Serotonin
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Serotonin is an inhibitory neurotransmitter produced from tryptophan and tryptophan hydroxylase. It functions in bowel movement, mood, clotting, nausea, and bone density. An imbalance of low serotonin levels can lead to depression due to issues like low brain cell production, lack of receptor sites, and inability of serotonin to reach receptors. Antidepressant medications known as SSRIs work to inhibit reuptake of serotonin and increase levels. Commonly prescribed SSRIs include fluoxetine, citalopram, and sertraline, usually taken once to three times daily. Excessive stimulation of serotonin receptors from medications, drugs, or supplements can lead to serotonin syndrome. Diet and lifestyle factors like
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Serotonin & migraine
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a biogenic amine that acts as a neurotransmitter, hormone, and mediator of various physiological processes throughout the body. It is synthesized from tryptophan and acts through specific G protein-coupled receptors and ion channels. Serotonin plays roles in cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, skeletal muscle, and central nervous system functions. Ergot alkaloids such as ergotamine are serotonin receptor agonists used to treat migraine headaches through vasoconstrictive and antimigraine effects. Triptans are newer migraine drugs that are selective serotonin receptor agonists. Serotonin and its receptors are also involved in other conditions like carcinoid syndrome.
Serotonin or 5 hydroxy-tryptamine and its antagonists-Dr.Jibachha Sah,M.V.Sc,...
Dr. Jibachha Sah,M.V.Sc( Veterinary pharmacology, TU,Nepal),posted lecturer notes on AUTONOMIC AND SYSTEMIC PHARMACOLOGY for B.V.Sc & A.H. 6 th semester veterinary students of College of veterinary science,Nepal Polytechnique Institute, Bharatpur, Bhojard, Chitwan, Nepal.I hope this lecture notes may be beneficial for other Nepalese veterinary students. Please send your comment and suggestion .Email:jibachhashah@gmail.com,moble,00977-9845024121
Serotonin pharmacology
Serotonin is a monoamine neurotransmitter synthesized from tryptophan. It is found extensively in the gastrointestinal tract and in serotonergic neurons in the central nervous system. Serotonin receptors include 5-HT1-7 and are involved in various physiological functions like mood, appetite, sleep, and pain perception. Imbalances in the serotonergic system are associated with disorders like depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and impulse control disorders. Drugs that affect the serotonergic system include SSRIs, SNRIs, triptans, 5-HT3 antagonists, buspirone, and MAOIs.
Serotonin
Serotonin is a neurotransmitter synthesized from tryptophan. It activates G protein-coupled serotonin receptors and ligand-gated ion channels. Serotonin is involved in various physiological processes like respiration, gastrointestinal motility, cardiovascular function, and central nervous system functions such as mood, sleep, and pain perception. Migraine is a neurological disease characterized by recurrent moderate to severe headaches. Treatment involves acute medications for mild attacks and prophylactic drugs like beta-blockers for more frequent attacks.
Serotonin
The document discusses serotonin (5-HT) as a neurotransmitter. It notes that serotonin is synthesized from tryptophan and is found in highest concentrations in the gastrointestinal mucosa, with lower concentrations in platelets and the central nervous system. In the brain, serotonin-producing neurons are located in the raphe nucleus and their projections extend to areas like the cortex, hippocampus, and basal ganglia. The document outlines serotonin's role in various behaviors and functions like mood regulation, sleep, and cognition. It also describes serotonin receptor subtypes and their mechanisms of action.
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Serotonin is a neurotransmitter found primarily in the gastrointestinal tract, blood platelets, and central nervous system. It plays various roles such as regulating mood, cognition, memory, appetite, sleep, and gastrointestinal motility. Serotonin acts through multiple receptor subtypes. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are commonly used to treat depression and anxiety by blocking reuptake of serotonin. Potential side effects include nausea, sexual dysfunction, and serotonin syndrome, a rare but serious condition caused by dangerously high serotonin levels.
