SEMINAR CASE HARDENING.pptx
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This document discusses various surface hardening processes including nitriding, carburizing, cyaniding, and carbonitriding. It provides details on the nitriding process such as using medium carbon steel and alloy steel, heating to 450-550°C in the presence of ammonia gas for 20-80 hours to introduce nitrogen into the surface. Nitriding increases properties like wear resistance, endurance limit, and corrosion resistance without dimensional changes. Applications include gear and engine parts. The document also summarizes the carburizing and cyaniding processes which involve adding carbon or carbon and nitrogen to the surface through use of carbon-rich materials or molten cyanide compounds.
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Importance of surface heat treatment august 2018
This document provides an overview of surface hardening processes for steel. It discusses why surface hardening is required, the main types of surface hardening processes that involve changing the surface composition (e.g. carburizing, carbonitriding, nitrocarburizing), and those that do not change composition (e.g. induction hardening, flame hardening, laser hardening). Carburizing is explained in more detail, covering the different carburizing processes, principles, effects of time and temperature, microstructures, and hardness profiles obtained. Some common carburizing steel grades and their uses are also listed.
Heat treatment of steels- II
This presentation gives a brief introduction to chemical heat treatment of steels and surface hardening techniques
Keywords: Carburising, Nitriding, Carbonitriding, Flame hardening, Laser hardening, Induction hardening
EM-Unit-IV- Vacuum plasma hardening
Vacuum and plasma surface hardening are heat treatment processes carried out in low-pressure environments to impart high wear resistance and mechanical properties to steel components. Vacuum surface hardening involves heating steel above 1000°C in a vacuum to allow uniform hardening without oxidation. Plasma surface hardening uses ionized gas plasma to facilitate carburizing or nitriding steel at lower temperatures and shorter cycle times than vacuum carburizing. Both methods provide oxide-free, inter-granular oxidation-free surfaces but require higher initial capital costs than conventional carburizing.
Vacuum plasma hardening
Vacuum and plasma surface hardening are heat treatment processes carried out in low-pressure environments to impart high wear resistance and mechanical properties to steel components. Vacuum surface hardening involves heating steel above 1000°C in a vacuum to allow uniform hardening without oxidation. Plasma surface hardening uses ionized gas plasma to accelerate the carburizing or nitriding process, allowing shorter cycle times and treatment of materials prone to oxidation. Both methods provide oxide-free surfaces and excellent mechanical properties but require higher initial capital costs than conventional carburizing.
Vacuum plasma hardening
Vacuum and plasma surface hardening are heat treatment processes carried out in a vacuum or plasma environment to impart high surface hardness and wear resistance on metal components. Vacuum surface hardening involves heating components to over 1000°C in a low-pressure vacuum to allow for uniform, oxide-free hardening. Plasma surface hardening uses ionized gas plasma to rapidly harden surfaces with shorter cycle times and reduced energy usage compared to vacuum hardening. Both vacuum and plasma hardening provide improved mechanical properties for high-load applications but require higher initial capital costs than conventional hardening methods.
Vacuum plasma hardening
Vacuum and plasma surface hardening are heat treatment processes carried out in low-pressure environments to impart high wear resistance and mechanical properties to steel components. Vacuum surface hardening involves heating steel above 1000°C in a vacuum to allow uniform hardening without oxidation. Plasma surface hardening uses ionized gas plasma to accelerate the carburizing or nitriding process, allowing shorter cycle times and treatment of materials prone to oxidation. Both methods provide oxide-free surfaces and excellent mechanical properties but require higher initial capital costs than conventional carburizing.
Vacuum plasma hardening
Vacuum and plasma surface hardening are heat treatment processes carried out in low-pressure environments to impart high wear resistance and mechanical properties to steel components. Vacuum surface hardening involves heating steel above 1000°C in a vacuum to allow uniform hardening without oxidation. Plasma surface hardening uses ionized gas plasma to facilitate carburizing or nitriding steel at lower temperatures and shorter cycle times than vacuum carburizing. Both methods provide oxide-free, inter-granular oxidation-free surfaces but require higher initial capital costs than conventional carburizing.
Heat treatment 2
Heat treatment 2 by
P.SENTHAMARAI KANNAN,
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ,
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING,
KAMARAJ COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,
VIRUDHUNAGAR, TAMILNADU.
