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The document discusses different types of sentences including declarative, interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory sentences. It provides examples of each type and explains how to identify subjects and predicates. The document also discusses editing sentences by rectifying errors to make them grammatically correct, as well as unscrambling words to form meaningful sentences.
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This document defines and provides examples of the 9 types of pronouns in English:
1. Personal pronouns refer to specific people or things like I, you, he, she, it, we, they.
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3. Demonstrative pronouns point out nouns, using this, that, these, those.
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The document discusses different types of punctuation marks used at the end of sentences, known as end marks. It describes the four main end marks - the period, exclamation point, question mark, and comma. It provides examples of when each end mark is used, such as using a period for statements and commands, an exclamation point to show excitement, and a question mark for questions. The document also briefly introduces other punctuation marks like colons and semicolons.
Grammar Presentation
This document provides 30 activities for building vocabulary and engaging junior secondary students with grammar and punctuation. It discusses strategies for building vocabulary, such as activating prior knowledge, introducing new words, and fun activities. It also covers researching and teaching parts of speech, punctuation, apostrophes, verb agreement, tense, and sentence structure. For each grammar concept, it lists specific activities teachers can use, such as parts of speech taboo, road sign punctuation, and sentence structure editing. The overall document serves as a resource for teachers to develop lessons focused on vocabulary development and different grammar concepts.
Present perfect
Uso do Present Perfect. Diferença entre been to e Gone to. Verbos regulares e irregulares. Musica para treinar e fixar a lição.
Phonetics Workshops
The document discusses strategies for improving English listening comprehension through phonetic exercises. It explains that Spanish speakers often have difficulty understanding connected speech in English due to differences in pronunciation between isolated sounds and everyday speech. Some key terms related to phonetics and pronunciation are defined, such as phonetic alphabet, connected speech, linking, elision, content words, and function words. A variety of exercises are proposed to help students practice sounds, minimal pairs, homophones, tongue twisters, and songs.
Adverbs
The document defines adverbs and describes their types and usage. It explains that adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, or entire sentences. The main types of adverbs are manner, place, time, frequency, and degree. Many adverbs are formed by adding -ly to adjectives. Adverbs are also compared in forms like more quietly. The document provides examples and discusses the typical positions of different types of adverbs in sentences. It concludes with exercises to practice identifying and using adverbs.
Punctuation
This document discusses different types of punctuation marks used at the end of sentences, known as end marks. It describes the period, exclamation point, and question mark as the main end marks and what they indicate. It also mentions other punctuation marks like the colon and comma, explaining their uses in sentences and formatting. The document uses examples and a rhyming "Punctuation Rap" to teach about proper punctuation.
gerunds01`.ppt
This document discusses gerunds, which are verbals that act as nouns. It notes that gerunds always end in "ing" and act as different parts of speech like subjects, objects of prepositions, and direct objects. The document provides examples of gerunds fulfilling different roles in sentences and tips for identifying gerunds, such as noting that phrases at the beginning of sentences are likely subjects. It contrasts gerunds with participles, noting that participles can be removed from sentences more easily since they act as adjectives rather than nouns.
Parts of speech
The document discusses the different parts of speech in English language. It defines nouns as words that name people, places, things, or ideas. It describes 11 types of nouns including common, proper, abstract, countable, compound, and possessive nouns. It also discusses personal pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. For each part of speech, it provides examples to illustrate their meanings and uses in sentences.
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Data interpretation
This document discusses the process of analyzing data from a survey and writing a report to summarize the key findings for others. A survey was conducted to find out how teenagers spend their free time. The results showed that girls prefer watching movies and TV (40%), reading books (25%), and talking with friends (15%), while boys prefer playing outdoor games (30%), watching sports (25%), and talking with friends (10%).
Preposition
Prepositions commonly convey spatial and temporal relationships such as agency, comparison, direction, place, possession, purpose, source, and time. Some key uses of common prepositions include: at is used to indicate precise time; in is used for months, years, and periods; on is used for days and dates. At indicates a stationary position while in shows motion. To indicates direction, destination, duration, or comparison. Into and onto show movement involving a change of location or level. Since, for, and from are used to indicate time frames. During is used for known periods of time while for denotes purpose or time frames. Above, below, beneath, and under relate to spatial position and contact. In indicates a maximum time
Diary entry
This document provides guidelines for writing in a diary. It recommends opening with a general sentence about the day or one's feelings. The writer can then share an anecdote and how it made them feel or affected them. The entry should conclude with a final remark or planned future action. The suggested diary format includes the day, time, and date, followed by a salutation, a body written in first person about events and feelings, and a closing signature.
Active passive voice
This document provides information about active and passive voice in sentences. It explains that in active voice, the subject performs the action, while in passive voice the subject is acted upon. It gives examples of changing sentences from active to passive voice by making the object the subject and keeping or omitting the original subject. The document also discusses when to use passive voice, such as when the doer is unknown or unimportant, and provides additional examples of active and passive voice constructions.
Presentation1
Uttarayan is a kite flying festival celebrated in Gujarat where people enjoy flying colorful kites. It marks the end of winter and the start of spring season. People of all ages participate in this joyous festival by making and flying kites of various designs and sizes while celebrating with friends and family.
Merry christmas
The document celebrates Christmas and expresses love for the holiday. It notes that Christmas is celebrated on December 25th and is a time to remember the true spirit of Jesus Christ.
Message writing
The document discusses message writing. Some key points include:
1) Messages are used to convey information to the intended person. Common purposes include requesting someone to do a task, providing important updates, or explaining a situation.
2) Messages should include the time, date, a brief salutation, the name of the sender conveying the message, the clear message itself using reported speech, and be kept under 50 words.
