed two experiments one with traditional approach and other other with pattern recognition fault aware approach. The results show the effectiveness of the scheme.
An Enhanced Throttled Load Balancing Approach for Cloud EnvironmentIRJET Journal
The document proposes an enhanced throttled load balancing approach for cloud environments. It discusses existing load balancing techniques like round robin, weighted round robin, and throttled approaches. It identifies that existing throttled approaches can lead to overloading as they do not consider task size when assigning tasks to virtual machines. The proposed approach aims to improve performance for cloud users by enhancing the basic throttled mapping approach to better distribute tasks among resources. The approach is evaluated using the CloudAnalyst simulator and results show it performs better than original techniques.
This document discusses load balancing in cloud computing. It begins with an introduction to cloud computing and discusses how load balancing can improve user satisfaction and resource utilization by evenly distributing tasks across resources. It then describes different types of load balancing algorithms like round robin, equally spread current execution, min-min, and max-min algorithms. It also covers dynamic load balancing approaches like ant colony optimization and honeybee foraging behavior algorithms. The document concludes by comparing various load balancing algorithms based on metrics like throughput, fault tolerance, response time, overhead, and scalability. Load balancing is important for cloud computing to efficiently allocate dynamic workloads across nodes and improve performance.
This article proposes a system-level approach to providing fault tolerance as a service in cloud computing environments. The key aspects are:
1) A resource manager monitors resources in the cloud and maintains a database and graph representing the state of nodes, VMs, and network links. This provides visibility of resources for managing fault tolerance.
2) Fault tolerance units (ft-units) implement generic fault tolerance mechanisms that can be applied transparently to VMs hosting applications. Examples include replication and failure detection ft-units.
3) A two-stage process first analyzes client requirements and matches them to available ft-units, then deploys the solution by combining suitable ft-units at runtime to provide the desired fault
A Study on Replication and Failover Cluster to Maximize System UptimeYogeshIJTSRD
This document summarizes a study on using replication and failover clusters to maximize system uptime for cloud services. It discusses challenges in ensuring high availability of cloud services from a provider perspective. The study aims to present a high availability solution using load balancing, elasticity, replication, and disaster recovery configuration. It reviews related literature on digital media distribution platforms, content delivery networks, auto-scaling strategies, and database replication impact. It also covers methodologies like CloudFront, state machine replication, neural networks, Markov decision processes, and sliding window protocols. The scope is to build a scalable, fault-tolerant environment with disaster recovery and ensure continuous availability. The conclusion is that data replication and failover clusters are necessary to plan data
Cloud-enabled Performance Testing vis-à-vis On-premise- Impetus White PaperImpetus Technologies
For Impetus’ White Papers archive, visit- http://www.impetus.com/whitepaper
In this white paper we talk about how you can integrate on-premise and cloud-based options to build an effective performance testing strategy.
A Study On Service Level Agreement Management Techniques In CloudTracy Drey
This document discusses techniques for managing service level agreements (SLAs) in cloud computing. It begins with an introduction to cloud computing and SLAs. SLAs establish performance standards and consequences for violations between cloud service providers and their customers. The document then reviews several proposed techniques for SLA management from other researchers: (1) allowing multiple SLAs with different performance metrics, (2) using third-party auditing to verify SLA fulfillment, and (3) a layered approach to prevent SLA violations through self-management of cloud resources. The techniques aim to help cloud providers better satisfy SLAs and retain customers.
Automatic scaling of web applications for cloud computing serviceseSAT Journals
Abstract Now days there are many web applications can get benefit from automatic scaling property of cloud where the no of resources usage can be scale up and down automatically by cloud service provider. So here present system that provides automatic scaling for web application in cloud environment. So every application instance encapsulated inside virtual machine and model it as the Class Constraint Bin Packing (CCBP) problem. Where each class represents an application and each server is a bin and uses virtualization technology for fault isolation. Now many business customers need good satisfy response services from cloud. So design and develop semi online color set algorithm that achieve good demand satisfaction ratio and as well as when load becomes low it reducing number of server and save energy. Experiment results compare open source implementation of Amazon EC2 demonstrates that system can improve the throughput by 180% over. And system can restore the normal quality of service five times as fast when huge crowd happens. Take supports of green computing to adjusting the placement of application instance adaptively and putting ideal machine into the standby mode. Key Words: auto scaling, cloud computing, CCBP, green computing, virtualization etc…
A detailed study of cloud computing is presented. Starting from its basics, the characteristics and different modalities
are dwelt upon. Apart from this, the pros and cons of cloud computing is also highlighted. Apart from this, service
models of cloud computing are lucidly highlighted.