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Serotonin & migraine
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a biogenic amine that acts as a neurotransmitter, hormone, and mediator of various physiological processes throughout the body. It is synthesized from tryptophan and acts through specific G protein-coupled receptors and ion channels. Serotonin plays roles in cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, skeletal muscle, and central nervous system functions. Ergot alkaloids such as ergotamine are serotonin receptor agonists used to treat migraine headaches through vasoconstrictive and antimigraine effects. Triptans are newer migraine drugs that are selective serotonin receptor agonists. Serotonin and its receptors are also involved in other conditions like carcinoid syndrome.
Serotonin or 5 hydroxy-tryptamine and its antagonists-Dr.Jibachha Sah,M.V.Sc,...
Dr. Jibachha Sah,M.V.Sc( Veterinary pharmacology, TU,Nepal),posted lecturer notes on AUTONOMIC AND SYSTEMIC PHARMACOLOGY for B.V.Sc & A.H. 6 th semester veterinary students of College of veterinary science,Nepal Polytechnique Institute, Bharatpur, Bhojard, Chitwan, Nepal.I hope this lecture notes may be beneficial for other Nepalese veterinary students. Please send your comment and suggestion .Email:jibachhashah@gmail.com,moble,00977-9845024121
Serotonin pharmacology
Serotonin is a monoamine neurotransmitter synthesized from tryptophan. It is found extensively in the gastrointestinal tract and in serotonergic neurons in the central nervous system. Serotonin receptors include 5-HT1-7 and are involved in various physiological functions like mood, appetite, sleep, and pain perception. Imbalances in the serotonergic system are associated with disorders like depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and impulse control disorders. Drugs that affect the serotonergic system include SSRIs, SNRIs, triptans, 5-HT3 antagonists, buspirone, and MAOIs.
Serotonin
Serotonin is a neurotransmitter synthesized from tryptophan. It activates G protein-coupled serotonin receptors and ligand-gated ion channels. Serotonin is involved in various physiological processes like respiration, gastrointestinal motility, cardiovascular function, and central nervous system functions such as mood, sleep, and pain perception. Migraine is a neurological disease characterized by recurrent moderate to severe headaches. Treatment involves acute medications for mild attacks and prophylactic drugs like beta-blockers for more frequent attacks.
Serotonin
The document discusses serotonin (5-HT) as a neurotransmitter. It notes that serotonin is synthesized from tryptophan and is found in highest concentrations in the gastrointestinal mucosa, with lower concentrations in platelets and the central nervous system. In the brain, serotonin-producing neurons are located in the raphe nucleus and their projections extend to areas like the cortex, hippocampus, and basal ganglia. The document outlines serotonin's role in various behaviors and functions like mood regulation, sleep, and cognition. It also describes serotonin receptor subtypes and their mechanisms of action.
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Serotonin is a neurotransmitter found primarily in the gastrointestinal tract, blood platelets, and central nervous system. It plays various roles such as regulating mood, cognition, memory, appetite, sleep, and gastrointestinal motility. Serotonin acts through multiple receptor subtypes. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are commonly used to treat depression and anxiety by blocking reuptake of serotonin. Potential side effects include nausea, sexual dysfunction, and serotonin syndrome, a rare but serious condition caused by dangerously high serotonin levels.
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Serotonin
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Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that plays a central role in regulating mood, sleep, appetite and other bodily functions. It was first discovered in 1937 and isolated in 1948. Serotonin is synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan through two enzymatic reactions in serotonergic neurons. It is inactivated through oxidative deamination or conjugation. The gut and blood plasma contain serotonin, while meat, eggs, milk, fish and proteins provide tryptophan, its precursor. Maintaining optimal serotonin levels is important for emotional stability, reducing aggression, and regulating sensory input, sleep and appetite. Deficiencies can result in issues like irritability and sleep disturbances.
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Schizophrenia
SCHIZOPHRENIA:
slide 1: A long-term mental disorder of a type involving a breakdown in the relation between thought, emotion, and behavior, leading to faulty perception, inappropriate actions and feelings, withdrawal from reality and personal relationships into fantasy and delusion, and a sense of mental fragmentation.
slide 14: Types:
• Paranoid-type schizophrenia is characterized by delusions and auditory hallucinations (hearing voices that don't exist) but relatively normal intellectual functioning and expression of emotions. People with paranoid-type schizophrenia can exhibit anger, aloofness, anxiety, and can be argumentative.