INDIA.
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Importance of surface heat treatment august 2018
This document provides an overview of surface hardening processes for steel. It discusses why surface hardening is required, the main types of surface hardening processes that involve changing the surface composition (e.g. carburizing, carbonitriding, nitrocarburizing), and those that do not change composition (e.g. induction hardening, flame hardening, laser hardening). Carburizing is explained in more detail, covering the different carburizing processes, principles, effects of time and temperature, microstructures, and hardness profiles obtained. Some common carburizing steel grades and their uses are also listed.
Heat treatment of steels- II
This presentation gives a brief introduction to chemical heat treatment of steels and surface hardening techniques
Keywords: Carburising, Nitriding, Carbonitriding, Flame hardening, Laser hardening, Induction hardening
EM-Unit-IV- Vacuum plasma hardening
Vacuum and plasma surface hardening are heat treatment processes carried out in low-pressure environments to impart high wear resistance and mechanical properties to steel components. Vacuum surface hardening involves heating steel above 1000°C in a vacuum to allow uniform hardening without oxidation. Plasma surface hardening uses ionized gas plasma to facilitate carburizing or nitriding steel at lower temperatures and shorter cycle times than vacuum carburizing. Both methods provide oxide-free, inter-granular oxidation-free surfaces but require higher initial capital costs than conventional carburizing.
Vacuum plasma hardening
Vacuum and plasma surface hardening are heat treatment processes carried out in low-pressure environments to impart high wear resistance and mechanical properties to steel components. Vacuum surface hardening involves heating steel above 1000°C in a vacuum to allow uniform hardening without oxidation. Plasma surface hardening uses ionized gas plasma to accelerate the carburizing or nitriding process, allowing shorter cycle times and treatment of materials prone to oxidation. Both methods provide oxide-free surfaces and excellent mechanical properties but require higher initial capital costs than conventional carburizing.
Vacuum plasma hardening
Vacuum and plasma surface hardening are heat treatment processes carried out in a vacuum or plasma environment to impart high surface hardness and wear resistance on metal components. Vacuum surface hardening involves heating components to over 1000°C in a low-pressure vacuum to allow for uniform, oxide-free hardening. Plasma surface hardening uses ionized gas plasma to rapidly harden surfaces with shorter cycle times and reduced energy usage compared to vacuum hardening. Both vacuum and plasma hardening provide improved mechanical properties for high-load applications but require higher initial capital costs than conventional hardening methods.
Vacuum plasma hardening
Vacuum and plasma surface hardening are heat treatment processes carried out in low-pressure environments to impart high wear resistance and mechanical properties to steel components. Vacuum surface hardening involves heating steel above 1000°C in a vacuum to allow uniform hardening without oxidation. Plasma surface hardening uses ionized gas plasma to accelerate the carburizing or nitriding process, allowing shorter cycle times and treatment of materials prone to oxidation. Both methods provide oxide-free surfaces and excellent mechanical properties but require higher initial capital costs than conventional carburizing.
Vacuum plasma hardening
Vacuum and plasma surface hardening are heat treatment processes carried out in low-pressure environments to impart high wear resistance and mechanical properties to steel components. Vacuum surface hardening involves heating steel above 1000°C in a vacuum to allow uniform hardening without oxidation. Plasma surface hardening uses ionized gas plasma to facilitate carburizing or nitriding steel at lower temperatures and shorter cycle times than vacuum carburizing. Both methods provide oxide-free, inter-granular oxidation-free surfaces but require higher initial capital costs than conventional carburizing.
Heat treatment 2
Heat treatment 2 by
P.SENTHAMARAI KANNAN,
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ,
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING,
KAMARAJ COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,
VIRUDHUNAGAR, TAMILNADU.
INDIA.
6.1_HT_PPT_Presentation_ATRIA.pptx
This document discusses heat treatment processes for metals. It covers various heat treatment methods like annealing, normalizing, hardening and tempering. It describes processes like case hardening, through hardening, induction hardening and vacuum heat treatment. Key information covered includes different heat treatment methods for ferrous and non-ferrous metals, advantages of various processes, factors influencing heat treatment selection, and details of specific processes like carburizing and quenching methods.