This document discusses resource provisioning for video on demand (VoD) services in cloud computing. It proposes a cloud-based solution to remotely access video camera feeds on demand using cloud architecture. The key points are:
1) A cloud controller is used to handle multiple client requests for live video feeds and schedule VM resources using load balancing algorithms.
2) The system architecture includes a node controller that controls the camera. Users request video through the cloud controller which streams live feeds from virtual servers in the cloud infrastructure.
3) The performance of the system is evaluated using the CloudSim simulator, which models cloud resources and scheduling policies. Results show the average waiting time, delay, server time and number of requests in
Hybrid Based Resource Provisioning in CloudEditor IJCATR
The data centres and energy consumption characteristics of the various machines are often noted with different capacities.
The public cloud workloads of different priorities and performance requirements of various applications when analysed we had noted
some invariant reports about cloud. The Cloud data centres become capable of sensing an opportunity to present a different program.
In out proposed work, we are using a hybrid method for resource provisioning in data centres. This method is used to allocate the
resources at the working conditions and also for the energy stored in the power consumptions. Proposed method is used to allocate the
process behind the cloud storage.
A cloud-native system is a software application that runs on private or public cloud, uses services architecture that enables massive scalability, and takes advantage of development pipelines. The document discusses the benefits of cloud-native systems compared to systems merely moved to cloud infrastructure, including enhanced scalability, redundancy, security, and cost optimization. It also notes that CompatibL Cloud is designed as a multi-cloud solution to provide customers flexibility in deployment options and technologies.
A SURVEY ON RESOURCE ALLOCATION IN CLOUD COMPUTINGijccsa
Cloud computing is an on-demand service resource which includes applications to data centers on a
pay-per-use basis. In order to allocate these resources properly and satisfy users’ demands, an efficient
and flexible resource allocation mechanism is needed. Due to increasing user demand, the resource
allocating process has become more challenging and difficult. One of the main focuses of research
scholars is how to develop optimal solutions for this process. In this paper, a literature review on proposed
dynamic resource allocation techniques is introduced.
A SURVEY ON RESOURCE ALLOCATION IN CLOUD COMPUTINGijccsa
Cloud computing is an on-demand service resource which includes applications to data centers on a
pay-per-use basis. In order to allocate these resources properly and satisfy users’ demands, an efficient
and flexible resource allocation mechanism is needed. Due to increasing user demand, the resource
allocating process has become more challenging and difficult. One of the main focuses of research
scholars is how to develop optimal solutions for this process. In this paper, a literature review on proposed
dynamic resource allocation techniques is introduced.
A Survey on Resource Allocation in Cloud Computingneirew J
Cloud computing is an on-demand service resource which includes applications to data centers on a
pay-per-use basis. In order to allocate these resources properly and satisfy users’ demands, an efficient
and flexible resource allocation mechanism is needed. Due to increasing user demand, the resource
allocating process has become more challenging and difficult. One of the main focuses of research
scholars is how to develop optimal solutions for this process. In this paper, a literature review on proposed
dynamic resource allocation techniques is introduced.
RUNNING HEAD Intersession 6 Final Project Projection1Interse.docxjeanettehully
The document discusses moving the SuperTAX desktop tax preparation software to a hosted online model. A group is tasked with consulting on the project. Key challenges include infrastructure testing at larger scale for different devices and operating systems, transitioning from a one-time purchase to a subscription business model, and determining the appropriate project management and software development model for an online hosted application. The group must present positions like project manager and define the challenges for each area, such as infrastructure, marketing/business model, and project management.
Cloud computing is a technique that has a great capabilities and benefits for users. Cloud characteristics
encourage many organizations to move to this technology. But many consideration faces transmission
process. This paper outline some of these considerations and considerable efforts solved cloud scalability
issues.
