Seminario biología molecular
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Bacteria are single-celled organisms that contain circular DNA molecules and plasmids. Their DNA is folded into a nucleoid rather than contained within a nucleus. Microchips allow for small-scale analytical tasks and rapid analysis due to short diffusion distances. Microchips have been developed to diagnose and monitor diseases by performing DNA analysis and storing patient medical data when implanted just under the skin. The objectives of this study are to create specific aptamers tagged with biotin to recognize and bind to target bacteria, facilitating rapid bacterial diagnosis and treatment.
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FINAL DRAFT
The document discusses several key steps in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA analysis:
1. PCR involves copying specific DNA sequences through cycles of heating and cooling DNA samples. This allows for amplification of target DNA regions marked by primers.
2. DNA extraction is used to isolate DNA from samples prior to PCR. Library preparation then ligates adaptors to DNA fragments to make them suitable for sequencing.
3. The techniques of PCR, DNA extraction, and library preparation are applied in a research laboratory studying international viral samples to amplify and analyze DNA from viruses like adenovirus, cytomegalovirus, HIV, and HPV. This helps compare patterns and susceptibilities between different viruses.
12 02 09 Notes
The document discusses several methods for DNA technology including making cDNA from mRNA, using reverse transcriptase to create DNA from RNA, gel electrophoresis to separate DNA fragments by size, PCR to amplify small DNA samples, and RFLP analysis to detect differences in restriction sites between individuals' DNA for applications like forensics. It also mentions using Agrobacterium tumefaciens and its Ti plasmid to introduce foreign DNA into plant cells for agricultural biotechnology.
cDNA library construction
The complete genome sequences of a number of organisms, including mammals, have recently become available because of rapid advances in DNA sequencing technology. Nevertheless, the analysis of transcripts still plays a crucial role in bridging the gap between the genome and the proteome, particularly in mammals. Therefore, as a method for the analysis of transcripts, cDNA library construction is crucial, even in the post-genome sequencing era.
https://www.creative-biogene.com/Services/cDNA-Library-Construction-Service
Plegable biologia molecular
Paired genes in stem cells shed new light on gene organization and regulation and epigenetic control of cardiogenesis. A study found that about 65% of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are transcribed in pairs with messenger RNAs (mRNAs) at active gene promoters in embryonic stem cells. Additionally, an experiment deactivated a lncRNA gene causing disruption in heart development and defects in mouse embryos, demonstrating that lncRNAs regulate tissue development and organogenesis. The discoveries provide new insights into gene transcription and the epigenetic roles of lncRNAs in development.
Ch23
This document provides an overview of classical and modern genetics. It discusses Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants which laid the foundations of classical genetics. It then explains how DNA and RNA were discovered as the molecules of heredity, and how they replicate and direct protein synthesis through the genetic code. The document also briefly touches on DNA mutations, viruses, the human genome project, and some ethical considerations around genetic information.
cDNA Library
cDNA library construction using mRNA which are derived from DNA. cDNA is formed from the reverse transcription of single stranded mRNA. cDNA contains only the exons, it donot not contains introns. The mRNA consists of poly A tail in which the tRNA and rRNA donot contains poly A tail. A short oligo nucleotide of Poly T is used to isolate mRNA seperately thereby single stranded mRNA is then converted into cDNA by using reverse transcriptase enzyme.
Clinical Application of RNA Sequencing - Bladder Cancer
This document discusses bladder cancer and different types (T1NP and T1P), which are differentiated by whether the disease progresses to become muscle-invasive or metastatic. RNA sequencing was used to analyze gene expression differences between the two types. The sequencing was done using the Illumina Genome Analyzer II, and the resulting reads were analyzed using CASAVA, TopHat, and Cufflinks software. CASAVA aligns reads and detects variants, TopHat identifies splice junctions, and Cufflinks assembles transcripts and tests for differential expression. Biomarkers identified through this analysis may help predict cancer progression using archived samples.
cDNA Library.....1
This document provides information about constructing cDNA libraries. It discusses the differences between genomic and cDNA libraries, including that genomic libraries contain promoters, introns, intergenic regions, and non-expressed genes while cDNA libraries only contain expressed genes, transcription start sites, and open reading frames. It also outlines the steps of purifying mRNA and synthesizing cDNA from mRNA to construct a cDNA library. Finally, it poses questions about differences between genomic and cDNA libraries, purification of mRNA, cDNA synthesis, and the life cycle of bacteriophages.