Carbonitriding
Carbonitriding is a diffusion process that introduces both carbon and nitrogen into the surface of ferrous metals. It is done at lower temperatures than carburizing, resulting in a thinner and more uniform case depth. The workpiece is heated in a carbon and nitrogen atmosphere, producing a thin, very hard surface layer. This improves wear resistance over carburizing while maintaining hardness at operating temperatures and with less distortion than other hardening processes.
Nitriding and carbonitriding copy
Nitriding and carbonitriding are heat treatment processes that diffuse nitrogen into the surface of a metal to harden it. Carbonitriding additionally incorporates carbon to create a harder case. Both processes increase wear resistance, fatigue life, and surface hardness, while reducing distortion compared to other hardening methods. They are commonly used to treat aircraft, automotive, tool, and industrial parts.
Heat treatment 2 dr.sss
This document discusses various surface heat treatment processes such as case hardening, carburizing, and nitriding. It explains that case hardening involves adding carbon to the outer surface of low-carbon steels to create a hard outer layer. Various carburizing methods are described including pack carburizing, salt bath carburizing, gas carburizing, and vacuum carburizing. Gas carburizing is noted as being widely used to produce case depths from 0.2 to 3 mm. Induction hardening, flame hardening, and age hardening processes are also summarized. Vacuum hardening and plasma nitriding are described in further detail regarding their process parameters and advantages over conventional methods.
8-Cementazione-Nitrurazione.ppt
Carburizing is a process that adds carbon to the surface of low-carbon steels at high temperatures, forming a high-carbon martensitic case. This case provides good wear and fatigue resistance while the core remains tough. The carbon content of the carburized layer is typically 0.8-1.0% carbon. Nitriding introduces nitrogen into steel surfaces using ammonia gas between 495-565°C, resulting in a hard nitride case that improves wear resistance, fatigue life, and corrosion resistance without quenching. Carbonitriding involves diffusing both carbon and nitrogen into steel surfaces to form a case with hardness up to HRC 65 using propane or methane mixed with ammonia.
Non recovery-heat recovery cokemaking - a review of recent developments
This paper is an update of a previous publication in Spanish [1]. One of the current trends in the production of
metallurgical coke is the comeback of non-recovery ovens. This is driven by less interest in byproducts, smaller investment per annual ton, better environmental performance. The development took place particularly in China, India, USA, Brazil, Australia and Colombia [2]. In the USA, one important factor promoting this technology was that EPA declared it as Maximum Achievable Current technology in 1990. This technology arises from the classic beehive ovens which supplied since the XVIII century the coke for the industrial revolution. Those ovens were manually operated, with small heat recovery, just for heating the oven. Now, non-recovery ovens are modern construction, with highly mechanized operation, and automated to a certain degree. Gases generated by the combustion of the volatile matter are sent through downcomers and further burnt to heat the oven bottom and sides; in many cases, mostly when the plant is built within or closed to a steelmaking facility, the hot gas is used for vapor generation and electric power production. Main differences between conventional and non-recovery/heat recovery processes are shown in figure 1. In conventional process, the coal charged receives the heat indirectly through the furnace walls, by combustion of external gas; inside the oven, positive pressure develops. Gas generated in the coking process is sent to the
by-products plant. In non-recovery ovens, coking proceeds from the top through direct heating by the partial
combustion of the volatile matter over the coal bed, and from the bottom by heat coming from full combustion of gases escaping from the oven. In these plants, the offgas is treated and sent to the stack, in many cases after recovering sensible heat to produce vapor and electric power. Installed capacity for these furnaces was esteemed in 2005 in 22 M metric tons per year, probably including
beehive ovens [2]. In table 1, some of the non-recovery coke plants currently operating are listed. Some plants
belong to companies with coal mining as its core business; others are independent coke producers, purchasing coal and selling coke; then there is some joint ventures between coke producers and steelmakers,
and finally, captive coke plants belonging to steel companies.
Case hardening
Case hardening is a surface hardening technique used to harden the outer surface of low-carbon steels. It involves adding carbon to the surface through carburizing or nitriding processes, then hardening the case. This produces a hard outer layer while leaving the soft inner core intact. Benefits include wear resistance on rotating parts like gears while maintaining the core's flexibility. Common methods are pack carburizing, gas carburizing, cyaniding, and nitriding.