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This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
SERVICE LEVEL AGREEMENT BASED FAULT TOLERANT WORKLOAD SCHEDULING IN CLOUD COMPUTING ENVIRONMENT
1. International Journal of Grid Computing & Applications (IJGCA) Vol.7, No.3/4, December 2016
DOI:10.5121/ijgca.2016.7401 1
SERVICE LEVEL AGREEMENT BASED FAULT
TOLERANT WORKLOAD SCHEDULING IN
CLOUD COMPUTING ENVIRONMENT
Manpreet Singh Gill1
and Dr. R. K. Bawa2
1
Research Scholar, Department of Computer SciencePunjabi University, Patiala, Punjab,
India
2
Professor, Department of Computer Science, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
ABSTRACT
Cloud computing is a concept of providing user and application oriented services in a virtual environment.
Users can use the various cloud services as per their requirements dynamically. Different users have
different requirements in terms of application reliability, performance and fault tolerance. Static and rigid
fault tolerance policies provide a consistent degree of fault tolerance as well as overhead. In this research
work we have proposed a method to implement dynamic fault tolerance considering customer
requirements. The cloud users have been classified in to sub classes as per the fault tolerance requirements.
Their jobs have also been classified into compute intensive and data intensive categories. The varying
degree of fault tolerance has been applied consisting of replication and input buffer. From the simulation
based experiments we have found that the proposed dynamic method performs better than the existing
methods.
KEYWORDS:
Fault Tolerance, User Classification, Job Classification, Replication, Buffering, Input Buffer,
1. INTRODUCTION
Cloud Computing is a model for supporting universal, appropriate, on-demand access of network
to a shared group of configurable resources of computing which can be quickly provisioned and
released with minimum effort of management. The cloud computing is a new computing model
which comes from distributed computing, grid computing, parallel computing, utility computing,
virtualization technology, and other computer technologies. Now days everywhere cloud
computing is highly accepted, because every organization wants to get rid of large storage
devices. In cloud computing, data is stored permanently not on your personal PC/SERVER but
rather on a remote server, which is connected to the Internet . Cloud environment provides the
following services to the cloud users.
• Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
• Software as a Service (SaaS)
• Platform as a Service (PaaS)
Due to scale and complexity cloud computing environment is very prone to various types of
faults. Such faults and failures lead to cloud job failure which can decrease the cloud performance
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in terms of efficiency and throughput. At the same time, it may violate the Service Level
Agreement (SLA) which was decided between the cloud service user and provider to ensure the
Quality of Service (QoS).
2. FAULT TOLERANCE
Cloud environment uses the various fault tolerance strategies and counter measures to deal with
these issues. Fault tolerance is the property of a system which enables it to continue operating in
proper manner in the occurrence of the failure of some of systems components.
In a life-critical system, the existence of a fault-tolerant control system is really important. One of
its important functions is to steer the procedure to a safe state whenever unwanted events like
faults occur. To achieve this role availability, the reliably of the fault-tolerant control system has
to be high. To attain a high degree of availability alongside random failures, one has to recourse
to redundancy. Moreover, to avoid common failures, there are distinct necessities on the
redundancy, such as independence, reliability, diversity and separation.
3. CLOUD FAULT TOLERANCE
In cloud environment the faults and failures can be at the various levels which include Virtual
Machine failure, host failure and network failure etc. These failures can be due to hardware and
software failures. Following are the techniques which are used for fault tolerance in Cloud
computing environment.
a) Reactive Fault Tolerance
Reactive fault tolerance strategies lessen the influence of failures on application execution when
the failure happens efficiently. Following are the various approaches which fall under the reactive
fault tolerance category.
• Replay: Replay is a fault-tolerant strategy in which the execution of the field restarted
once again on the same machine or on a different machine. This pretty execution is
initiated by the cloud service not the cloud user.
• Retry: in this approach resubmitted by the cloud user for execution. This is the simplest
and most widely used method among the public cloud.
• Job Migration: If a job is failed during execution, then it is moved on a different
machine and its execution is restarted.