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FINAL DRAFT
The document discusses several key steps in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA analysis:
1. PCR involves copying specific DNA sequences through cycles of heating and cooling DNA samples. This allows for amplification of target DNA regions marked by primers.
2. DNA extraction is used to isolate DNA from samples prior to PCR. Library preparation then ligates adaptors to DNA fragments to make them suitable for sequencing.
3. The techniques of PCR, DNA extraction, and library preparation are applied in a research laboratory studying international viral samples to amplify and analyze DNA from viruses like adenovirus, cytomegalovirus, HIV, and HPV. This helps compare patterns and susceptibilities between different viruses.
12 02 09 Notes
The document discusses several methods for DNA technology including making cDNA from mRNA, using reverse transcriptase to create DNA from RNA, gel electrophoresis to separate DNA fragments by size, PCR to amplify small DNA samples, and RFLP analysis to detect differences in restriction sites between individuals' DNA for applications like forensics. It also mentions using Agrobacterium tumefaciens and its Ti plasmid to introduce foreign DNA into plant cells for agricultural biotechnology.
cDNA library construction
The complete genome sequences of a number of organisms, including mammals, have recently become available because of rapid advances in DNA sequencing technology. Nevertheless, the analysis of transcripts still plays a crucial role in bridging the gap between the genome and the proteome, particularly in mammals. Therefore, as a method for the analysis of transcripts, cDNA library construction is crucial, even in the post-genome sequencing era.
https://www.creative-biogene.com/Services/cDNA-Library-Construction-Service
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Paired genes in stem cells shed new light on gene organization and regulation and epigenetic control of cardiogenesis. A study found that about 65% of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are transcribed in pairs with messenger RNAs (mRNAs) at active gene promoters in embryonic stem cells. Additionally, an experiment deactivated a lncRNA gene causing disruption in heart development and defects in mouse embryos, demonstrating that lncRNAs regulate tissue development and organogenesis. The discoveries provide new insights into gene transcription and the epigenetic roles of lncRNAs in development.
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This document provides an overview of classical and modern genetics. It discusses Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants which laid the foundations of classical genetics. It then explains how DNA and RNA were discovered as the molecules of heredity, and how they replicate and direct protein synthesis through the genetic code. The document also briefly touches on DNA mutations, viruses, the human genome project, and some ethical considerations around genetic information.
cDNA Library
cDNA library construction using mRNA which are derived from DNA. cDNA is formed from the reverse transcription of single stranded mRNA. cDNA contains only the exons, it donot not contains introns. The mRNA consists of poly A tail in which the tRNA and rRNA donot contains poly A tail. A short oligo nucleotide of Poly T is used to isolate mRNA seperately thereby single stranded mRNA is then converted into cDNA by using reverse transcriptase enzyme.
Clinical Application of RNA Sequencing - Bladder Cancer
This document discusses bladder cancer and different types (T1NP and T1P), which are differentiated by whether the disease progresses to become muscle-invasive or metastatic. RNA sequencing was used to analyze gene expression differences between the two types. The sequencing was done using the Illumina Genome Analyzer II, and the resulting reads were analyzed using CASAVA, TopHat, and Cufflinks software. CASAVA aligns reads and detects variants, TopHat identifies splice junctions, and Cufflinks assembles transcripts and tests for differential expression. Biomarkers identified through this analysis may help predict cancer progression using archived samples.
cDNA Library.....1
This document provides information about constructing cDNA libraries. It discusses the differences between genomic and cDNA libraries, including that genomic libraries contain promoters, introns, intergenic regions, and non-expressed genes while cDNA libraries only contain expressed genes, transcription start sites, and open reading frames. It also outlines the steps of purifying mRNA and synthesizing cDNA from mRNA to construct a cDNA library. Finally, it poses questions about differences between genomic and cDNA libraries, purification of mRNA, cDNA synthesis, and the life cycle of bacteriophages.