Cyaniding and Nitriding
The document discusses two surface hardening processes: cyaniding and nitriding. Cyaniding involves immersing steel in a molten bath of sodium cyanide between 870-930 Celsius to produce a hard surface. Nitriding involves heating steel in an atmosphere of ammonia between 500-650 Celsius, which dissociates to form nascent nitrogen that combines with steel elements to produce nitrides and extreme surface hardness. Both processes produce wear-resistant surfaces, but cyaniding requires careful handling due to toxicity of cyanide salts while nitriding has higher costs and longer cycle times.
ALD Vacuum Carburizing and Low Pressure Carburizing | LPC
Vacuum carburizing provides advantages over traditional gas carburizing methods, including faster carbon transfer without surface oxidation, improved case depth uniformity, and integration into manufacturing processes with little consumption of carburizing gas and no need for furnace atmospheres. Vacuum carburizing allows for higher carburizing temperatures and shorter treatment times compared to gas carburizing. Parts treated with vacuum carburizing have cleaner surfaces without intergranular oxidation, more consistent case depths and carbon profiles, less distortion and variation, and potential operational cost advantages.
Cryogenic hardening
This document discusses cryogenic hardening, which involves cooling steels to around -185°C to increase hardness and strength. It can be done after initial quenching using liquid nitrogen systems. This causes austenite to transform to martensite and precipitates microscopic carbides. The process involves cooling, soaking, and warming stages to transform the crystal structure. Benefits include improved wear resistance, dimensional stability, and hardness, while drawbacks include high costs. Applications include cutting tools, medical devices, and aerospace components.
Paper
Thermal barrier coatings were originally developed for aircraft engines in 1940 but are now being tested for use in diesel engines. These coatings can reduce the metal temperature of engine components by up to 170 degrees Celsius. There are two main coating techniques - surface preparation and thermal spraying. Thermal spraying techniques like wire flame spraying and plasma arc spraying are used to melt and spray coating materials like metallic wires or powder onto engine components. The use of ceramic thermal barrier coatings on a single cylinder diesel engine resulted in increased brake thermal efficiency from 16% to 20.4%.
thermal
Thermal barrier coatings were originally developed for aircraft engines in 1940 but are now being tested for use in diesel engines. These coatings can reduce the metal temperature of engine components by up to 170°C. There are two main coating techniques - surface preparation and thermal spraying. Thermal barrier coatings improve the brake thermal efficiency of a single cylinder diesel engine from 16% without a coating to 20.4% with a coating.
Case hardening
Case hardening is a method of hardening the surface of low-carbon steel to increase hardness and wear resistance. It involves adding carbon to the outer surface through techniques like carburizing or nitriding. This creates a hard case on the outside while leaving the soft inner core intact. Some key applications are gears and other rotating parts that require a hard wear surface but tough interior. The document discusses various case hardening techniques like carburizing, nitriding, cyaniding and induction hardening, explaining the basic processes and characteristics of each method.