• Disorganized-type schizophrenia is characterized by speech and behavior that are disorganized or difficult to understand, and flattening or inappropriate emotions. People with disorganized-type schizophrenia may laugh inappropriately for no apparent reason, make illogical statements, or seem preoccupied with their own thoughts or perceptions. Their disorganized behavior may disrupt normal activities, such as showering, dressing, and preparing meals.
• Undifferentiated-type schizophrenia is characterized by some symptoms seen in all of the above types, but not enough of any one of them to define it as another particular type of schizophrenia.
• Residual-type schizophrenia is characterized by a past history of at least one episode of schizophrenia, but the person currently has no "positive" symptoms (such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, or behavior). It may represent a transition between a full-blown episode and complete remission, or it may continue for years without any further psychotic episodes.
Catatonic Schizophrenia
This type of schizophrenia includes extremes of behavior, including:
Catatonic excitement - overexcitement or hyperactivity, in which the patient may mimic sounds (echolalia) or movements (achopraxia) around them.
Catatonic stupor - a dramatic reduction in activity in which the patient cannot speak, move or respond. Virtually all movements stops.
Conclusion
It is clear now, through the use of genetic linkage studies and microbiology, that schizophrenia does indeed have a biological explanation. However, the biological explanation is only part of the story. A yet unknown combination of intense stress, sociocultural situations, and cognitive processes may lead to the actual onset of schizophrenia aided by natural precursors. The most compelling explanation seems to be that a genetically inherited biological abnormality gives rise to hallucinations/delusions as a result of intense stress and eventually leads to other negative symptoms in reaction to the hallucinations/ delusions. At any rate, the current understanding of schizophrenia explains that the symptoms, however easily identifiable, are the result of a complex interaction between nature and nurture that can be treated adequately through the use of atypical anti psychotic drugs and psychotherapy.
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Schizophrenia is a group of psychoses affecting young adults that causes changes in behavior, perception, thoughts and emotions. It has a prevalence of 0.5-1% globally. Genetics plays a role, with a higher risk for those with a family history. Environmental factors like family dynamics, stress, drugs and infections during pregnancy may also contribute. Symptoms include hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech and behavior. Treatment involves antipsychotic medication, psychosocial support, rehabilitation and family education. Outcomes vary, with about 30% making a good recovery and 30% remaining handicapped long-term.
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To describe mechanism of action of Antidepressants.
To enlist side effects of Antidepressants.
The symptoms of depression are feelings of sadness and hopelessness, s well as the inability to experience pleasure in usual activities, changes in sleep patterns and appetite, loss of energy, and suicidal thoughts. Mania is characterized by the opposite behavior: enthusiasm, anger, rapid thought and speech patterns, extreme self-confidence, and impaired judgment.
Pedagogy
SSRIs work by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin in the synaptic cleft, increasing serotonin levels. They have a therapeutic lag of 2-3 weeks and downregulate autoreceptors over time. Common SSRIs include fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, sertraline, and citalopram. SSRIs are used to treat depression, OCD, panic disorder, PTSD, and other conditions. Adverse effects include insomnia, nausea, sexual dysfunction and serotonin discontinuation syndrome upon abrupt withdrawal. Serotonin syndrome can occur if an SSRI is combined with an MAOI due to elevated serotonin levels.
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors 2016
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a class of antidepressants that work by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin. SSRIs include fluoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine, fluvoxamine, citalopram, and escitalopram. They are highly selective for serotonin reuptake compared to other neurotransmitters. While SSRIs share the common mechanism of inhibiting serotonin reuptake, they differ in their pharmacokinetic properties such as half-life, metabolic pathways, and drug interaction potential. Adverse effects of SSRIs include nausea, sexual dysfunction, headaches, and weight changes.
ANTIDEPRESSANTS
Depression is a treatable mental illness characterized by changes in mood and loss of interest. Antidepressants work by increasing levels of neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine in the brain. There are several classes of antidepressants including tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and atypical antidepressants. Each class has different mechanisms of action, side effects, and prescribing considerations. Antidepressants generally take 4-6 weeks to take effect and should be tapered gradually rather than stopped abruptly.