• User Defined Exception Handling: In case of failure, the procedure defined by the user
to handle exceptions is initiated to either recover the execution or to fix the workflow to
avoid another instance of failure.
b) Proactive Fault Tolerance
The principle of proactive FT strategies is to avoid the errors, faults and failures by calculating
and proactively replacing them with the doubted components of other working components. Some
of the methods that are established on proactive fault tolerance strategies are using Software
Rejuvenation, migration and Load Balancing, etc.
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• Check pointing: Check pointing is a mechanism in which the partial results of a job
execution are stored from time to time on a stable storage. These partial job results can be
used to resume the execution of field job. Checkpoints can be taken and regular time
intervals called periodic checkpoints or these can be at regular time intervals called
aperiodic checkpoints. Check pointing is the most widely used fault tolerance approach in
distributed environment
• Replication:In this approach, multiple copies of the same job are executed in parallel. In
case one of the Virtual Machine (VM) fails still the job can be executed by the alternate
VM. Replication provides more reliability but at the cost of added cost of replicated job.
4. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
As discussed earlier, cloud computing environment is based on distributed architecture to provide
the users with robust and scalable service. Using the dynamic design, the cloud environment is
flexible enough to incorporate the changing user requirements from time to time. The fault-
tolerant solutions discussed in the literature review addresses a specific kind of failure in a
specific predefined way to make cloud environment more reliable. These methods they are very
stringent in accommodating the varying or changing requirements of the cloud users. The above
discussed solutions, treat the user workload in a static manner. The solutions they provide a
varying degree of fault tolerance and performance from one user to another but they are not able
to implement this approach dynamic within the cloud user workload. In the following sections we
have discussed the design and implementation of the new proposed method which can provide a
dynamic fault-tolerant solution to the different kind of jobs within the workload of one specific
user.
Research Gap
The various fault tolerance methods studied in this research are based on coarse granularity which
makes these methods rigid and unable to support a flexible fault tolerance as per the user
requirements. When we talk about cloud computing environment and the various users, who have
hosted their business logic applications on Cloud environment, we cannot say that the
requirements of every cloud user are same. The priority of these users may vary according to their
business requirements. For example, the fault tolerance and reliability requirement of a banking
application would be more as compared to an online shopping website.
Cloud computing environment may be hosting all these kind of businesses and their
corresponding applications. A very strict cloud fault tolerant job scheduling policy can no doubt
prevent and recover from any failures but this will also lead to unnecessary overhead on the cloud
resources, which will ultimately decrease the resource utilization. On the other hand, a passive
fault tolerant scheduling policy will not be able to deal with the faults and failures since it will
lead to increased number of job failures and delayed job execution. In this case, the service level
agreement between the service provider and the service user will be violated. It effects the
reputation of the cloud service provider in future and it also leads to financial penalties also.
The motivation behind this research is to find an intermediate solution which can handle the cloud
applications with adaptive fault tolerance approach. The proposed method should be able to
switch between the various fault tolerant solutions as per the user classification. To make the
proposed method even more fine granular, it should be able to provide an adaptive fault tolerance
to the jobs within the cloud user application.
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5. OBJECTIVES
Following are the objectives of the proposed SLA based fault tolerant scheduling approach:
• To propose an adaptive fault tolerance method for cloud job scheduling, which can adjust
the degree of fault tolerance for a particular user and workload based on the user and
workload classification method. This will help in providing more reliable service to the
high-end customers while keeping the fault tolerance overhead to a minimum for low-end
services.
• To increase the probability of cloud job getting executed within the set SLA guidelines,
while keeping the cost and turnaround time to a minimum. The primary goal is to decrease
or eradicate the SLA violations for cloud job execution.
• For quantifying the performance, the proposed method will be compared with the existing
fault tolerance solutions based on cost and SLA matrix.
6. ASSUMPTIONS AND CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE PROPOSED
METHOD
Following are the research assumptions which have been considered for the proposed fault
tolerant solution for SLA based scheduling.
• Infrastructure Provider: is an entity which provides the basic infrastructure required for the
installation and deployment of cloud resources for providing various cloud services.
• Cloud User: Cloud user is the one who uses the services provided by the infrastructure
provider would in order to deploy a his/her customised business applications.