Dna repair
This document summarizes two research articles about DNA repair and telomeres. The first article finds that telomeres get shorter with each cell division, protecting cells from premature senescence. It also finds that an RNA species called TERRA accumulates at critically short telomeres, signaling the cell to repair its DNA or stop dividing. The second article discovers that cancer cells may streamline their genomes by reducing redundant ribosomal DNA to proliferate more easily. Both articles highlight the importance of DNA repair mechanisms in regulating cell proliferation and preventing unwanted cell division like cancer.
Complementary dna library
A cDNA library contains cloned cDNA fragments that are produced from mRNA to represent only the expressed genes of an organism. The construction of a cDNA library involves three main steps: mRNA extraction and purification, cDNA construction by reverse transcription of mRNA, and insertion of cDNA into host cells like E.coli for storage and expression. cDNA libraries are useful because they contain less information by removing non-coding regions, which allows eukaryotic genes to be expressed in prokaryotes that lack machinery for intron removal.
Rna viruses
This document discusses RNA viruses. It describes how RNA viruses were discovered and studied using random sequence RNAs. RNA viruses have protein capsids that protect their RNA genomes. Their RNA can be directly used for protein synthesis upon entering a host cell. Retroviruses are a category of RNA virus that use reverse transcriptase to transcribe their RNA into DNA, which can then integrate into the host cell's genome. RNA viruses mutate frequently due to the lack of proofreading by RNA-dependent RNA polymerases during replication, with mutation rates estimated between 10-4 to 10-6 mutations per base pair per generation.
Dna sequencing methods
DNA sequencing techniques have evolved over time. The dideoxy method developed by Sanger is useful for sequencing short DNA fragments of 500-750bp by terminating the chain with ddNTPs. Whole genome sequencing became possible using shotgun sequencing, which breaks the genome into random fragments that are sequenced and then reassembled. More recently, pyrosequencing was developed for sequencing by synthesis and allows accurate, parallel, and automated sequencing without the need for gel electrophoresis.
Gene cloning
Gene cloning involves using recombinant DNA technology and polymerase chain reaction to make multiple copies of DNA fragments. Recombinant DNA technology uses restriction enzymes to cut a human gene and bacterial plasmid, which are then combined using DNA ligase to form a recombinant DNA molecule. This molecule is inserted into bacterial cells via transformation. The transformed cells are then plated and screened to identify colonies containing the cloned human gene.
Next Homework
This document lists vocabulary terms from biology and genetics chapters that are due for definitions on Monday March 9th, 2009. The terms are from chapters 2 through 8 and include diseases, genes, proteins, cells and scientific processes. Additional vocabulary from the prologue and chapter one are also included for definitions.
DNA sequencing
This document discusses various methods for DNA sequencing, including both early chemical methods and more recent next-generation sequencing technologies. It describes Frederick Sanger's chain termination method from 1977, which uses DNA polymerase, dNTPs, and ddNTPs. It also describes Maxam-Gilbert sequencing from the same year, which uses chemical cleavage. Next-generation methods discussed include pyrosequencing, sequencing by ligation, sequencing by synthesis, and ion semiconductor sequencing. The document compares the different methods based on read length, accuracy, throughput, run time, and cost.
Polymerase chain reaction (pcr)
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is an in vitro technique for amplifying specific DNA sequences. It involves repeated cycles of denaturation, annealing of primers to the DNA templates, and extension of the primers by DNA polymerase. This allows for exponential amplification of the target DNA region. PCR has many applications in medicine, forensics, and research, such as detecting genetic diseases or infectious agents, genetic fingerprinting, and studying gene expression and genomes. It is a powerful technique that can generate millions of copies of DNA from a single template.