EM-Unit-IV- case hardening
Hardenability refers to a steel's ability to transform to martensite and achieve hardness through quenching. The Jominy end quench test measures hardenability by water quenching one end of a cylindrical steel sample, then measuring hardness gradients. Higher hardenability allows deeper and more even hardening through slower quenches like oil quenching. Case hardening methods like carburizing add carbon to the surface, inducing a hard case over a tough core. Common methods include pack, liquid, and gas carburizing as well as cyaniding, nitriding, and carbonitriding. Thermal methods like flame and induction hardening rapidly heat and quench localized surfaces. Case hardening
Case Hardening
Hardenability refers to a steel's ability to transform to martensite and achieve hardness through quenching. The Jominy end quench test measures hardenability by water quenching one end of a cylindrical steel sample, then measuring hardness levels at intervals from the quenched end. Higher hardness indicates more martensite formation and better hardenability. Case hardening processes like carburizing add carbon to the surface of low-carbon steels to create a hard case while leaving the core tough. Common methods include pack, liquid, and gas carburizing, as well as cyaniding, nitriding, and carbonitriding. Flame and induction hardening also locally harden surfaces through rapid
Case hardening
Hardenability refers to a steel's ability to transform to martensite and achieve hardness through quenching. The Jominy end quench test measures hardenability by water quenching one end of a cylindrical steel sample, then measuring the hardness profile. Higher hardness indicates more martensite formation. Case hardening methods like carburizing add carbon to the surface, inducing a harder case over a softer core. Common methods include pack, liquid, and gas carburizing as well as cyaniding, nitriding, and carbonitriding. Thermal methods like flame and induction hardening rapidly heat the surface and quench to harden. Case hardening increases wear resistance, improves strength-to
Case hardening
Hardenability refers to a steel's ability to transform to martensite and achieve hardness through quenching. The Jominy end quench test measures hardenability by water quenching one end of a cylindrical steel sample, then measuring hardness levels at intervals from the quenched end. Higher hardness indicates more martensite formation and better hardenability. Case hardening processes like carburizing add carbon to the surface of low-carbon steels to create a wear-resistant case while leaving the core tough. Common methods include pack, liquid, and gas carburizing, as well as cyaniding, nitriding, and carbonitriding. Flame and induction hardening also locally harden surfaces
2 case hardening
Hardenability refers to a steel's ability to transform to martensite and achieve hardness through quenching. The Jominy end quench test measures hardenability by water quenching one end of a cylindrical steel sample, then measuring hardness levels at intervals from the quenched end. Higher hardness indicates more martensite formation and better hardenability. Case hardening processes like carburizing add carbon to the surface of low-carbon steels to create a wear-resistant case while leaving the core tough. Common methods include pack, liquid, and gas carburizing, as well as cyaniding, nitriding, and carbonitriding. Flame and induction hardening also locally harden surfaces
Effect of LVOF Sprayed Coating in Oxidation & Hot Corrosion Performance of Bo...
Oxidation and hot corrosion is the major degradation mechanism of failure of boiler and gas turbine components. These failures occur because of the usage of wide range of fuels such as coal, oil at increased temperatures. To obviate these problems, in current investigation Al2O3+40%TiO2 powder has been deposited on Boiler Steel SA-192by LVOF (Low velocity oxy fuel process). The oxidation and hot corrosion performances of Al2O3+40%TiO2 coated as well as bare Boiler Steel SA-192 has been evaluated in air and with aggressive environment Na2SO4+60%V2O5 under cyclic conditions at an elevated temperatures of 8500C & 9500C. The kinetics of the corrosion is approximated by weight change measurements made after each cycle for total duration of 50 cycles. Each cycle consists of keeping the samples for 1 hour duration in Kanthol wire tube furnace at 8500C and 9500C followed by 20 minute cooling in ambient air. Weight change data has been taken after each cycle by digital electronic balance machine with an accuracy of 1 milligram. Graphs have been plotted between weight gains per surface area to number of cycles. Boiler Steel SA-192 has shown poor performance in oxidising and in hot corrosion environment it suffered intensive spallation in the form of removal of scales. To improve oxidation and hot corrosion resistance Al2O3+40%TiO2 coating has been successfully deposited on Boiler Steel SA-192 by Low velocity oxy fuel process using CERAJET spray nozzle (A proprietary item of MECPL, Jodhpur). Coating has shown approximately 90% & 92% improvement respectively in the oxidation and hot corrosion resistance of Boiler Steel SA-192have been observed .
Surface hybrid nanocomposites via friction stir processing
Friction stir Processing (FSP) is a new innovative technology developed based on the principle of Friction Stir Welding (FSW) technique.
In FSP, the ceramic particulates are reinforced into the base metal by adding it into the groove and Friction Stir Processing (FSP) is performed.
In this study, the aluminum alloy 6061 is chosen as the base metal, alumina and graphite Nano powder as reinforcement.
The process parameters such traverse speed of 64 mm/min and the tool rotational speed of 1060 rpm and tilt angle of 2deg were selected, The Friction Powder Processing was carried out on vertical milling machine.
New parameters such as powder type and number of passes were involved and we also study the effect of heat treatment.
The influence of FSP was checked using some tests such as the microstructure analysis that was carried out using optical microscope (OM) and the mechanical characteristics were analyzed using tensile test and hardness test.
The micrograph results revealed that powder particulates were evenly distributed in the stir zone and reduction in grain size also observed; the reason for the grain size reduction was stirring action of the FPP tool’s pin.