3) An example message is provided from Himani informing her mother that her father said a few guests would be coming for dinner that day.
Daybreak - H Longfellow
A wind comes from the sea and rouses the land, telling the mists to clear, the forest to shout and hang its leafy banners, a bird to awake and sing, a rooster to blow its clarion and announce the coming day, fields of corn to bow down and hail the morning, and a bell in a belfry tower to awake and proclaim the hour. However, the wind sighs when passing a churchyard, allowing those there to continue lying in quiet rest.
Documentary film shooting
The document discusses the purpose and process of creating a documentary film. It explains that documentaries aim to inform viewers about factual topics and issues using techniques like story, point of view, structure, and editing. The document provides guidance on selecting a topic, conducting research, interviewing people, writing a script, and collecting and organizing images and footage to create a documentary. It also lists possible documentary topics and the key roles involved in documentary film production.
Helping verbs
This document discusses helping verbs and main verbs. It explains that helping verbs are used to indicate tense, form negatives and questions, and make question tags. The document outlines the primary helping verbs (be, have, do) and modal auxiliaries (will, would, can, etc.). It provides examples of how each helping verb is used and explains the differences between similar helping verbs like shall/should and will/would. The document also covers semi-modal helping verbs like need, dare, and used to.
Finite & nofinite verbs
The document discusses various types of verbs in English including finite verbs, non-finite verbs, gerunds, participles, and infinitives. It provides examples and explanations of each verb type and how they differ. Some key points made include that finite verbs change form based on tense and number while non-finite verbs do not, gerunds act as nouns, and infinitives can act as nouns, adjectives or adverbs depending on their use. Examples are given to illustrate the differences between gerunds, present participles, and infinitives.
Direct indirect speech
The document discusses the differences between direct and indirect speech. Direct speech reports the exact words used by the speaker, while indirect speech reports the meaning without using the exact words. When changing direct speech to indirect speech, pronouns and adverbs of time and place change according to rules. Verbs change tense depending on the tense of the reporting verb. Questions become statements in indirect speech and imperatives use "to" after the reporting verb.
Verbs
This document discusses different types of verbs including action verbs, being verbs, and possession verbs. It provides examples of each type and explains that the main verb makes a sentence complete. There are also helping verbs that are used with main verbs to express tense, including am, is, are, was, were, and others. The document ends by noting verbs have three forms: the infinitive/present, past, and past participle forms.
Précis writing
This document defines précis writing as summarizing a written text in a shortened form by restating the main points in as few words as possible. It outlines that a précis should grasp the central theme, pick out the main points while omitting details, and give the points a logical sequence and coherence. The language used should be in the writer's own words to avoid direct expressions from the text, written in full sentences and indirect speech as a third person without personal opinions or quotations. The length of a précis should be about one-third the number of words in the original text, which can be achieved by avoiding illustrations, figures of speech, emphatic sentences and substituting single words for groups of words.
Notice writing
A notice is a short, formal communication used to convey important information to a group within an organization. It should include the name of the issuing authority at the top, the word "NOTICE" clearly displayed, and a precise title indicating the topic. The content must provide all relevant details in a clear but concise manner. The name and designation of the issuing contact are placed at the bottom left. The example notice drafts the information for a drama competition open to students of classes VI-VIII, including sign-up details, audition dates, and a contact for further information.
Tense
This document provides information on tense usage in English grammar. It defines and provides examples of the usage of various verb tenses including: present simple, present continuous, present perfect, past simple, past continuous, past perfect, future simple, future continuous, future perfect, and future perfect continuous. For each tense, it indicates when that tense would be used and provides examples to illustrate typical usages.
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Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Sentence
- 2. Which of these are meaningful ? Sandy went out to watch a movie. In the evening Without a friend Ants make colonies. Love and protect nature. How did you reach there? Out of station
- 3. Group of words that convey meaning together is called a
- 4. I have a subject and a predicate…. Raman hit the ball hard. • Subject is the answer of Who? Who hit the ball hard? Answer is Raman • Rest of the sentence including the verb is Predicate. Raman Subject Hit the ball hard. Predicate
- 6. Types of Sentences Declarative/Assertive- Statements Interrogative- Questions Imperative- Commands/requests/advice Exclamatory – Sudden feelings
- 7. Declarative Sentences A declarative sentence makes a statement. It ends with a period. The boy is happy. The people are running. I put my money in a piggy bank.
- 8. Interrogative Sentences An interrogative sentence asks a question. It ends with a question mark. Did you turn the light off? May I borrow your newspaper? What is your favorite song? Have you ever visited New York City?
- 9. Imperative Sentences An imperative sentence gives a command or makes a request. It ends with a period. Please bring the pizza to the table. Do all your homework before you go out to play. Do ten push-ups.
- 10. Exclamatory Sentences An exclamatory sentence expresses a strong feeling. It ends with an exclamation mark. Happy birthday, Tom! Ouch, that hurts! What a beautiful rose!
- 11. Sentence can be ….. Affirmative He likes to play cricket. Negative He does not like to play cricket.
- 12. How to change an exclamatory sentence to an assertive sentence? What a good idea it was! It was a good idea. How good the idea was! The idea was very good.
- 13. Rectifying the errors in any sentence to make it meaningful and grammatically correct is EDITING.
- 14. Rectify and rewrite….. Radha yesterday went to the market. Radha went to the market yesterday. The school closed is on 23rd April.
- 15. Unscramble and rewrite…. Seen / have / my / dog / you / here Have you seen my dog here? laptop / my / his / exchanged / with / is My laptop is exchanged with his. finds / Rohan / busy / difficult / learn / to / it/ French / his / schedule / with Rohan finds it difficult to learn