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This document discusses DNA sequencing methods. It covers the Sanger method, Maxam-Gilbert sequencing, and advanced sequencing techniques. The Sanger method involves amplifying DNA, denaturing it to produce single strands, annealing a primer to the template strand, and dispersing the primed DNA into separate reactions containing chain-terminating nucleotides.
next generation sequemcing
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RNA structure is similar to DNA but contains the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose and the base uracil instead of thymine. RNA can form secondary structures through internal base pairing. Some viruses use RNA as their genetic material, including tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) which contains only RNA and protein. Experiments in the 1950s-60s showed that the RNA of TMV determines the properties of progeny viruses and carries the genetic information rather than the protein, proving that RNA acts as the genetic material for some viruses.
Third Natural Eukaryotic Epigenetic Mark Found.pdf
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Polymerase chain reaction and variations of the method
This document discusses several topics:
1. ALS is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that causes muscle weakness and atrophy by destroying motor neurons.
2. Endogenous retroviruses in human DNA are thought to derive from ancient viral infections and may be involved in autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis.
3. A study found HERV-K virus transcripts present in the motor cortex of ALS patients, suggesting viral involvement in the disease.
Next generation sequencing
It contains information about- DNA Sequencing; History and Era sequencing; Next Generation Sequencing- Introduction, Workflow, Illumina/Solexa sequencing, Roche/454 sequencing, Ion Torrent sequencing, ABI-SOLiD sequencing; Comparison between NGS & Sangers and NGS Platforms; Advantages and Applications of NGS; Future Applications of NGS.
Messenger rn as are regulated in far more ways than previously appreciated an...
The document discusses two news articles about messenger RNA (mRNA) regulation and the role of RNA polymerase in gene transcription. The first news article discovered that mRNAs can be targeted for destruction by several molecules and modes, highlighting more complexity in genetic message control than previously known. The second news article studied RNA polymerase to better understand the bacterial transcription process, which could help decipher genetics' role in human disease. Understanding these transcriptional processes could allow intervening to prevent diseases by stopping transcription in viruses and bacteria.
second generation of DNA Sequencing
DNA sequencing has advanced from sequencing individual genes and genetic regions to full genomes. Next-generation sequencing uses massively parallel sequencing to provide fast, low-cost sequencing. The dominant platforms are Roche 454, Illumina Genome Analyzer, and Life Technologies SOLiD System. They have enabled whole genome sequencing, RNA-Seq, ChIP-Seq, exome sequencing, microbiome sequencing, and more. However, short read lengths and large data volumes pose challenges. Overall, next-generation sequencing has revolutionized research and medicine.
Next generation sequencing
Next generation sequencing techniques allow DNA to be sequenced much more quickly and cheaply than previous Sanger sequencing. The document describes three main next generation sequencing methods: Illumina sequencing uses reversible dye-terminator nucleotides and DNA polymerase to sequence DNA clusters on a flowcell; Roche 454 sequencing is based on pyrosequencing and detects pyrophosphate release during nucleotide incorporation to sequence DNA; SOLiD sequencing uses DNA ligase and emulsion PCR to immobilize DNA on beads for sequencing. These new techniques have revolutionized genomics research by increasing sequencing speed and reducing costs.
Genetic changes in the viral genome
1. Viruses can undergo genetic changes through various mechanisms such as random mutation, recombination, reassortment, and gene amplification/reduction.
2. Mutation occurs via changes to the nitrogen bases in the DNA or RNA genome, such as single nucleotide changes or insertions/deletions.
3. Recombination involves the exchange of genetic material between viral genomes through mechanisms like classic recombination seen in DNA viruses, copy-choice recombination in retroviruses, and site-specific recombination.
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-DNA Sequencing Notes.pdf
DNA sequencing is a laboratory technique used to determine the exact sequence of bases (A, C, G, and T) in a DNA molecule. The DNA base sequence carries the information a cell needs to assemble protein and RNA molecules. DNA sequence information is important to scientists investigating the functions of genes.
In medicine, DNA sequencing is used for a range of purposes, including diagnosis and treatment of diseases. In general, sequencing allows health care practitioners to determine if a gene or the region that regulates a gene contains changes, called variants or mutations, that are linked to a disorder.