Anti-depressants - Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
SSRIs are the first-line treatment for depression. They work by selectively inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin, increasing levels in the brain. Compared to older antidepressants, SSRIs have fewer side effects and are safer due to their selectivity for serotonin over other neurotransmitters. Common side effects include sleep problems, headache, nausea, and sexual dysfunction. Risks include discontinuation syndrome upon abrupt withdrawal and serotonin syndrome if taken with other serotonergic drugs. SSRIs are effective for several other disorders involving serotonin imbalance like anxiety disorders.
Depression
This document discusses serotonin, its role in mood and the gut, and how food can affect serotonin levels. Some key points:
- Serotonin is an important neurotransmitter produced in both the brain and gut that influences mood, sleep, appetite and other functions.
- Foods containing carbohydrates, especially simple carbs like candy, can cause a temporary rise in serotonin levels after eating by stimulating the release of insulin and tryptophan.
- However, the relationship between food, serotonin and mood is complex. Individual responses to different foods can vary depending on other lifestyle and health factors.
- Proper nutrition with a variety of foods is important for supporting healthy serotonin levels and mood over the long
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Advances in therapy of depression
This document discusses advanced therapies for the treatment of depression. It begins by defining depression and describing its symptoms. It then covers various classifications of antidepressant drugs including SSRIs, SNRIs, and atypical antidepressants. The document discusses the mechanisms of action of these drugs in increasing serotonin and norepinephrine. It provides examples of commonly used antidepressants and their dosages. Newer drugs and non-drug therapies for depression are also summarized, including augmentation therapy, psychological therapies, and complementary/alternative medicines. The document concludes by stating that augmentation therapy can be used when conventional antidepressants are not fully effective.
anti depressant drugs
This document discusses depression and its treatment. It defines depression as a disorder characterized by loss of interest and pleasure in usual activities. Key symptoms include sadness, guilt, fatigue, and thoughts of death.
Treatment options discussed include antidepressant medications like SSRIs and SNRIs, which work by increasing serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain. Specific SSRIs mentioned are citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, paroxetine, and sertraline. SNRIs mentioned are venlafaxine, duloxetine, and levomilnacipran. Side effects of these drugs are also reviewed. Other antidepressant classes discussed include tricyclic antidepressants and atypical antidepressants.
Anxiolytics and antidepressants.
classifications.
pharmacokinetics
pharmacodynamics
drug interaction
precautions
drug interactions
contraindication
side effects
Pharmacology of Recovery from Addictions and Mood Disorders
Pharmacology of Recovery from Addictions and Mood DisordersDr. DawnElise Snipes ★AllCEUs★ Unlimited Counselor Training
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Learn how to add certain foods and make little changes to your lifestyle to improve your mood and support recovery from physical illness, mood disorders and addictions.Serotonin Syndrome: A Deadly Consequence from Many Over the Counter and Presc...
Serotonin Syndrome: A Deadly Consequence from Many Over the Counter and Presc...Dr. DawnElise Snipes ★AllCEUs★ Unlimited Counselor Training
Serotonin Syndrome is an increasingly prevalent, life-threatening problem. It is caused when herbs, over the counter medications or prescriptions which increase serotonin increase serotonin levels too much causing agitation, high fever, confusion, loss of motor control and many other symptoms. DXM (dextromethorphan) overdose often causes serotonin syndrome. Other OTC supplements of concern include SAM-e, 5HTP, St. Johns Wort. Any of these alone or in combination with alcohol can dangerously increase serotonin levels.Antidepressants
Depression is associated with feelings of sadness, loss of interest, and sleep disturbances. It involves decreased levels of monoamines like serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine in the brain. Common antidepressant drug classes include tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), and monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) inhibitors. Antidepressants work by inhibiting the reuptake or breakdown of neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine. They are used to treat conditions like depression, anxiety disorders, OCD, and chronic pain.
Basic Pharmacology of Antidepressants.ppt
1) Antidepressants work by increasing levels of neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) specifically inhibit the reabsorption of serotonin while serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) inhibit both serotonin and norepinephrine reabsorption.