The tensile strength results showed a significant improvement in strength by a percent of
50% compared to base metal but when T6 heat treatment is applied, the tensile strength decreased.
NATURAL DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENTS AS ANTI-FREEZING AGENT
NATURAL DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENTS AS ANTI-FREEZING AGENT
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdf
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
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6.1_HT_PPT_Presentation_ATRIA.pptx
This document discusses heat treatment processes for metals. It covers various heat treatment methods like annealing, normalizing, hardening and tempering. It describes processes like case hardening, through hardening, induction hardening and vacuum heat treatment. Key information covered includes different heat treatment methods for ferrous and non-ferrous metals, advantages of various processes, factors influencing heat treatment selection, and details of specific processes like carburizing and quenching methods.
Carbonitriding
Carbonitriding is a diffusion process that introduces both carbon and nitrogen into the surface of ferrous metals. It is done at lower temperatures than carburizing, resulting in a thinner and more uniform case depth. The workpiece is heated in a carbon and nitrogen atmosphere, producing a thin, very hard surface layer. This improves wear resistance over carburizing while maintaining hardness at operating temperatures and with less distortion than other hardening processes.
Nitriding and carbonitriding copy
Nitriding and carbonitriding are heat treatment processes that diffuse nitrogen into the surface of a metal to harden it. Carbonitriding additionally incorporates carbon to create a harder case. Both processes increase wear resistance, fatigue life, and surface hardness, while reducing distortion compared to other hardening methods. They are commonly used to treat aircraft, automotive, tool, and industrial parts.
Heat treatment 2 dr.sss
This document discusses various surface heat treatment processes such as case hardening, carburizing, and nitriding. It explains that case hardening involves adding carbon to the outer surface of low-carbon steels to create a hard outer layer. Various carburizing methods are described including pack carburizing, salt bath carburizing, gas carburizing, and vacuum carburizing. Gas carburizing is noted as being widely used to produce case depths from 0.2 to 3 mm. Induction hardening, flame hardening, and age hardening processes are also summarized. Vacuum hardening and plasma nitriding are described in further detail regarding their process parameters and advantages over conventional methods.
8-Cementazione-Nitrurazione.ppt
Carburizing is a process that adds carbon to the surface of low-carbon steels at high temperatures, forming a high-carbon martensitic case. This case provides good wear and fatigue resistance while the core remains tough. The carbon content of the carburized layer is typically 0.8-1.0% carbon. Nitriding introduces nitrogen into steel surfaces using ammonia gas between 495-565°C, resulting in a hard nitride case that improves wear resistance, fatigue life, and corrosion resistance without quenching. Carbonitriding involves diffusing both carbon and nitrogen into steel surfaces to form a case with hardness up to HRC 65 using propane or methane mixed with ammonia.
Non recovery-heat recovery cokemaking - a review of recent developments
This paper is an update of a previous publication in Spanish [1]. One of the current trends in the production of
metallurgical coke is the comeback of non-recovery ovens. This is driven by less interest in byproducts, smaller investment per annual ton, better environmental performance. The development took place particularly in China, India, USA, Brazil, Australia and Colombia [2]. In the USA, one important factor promoting this technology was that EPA declared it as Maximum Achievable Current technology in 1990. This technology arises from the classic beehive ovens which supplied since the XVIII century the coke for the industrial revolution. Those ovens were manually operated, with small heat recovery, just for heating the oven. Now, non-recovery ovens are modern construction, with highly mechanized operation, and automated to a certain degree. Gases generated by the combustion of the volatile matter are sent through downcomers and further burnt to heat the oven bottom and sides; in many cases, mostly when the plant is built within or closed to a steelmaking facility, the hot gas is used for vapor generation and electric power production. Main differences between conventional and non-recovery/heat recovery processes are shown in figure 1. In conventional process, the coal charged receives the heat indirectly through the furnace walls, by combustion of external gas; inside the oven, positive pressure develops. Gas generated in the coking process is sent to the
by-products plant. In non-recovery ovens, coking proceeds from the top through direct heating by the partial
combustion of the volatile matter over the coal bed, and from the bottom by heat coming from full combustion of gases escaping from the oven. In these plants, the offgas is treated and sent to the stack, in many cases after recovering sensible heat to produce vapor and electric power. Installed capacity for these furnaces was esteemed in 2005 in 22 M metric tons per year, probably including
beehive ovens [2]. In table 1, some of the non-recovery coke plants currently operating are listed. Some plants
belong to companies with coal mining as its core business; others are independent coke producers, purchasing coal and selling coke; then there is some joint ventures between coke producers and steelmakers,
and finally, captive coke plants belonging to steel companies.