-DNA Sequencing Notes.pdf
DNA sequencing refers to the general laboratory technique for determining the exact sequence of nucleotides, or bases, in a DNA molecule. The sequence of the bases (often referred to by the first letters of their chemical names: A, T, C, and G) encodes the biological information that cells use to develop and operate. Establishing the sequence of DNA is key to understanding the function of genes and other parts of the genome. There are now several different methods available for DNA sequencing, each with its own characteristics, and the development of additional methods represents an active area of genomics research.
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This document summarizes two research articles about DNA repair and telomeres. The first article finds that telomeres get shorter with each cell division, protecting cells from premature senescence. It also finds that an RNA species called TERRA accumulates at critically short telomeres, signaling the cell to repair its DNA or stop dividing. The second article discovers that cancer cells may streamline their genomes by reducing redundant ribosomal DNA to proliferate more easily. Both articles highlight the importance of DNA repair mechanisms in regulating cell proliferation and preventing unwanted cell division like cancer.
Complementary dna library
A cDNA library contains cloned cDNA fragments that are produced from mRNA to represent only the expressed genes of an organism. The construction of a cDNA library involves three main steps: mRNA extraction and purification, cDNA construction by reverse transcription of mRNA, and insertion of cDNA into host cells like E.coli for storage and expression. cDNA libraries are useful because they contain less information by removing non-coding regions, which allows eukaryotic genes to be expressed in prokaryotes that lack machinery for intron removal.
Rna viruses
This document discusses RNA viruses. It describes how RNA viruses were discovered and studied using random sequence RNAs. RNA viruses have protein capsids that protect their RNA genomes. Their RNA can be directly used for protein synthesis upon entering a host cell. Retroviruses are a category of RNA virus that use reverse transcriptase to transcribe their RNA into DNA, which can then integrate into the host cell's genome. RNA viruses mutate frequently due to the lack of proofreading by RNA-dependent RNA polymerases during replication, with mutation rates estimated between 10-4 to 10-6 mutations per base pair per generation.
Dna sequencing methods
DNA sequencing techniques have evolved over time. The dideoxy method developed by Sanger is useful for sequencing short DNA fragments of 500-750bp by terminating the chain with ddNTPs. Whole genome sequencing became possible using shotgun sequencing, which breaks the genome into random fragments that are sequenced and then reassembled. More recently, pyrosequencing was developed for sequencing by synthesis and allows accurate, parallel, and automated sequencing without the need for gel electrophoresis.
Gene cloning
Gene cloning involves using recombinant DNA technology and polymerase chain reaction to make multiple copies of DNA fragments. Recombinant DNA technology uses restriction enzymes to cut a human gene and bacterial plasmid, which are then combined using DNA ligase to form a recombinant DNA molecule. This molecule is inserted into bacterial cells via transformation. The transformed cells are then plated and screened to identify colonies containing the cloned human gene.
Next Homework
This document lists vocabulary terms from biology and genetics chapters that are due for definitions on Monday March 9th, 2009. The terms are from chapters 2 through 8 and include diseases, genes, proteins, cells and scientific processes. Additional vocabulary from the prologue and chapter one are also included for definitions.
DNA sequencing
This document discusses various methods for DNA sequencing, including both early chemical methods and more recent next-generation sequencing technologies. It describes Frederick Sanger's chain termination method from 1977, which uses DNA polymerase, dNTPs, and ddNTPs. It also describes Maxam-Gilbert sequencing from the same year, which uses chemical cleavage. Next-generation methods discussed include pyrosequencing, sequencing by ligation, sequencing by synthesis, and ion semiconductor sequencing. The document compares the different methods based on read length, accuracy, throughput, run time, and cost.
Polymerase chain reaction (pcr)
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is an in vitro technique for amplifying specific DNA sequences. It involves repeated cycles of denaturation, annealing of primers to the DNA templates, and extension of the primers by DNA polymerase. This allows for exponential amplification of the target DNA region. PCR has many applications in medicine, forensics, and research, such as detecting genetic diseases or infectious agents, genetic fingerprinting, and studying gene expression and genomes. It is a powerful technique that can generate millions of copies of DNA from a single template.