• Fault Tolerant Service: fault tolerant service provides the pages fault tolerant solutions the
cloud user by the various application programming interfaces and programming extensions.
• Service Provider Roles: we have assumed that the cloud service provider has a consistent
and accurate access to the availability and failure state of the cloud resources. The
availability and failure information can be accessed uniformly throughout the cloud
infrastructure.
• Fault Model: the fault model defines and sets the boundaries for the design and operation
of the fault tolerant solution. This consists of the various mechanisms which are to be
applied pre or post failure in order to provide a satisfactory service to the cloud user.
• Fault Tolerance Overhead: failure overhead is measured according to cost and amount of
resources consumed for implementing a particular fault tolerant approach. The failure
overhead increases with the degree or extent of fault tolerance.
• Fault tolerance performance: This is used to measure the effectiveness of the applied fault-
tolerant solution. This is evaluated in terms of successful versus failed job executions. The
job waiting time and the overall turnaround time is also a part of the fault tolerance
performance metrics.
• Resource Manager: Resource manager service keeps track of the resource states. The
resources State may vary from ideal to busy. This service also keeps track of the resources
which are being used for implementing the replication service. It also keeps track of the
machine attributes in terms of wood serial number, hardware architecture in terms of
processor speed, the storage capacity and type along with the main memory details. The
information related to the busy/ideal state of the machine processor cores is also
maintained in the database of the resource manager service.
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• Replica Manager: Replica manager service keeps track of the details related to the number
of active replicas of client job along with their physical location and synchronisation in
case of interactive workload.
• Fault Detection Service: this service keeps track of the availability of cloud VMs by using
the concepts of heartbeats.
• Buffer Manager: the buffer manager service manages the process or job-related data buffer
to facilitate job processing. The data stored in this service can be used to migrate or resume
job execution.
• Recovery Manager: This service is responsible for recovering the processing of the failed
job by using the recovery methods decided in SLA.
• Input Buffer: Input buffer service provides buffering capability to store the job states and
input data. This data can be used to restart job execution upon VM failure without
transferring the input data once again. This is less costly as compared to job replication.
• We have assumed that the cloud resources are of homogeneous nature in terms of operating
system, hardware and network resources and the job migration from one cloud resource to
another cloud resource does not lead to any compatibility issues.
7. CLOUD USER CLASSIFICATION
The cloud user classification is one of the basic foundation of the proposed fault tolerant solution.
As already discussed, different users may have different requirements for their business
applications. We cannot treat all the cloud users with a single fault tolerant or job scheduling
policy, and expect the quality of service and user satisfaction. To achieve this, the fault-tolerant
solution should be able to cater the needs of different users. To invoke the fault-tolerant solution
for a particular class of users, first of all these users should be classified into various classes as
per the fault-tolerant requirements. A particular user class will be assigned a particular priority.
This priority will be used to map the user would with the corresponding SLA for fault tolerance.
For the proposed method, we have considered the following user classes.
• Gold Users:Premium user class is the class with the highest fault tolerance priority over
the other user classes. During the race for fault tolerance, the premium user’s jobs will be
given priority would over the other user jobs for handling the various requests.
• Silver Users:This user class is given less priority as compared to the premium user class.
The workload jobs of this fault tolerant user class will be delayed in case of clash with the
premium user class jobs.
• Bronze Users:This user class is the class of normal users. This class is provided with all
the basic services. This user class as the least priority in terms of fault tolerance
implementations.
8. CLOUD JOB CLASSIFICATION AND SLA SPECIFICATION
Similar to the cloud user classification, the cloud jobs of a particular user have further been
classified into the following two classes.
• Compute Intensive:Compute intensive jobs which require a lot of CPU capacity for
processing. For a smaller size of input data, a lot of analytical or predictive steps are
performed. Scientific experiments and DNA sequencing are two examples of compute
intensive jobs.
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• Data Intensive Jobs:Data intensive jobs spend most of their time in Input/Output rather
than processing. These jobs require a lot of data (terabytes) to be transferred for
processing. The fault tolerance requirements of data intensive jobs in different from
compute intensive jobs.
• SLA Specification:The SLA for cloud users have been considered in terms of number of
job failures and job turnaround time.