2) Tricyclic antidepressants non-selectively inhibit the reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine, and other neurotransmitters. They also block various receptors which can cause side effects.
3) All antidepressants take 2-4 weeks to have an effect and maximum benefits may take 12 weeks. They are used to treat depression and other conditions like anxiety disorders.
Hanipsych, novel antidep.
Major depressive disorder affects around 300 million individuals worldwide and is a significant public health concern. While SSRIs are usually first-line treatment, many patients do not respond or have intolerable side effects. Novel antidepressants target multiple neurotransmitter systems and have improved efficacy and tolerability profiles. Vilazodone, vortioxetine, and levomilnacipran are newer antidepressants approved for treatment of MDD. Ketamine, psilocybin, and transcranial magnetic stimulation show promise but require more research before being widely adopted.
Antipsychotics and antidepressants
This document discusses the treatment of mental disorders with pharmacologic agents. It describes different classes of drugs used to treat conditions like depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. Older drug classes discussed include tricyclic antidepressants and first-generation antipsychotics, while newer classes discussed are SSRIs, SNRIs, and second-generation antipsychotics. The document provides details on the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, adverse effects and counseling points for these various drug classes.
Pharmacotherapy of depression
This document provides an overview of the pharmacology of antidepressants. It discusses the history of antidepressant development beginning in the 1950s. It then classifies antidepressants and describes the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, pharmacological actions, adverse effects and recent advances for various classes including tricyclic antidepressants, SSRIs, SNRIs, atypical antidepressants. It provides details on specific drugs within each class.
Anti depressants
- Depression is characterized by loss of interest and pleasure in activities, and is thought to involve decreased activity of neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain.
- Major classes of antidepressants include tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), and heterocyclic antidepressants.
- TCAs and SNRIs work by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine, while SSRIs selectively inhibit serotonin reuptake. MAOIs inhibit the enzyme monoamine oxidase responsible for breaking down monoamine neurotransmitters
Serotonin and its role in psychiatry Aditya.pptx
Serotonin plays an important role in many psychiatric diseases. It is synthesized from tryptophan and found mainly in the gastrointestinal system and brain. In the brain, serotonin is produced in the raphe nuclei and projects to various areas influencing mood, anxiety, sleep and other functions. Dysregulation of serotonin pathways and receptors are implicated in depression, anxiety, OCD, schizophrenia and other disorders. Many psychiatric drugs work by altering serotonin levels and receptor activity, such as SSRIs which increase serotonin through SERT blockade, atypical antipsychotics which are 5HT2A antagonists, and triptans which are 5HT1B/1D agonists for migraine treatment.
Serotonin and its role in psychiatry.pptx
Detailed description of role of serotonin in psychiatry. Disorders having its dysfunction. Drugs acting on serotonergic system
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Serotonin
- 1. SEROTONIN GROUP MEMBERS:- SABA ASIF SIDRA TUL MUNTAHA
- 3. What is Serotonin ? It is an inhibitory neurotransmitter. Tryptophan combines with tryptophan hydroxylase 5-hydroxyltryptamine (5-HT), also referred to as serotonin.
- 4. Functions of Serotonin 1) Bowel function 2) Mood 3) Clotting 4) Nausea 5) Bone density
- 5. Link between Serotonin & Depression Imbalance in Serotonin levels leads to depression. Low brain cell production. Lack of receptor sites. Inability of serotonin to reach receptor sites. Shortage of Tryptophan. According to Princeton Neuroscientist Barry Jacobs. Antidepressant medications known as SSRIs.
- 7. COMMONLY PRESCRIBED SSRIs Fluoxetine (Prozac) Citalopram (Celexa) Sertraline (Zoloft)
- 8. SSRIs LEVELS (DOSAGE) Usually taken in tablet form One to three tablets a day Course lasts for four to six weeks
- 9. SEROTININ SYNDROME Consequence of excessive stimulation of the CNS Peripheral serotonin receptors. Medication, illegal drugs or dietary supplements
- 10. How to boost Serotonin through diet?
- 12. THANK YOU