Sanger Sequencing By D Gnanasingh Arputhadas
Sanger sequencing is a method of DNA sequencing based on the selective incorporation of chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides by DNA polymerase during in vitro DNA replication.
DNA sequencing by babar ali
This document discusses DNA sequencing methods. It covers the Sanger method, Maxam-Gilbert sequencing, and advanced sequencing techniques. The Sanger method involves amplifying DNA, denaturing it to produce single strands, annealing a primer to the template strand, and dispersing the primed DNA into separate reactions containing chain-terminating nucleotides.
next generation sequemcing
ngs or next generation is and advnced yechnique for determining the sequence of nucleotides in the dna.
RNA as a genetic material
RNA structure is similar to DNA but contains the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose and the base uracil instead of thymine. RNA can form secondary structures through internal base pairing. Some viruses use RNA as their genetic material, including tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) which contains only RNA and protein. Experiments in the 1950s-60s showed that the RNA of TMV determines the properties of progeny viruses and carries the genetic information rather than the protein, proving that RNA acts as the genetic material for some viruses.
Third Natural Eukaryotic Epigenetic Mark Found.pdf
A group at the Marine Biology Laboratory (MBL) now found a third epigenetic mark in this freshwater invertebrate, Adineta vaga, which has previously been found only in bacteria. For the first time, a horizontally transferred gene has been shown to remodel gene regulatory systems in eukaryotes.
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This document discusses several topics:
1. ALS is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that causes muscle weakness and atrophy by destroying motor neurons.
2. Endogenous retroviruses in human DNA are thought to derive from ancient viral infections and may be involved in autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis.
3. A study found HERV-K virus transcripts present in the motor cortex of ALS patients, suggesting viral involvement in the disease.
Next generation sequencing
It contains information about- DNA Sequencing; History and Era sequencing; Next Generation Sequencing- Introduction, Workflow, Illumina/Solexa sequencing, Roche/454 sequencing, Ion Torrent sequencing, ABI-SOLiD sequencing; Comparison between NGS & Sangers and NGS Platforms; Advantages and Applications of NGS; Future Applications of NGS.
Messenger rn as are regulated in far more ways than previously appreciated an...
The document discusses two news articles about messenger RNA (mRNA) regulation and the role of RNA polymerase in gene transcription. The first news article discovered that mRNAs can be targeted for destruction by several molecules and modes, highlighting more complexity in genetic message control than previously known. The second news article studied RNA polymerase to better understand the bacterial transcription process, which could help decipher genetics' role in human disease. Understanding these transcriptional processes could allow intervening to prevent diseases by stopping transcription in viruses and bacteria.
second generation of DNA Sequencing
DNA sequencing has advanced from sequencing individual genes and genetic regions to full genomes. Next-generation sequencing uses massively parallel sequencing to provide fast, low-cost sequencing. The dominant platforms are Roche 454, Illumina Genome Analyzer, and Life Technologies SOLiD System. They have enabled whole genome sequencing, RNA-Seq, ChIP-Seq, exome sequencing, microbiome sequencing, and more. However, short read lengths and large data volumes pose challenges. Overall, next-generation sequencing has revolutionized research and medicine.
Next generation sequencing
Next generation sequencing techniques allow DNA to be sequenced much more quickly and cheaply than previous Sanger sequencing. The document describes three main next generation sequencing methods: Illumina sequencing uses reversible dye-terminator nucleotides and DNA polymerase to sequence DNA clusters on a flowcell; Roche 454 sequencing is based on pyrosequencing and detects pyrophosphate release during nucleotide incorporation to sequence DNA; SOLiD sequencing uses DNA ligase and emulsion PCR to immobilize DNA on beads for sequencing. These new techniques have revolutionized genomics research by increasing sequencing speed and reducing costs.
Genetic changes in the viral genome
1. Viruses can undergo genetic changes through various mechanisms such as random mutation, recombination, reassortment, and gene amplification/reduction.