The users who are processing the workload which is not a real time based application, can afford
slight delay in the execution and also some degree of job failures. This was the basic idea behind
the proposed technique to provide requirement based fault tolerance while minimizing the fault
tolerance overhead in terms of replication and input storage buffer.
9. SLA AND CLOUD USER MAPPING FOR FAULT TOLERANCE
IMPLEMENTATION
A rigid fault tolerance policy induces a static overhead of fault tolerance on all the workload. It
leadsto increased turnaround time and execution cost. To avoid this, the proposed adaptive
method can optimize the execution cost, turnaround time vs. the fault tolerance implementation
requirements. The fault tolerance implementation for the cloud users has been proposed as
follows.
• Gold Users: Gold users have been considered as high end cloud users, who have no
restriction in terms of cost, fault tolerance is the utmost requirement for these users. So
for this user class, the SLA policy is oriented towards minimizing the number of job
failures. To do that, the proposed policy replicates all the jobs of Gold class users. This
adds up to the cost but it provides a high degree of fault tolerance to the user jobs. Due to
replication, if one VM fails, its corresponding failed job can be completed on the other
VM which was executing the redundant copy.
• Silver Users: For this user class, the job sub class has also been considered. As already
discussed the sub-classes are of two types: computer intensive, data intensive. For silver
users, the fault tolerance requirement for compute intensive job is different from data
intensive job. Computer intensive jobs have been replicated but the data intensive jobs
have been backed up by input buffer. If a compute intensive job fails, in order to recover,
the parallel running copy of the same job is accepted as the final result. In case of data
intensive job, to avoid re-transfer of data, input buffer is used to resume the job
execution.
• Bronze Users: In this case job subclass has not been considered. All the jobs submitted by
this user class use the input buffer service for fault tolerance.
7. International Journal of Grid Computing & Applications (IJGCA
10. CONCLUSION
The proposed issue Fault tolerance is one of the most crucial issue which is faced by the cloud
users and cloud service providers. If poorly handled, it can lead to increased waiting time,
increased job turnaround time and in worst case increased job
policies provide a static fault tolerance but induce additional overhead. Considering this we
have propose an adaptive fault tolerant job scheduling method which
Fault tolerance as per the user requireme
classes based on the application requirements along with the job classification.
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International Journal of Grid Computing & Applications (IJGCA) Vol.7, No.3/4, December 2016
Figure 1: Proposed Architecture
Fault tolerance is one of the most crucial issue which is faced by the cloud
users and cloud service providers. If poorly handled, it can lead to increased waiting time,
increased job turnaround time and in worst case increased job failures. Strict fault tolerance
policies provide a static fault tolerance but induce additional overhead. Considering this we
have propose an adaptive fault tolerant job scheduling method which should vary the degree of
as per the user requirements. The cloud users have been classified into various
classes based on the application requirements along with the job classification.
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computing,” in 2014 5th International Conference - Confluence The Next Generation Information
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J. Grid High Perform. Comput., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 24–37, 2014.
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Computing,” in 2014 IEEE International Advance Computing Conference (IACC), 2014, pp. 844
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) Vol.7, No.3/4, December 2016
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Fault tolerance is one of the most crucial issue which is faced by the cloud
users and cloud service providers. If poorly handled, it can lead to increased waiting time,
Strict fault tolerance
policies provide a static fault tolerance but induce additional overhead. Considering this we to
vary the degree of
nts. The cloud users have been classified into various
P. Kumar, G. Raj, and A. K. Rai, “A novel high adaptive fault tolerance model in real time cloud
Confluence The Next Generation Information
S. Limam and G. Belalem, “A Migration Approach for Fault Tolerance in Cloud Computing,” Int.
A. Ganesh, M. Sandhya, and S. Shankar, “A study on fault tolerance methods in Cloud
Computing,” in 2014 IEEE International Advance Computing Conference (IACC), 2014, pp. 844–
mework for high
12th IEEE/ACM International Symposium on
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P. Das and P. M. Khilar, “VFT: A virtualization and fault tolerance approach for cloud
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AUTHORS
1. Manpreet Singh Gill
2. Dr. R. K. Bawa