2. Mutation occurs via changes to the nitrogen bases in the DNA or RNA genome, such as single nucleotide changes or insertions/deletions.
3. Recombination involves the exchange of genetic material between viral genomes through mechanisms like classic recombination seen in DNA viruses, copy-choice recombination in retroviruses, and site-specific recombination.
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Third Natural Eukaryotic Epigenetic Mark Found.pdf
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Polymerase chain reaction and variations of the method
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Messenger rn as are regulated in far more ways than previously appreciated an...
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In medicine, DNA sequencing is used for a range of purposes, including diagnosis and treatment of diseases. In general, sequencing allows health care practitioners to determine if a gene or the region that regulates a gene contains changes, called variants or mutations, that are linked to a disorder.
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Seminario biología molecular
- 1. tercer semestre Laura Sofia Aguilera Ariño
- 2. BACTERIAS: MICROCHIP: They are single-celled organisms. Their genome is composed of a single circular DNA molecule, and contains additional small circular DNA molecules called plasmids. Although bacterial cells do not have a defined nucleus, the DNA is folded and condensed into the nucleoid. Most ribosomes are found in the cytoplasm and they are able to bind to an mRNA as soon as part of it has been synthesized by RNA polymerase so transcription and translation occur at the same time. Some bacteria also have an invagination of the cell membrane, called mesosome, and is associated with synthesis of DNA and proteins. It is a device that allows the handling of volumes of extremely small fluids and you can carry out analytical tasks, synthesis of compounds and the control of chemical reactions. they also allow rapid analysis and short response times due to short diffusion distances, rapid heating, greater surface area compared to the volume and consumption of small quantities of fluids.
- 3. DIAGNOSIS WITH MICROCHIPS : Microchips have been developed with the aim of diagnosing and monitoring various diseases, to perform various DNA analyzes, as well as to store medical data about patients. According to the American Medical Association (AMA), these devices can grow in millimeters and a few centimeters, implanted in the skin of the patient, can provide physicians with relevant information on chronic diseases suffered by patients in the event of an emergency. As a current example, these microchips are used to diagnose and treat HIV infections.
- 4. GENERAL OBJECTIVES The main objective is the creation of specific aptamers for bacteria together with a aptamer marked with biotin, which will be the reagent to check the binding can be evidenced. This attachment aptamer bacterium when amplified denotes a recognition of the Diana bacteria. This in order to facilitate the recognition of bacteria in an effective and fast way to facilitate the diagnosis and treatment of some common and antibiotic resistant nocosomial agents.
- 6. PCR Es una reacción encargada de amplificar una secuencia de ADN específica dónde es copiada varias veces de la cadena molde usando la enzima ADN polimerasa. Primero se desnaturalizan las cadenas de ADN y se separan por medio de calor después se alinean los primers en el extremo 3’, se hibridan con su secuencia complementaria y finalmente la taq polimerasa actúa en la hibridación y se agregan nucleótidos complementarios para extender las cadenas en dirección 5’ a 3’. Amplificar estas cadenas hace que la identificación de bacterias, virus, enfermedades hereditarias, control de transplantes y de ciertos tipos de cáncer sea mucho más fácil. Además me su gran uso en la investigación por ejemplo en la clonación de secuencias de ADN de vectores.
- 9. RESULTADOS
- 13. AUTHOR THESIS ARE THE RESULTS AGREE WITH THE THESIS? Van hooji A. ‘In order to improve diagnostic sensitivity, nucleic acid amplification may be applied in lateral flow assays’ YES Liu H.B. ‘antibody was commonly used to recognize tested bacteria for lateral flow tests’ YES Wang C.H. ‘some species of bacteria, including Gram-positive and negative bacteria had been reported to be captured by vancomycin-coated magnetic beads in our previous study’ YES DISCUSSION
- 14. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion we can deduce that the aptamers specifically recognize their bacteria very short time of 35 minutes which shows a decrease to what normally other conventional methods to quantify bacteria and this positions it as a very good method to make the diagnosis diseases derived from bacteria
- 15. MAPA CONCEPTUAL
- 16. GRACIAS