Case hardening
Case hardening is a surface hardening technique used to harden the outer surface of low-carbon steels. It involves adding carbon to the surface through carburizing or nitriding processes, then hardening the case. This produces a hard outer layer while leaving the soft inner core intact. Benefits include wear resistance on rotating parts like gears while maintaining the core's flexibility. Common methods are pack carburizing, gas carburizing, cyaniding, and nitriding.
Cyaniding and Nitriding
The document discusses two surface hardening processes: cyaniding and nitriding. Cyaniding involves immersing steel in a molten bath of sodium cyanide between 870-930 Celsius to produce a hard surface. Nitriding involves heating steel in an atmosphere of ammonia between 500-650 Celsius, which dissociates to form nascent nitrogen that combines with steel elements to produce nitrides and extreme surface hardness. Both processes produce wear-resistant surfaces, but cyaniding requires careful handling due to toxicity of cyanide salts while nitriding has higher costs and longer cycle times.
ALD Vacuum Carburizing and Low Pressure Carburizing | LPC
Vacuum carburizing provides advantages over traditional gas carburizing methods, including faster carbon transfer without surface oxidation, improved case depth uniformity, and integration into manufacturing processes with little consumption of carburizing gas and no need for furnace atmospheres. Vacuum carburizing allows for higher carburizing temperatures and shorter treatment times compared to gas carburizing. Parts treated with vacuum carburizing have cleaner surfaces without intergranular oxidation, more consistent case depths and carbon profiles, less distortion and variation, and potential operational cost advantages.
Cryogenic hardening
This document discusses cryogenic hardening, which involves cooling steels to around -185°C to increase hardness and strength. It can be done after initial quenching using liquid nitrogen systems. This causes austenite to transform to martensite and precipitates microscopic carbides. The process involves cooling, soaking, and warming stages to transform the crystal structure. Benefits include improved wear resistance, dimensional stability, and hardness, while drawbacks include high costs. Applications include cutting tools, medical devices, and aerospace components.
Paper
Thermal barrier coatings were originally developed for aircraft engines in 1940 but are now being tested for use in diesel engines. These coatings can reduce the metal temperature of engine components by up to 170 degrees Celsius. There are two main coating techniques - surface preparation and thermal spraying. Thermal spraying techniques like wire flame spraying and plasma arc spraying are used to melt and spray coating materials like metallic wires or powder onto engine components. The use of ceramic thermal barrier coatings on a single cylinder diesel engine resulted in increased brake thermal efficiency from 16% to 20.4%.
thermal
Thermal barrier coatings were originally developed for aircraft engines in 1940 but are now being tested for use in diesel engines. These coatings can reduce the metal temperature of engine components by up to 170°C. There are two main coating techniques - surface preparation and thermal spraying. Thermal barrier coatings improve the brake thermal efficiency of a single cylinder diesel engine from 16% without a coating to 20.4% with a coating.
Case hardening
Case hardening is a method of hardening the surface of low-carbon steel to increase hardness and wear resistance. It involves adding carbon to the outer surface through techniques like carburizing or nitriding. This creates a hard case on the outside while leaving the soft inner core intact. Some key applications are gears and other rotating parts that require a hard wear surface but tough interior. The document discusses various case hardening techniques like carburizing, nitriding, cyaniding and induction hardening, explaining the basic processes and characteristics of each method.
EM-Unit-IV- case hardening
Hardenability refers to a steel's ability to transform to martensite and achieve hardness through quenching. The Jominy end quench test measures hardenability by water quenching one end of a cylindrical steel sample, then measuring hardness gradients. Higher hardenability allows deeper and more even hardening through slower quenches like oil quenching. Case hardening methods like carburizing add carbon to the surface, inducing a hard case over a tough core. Common methods include pack, liquid, and gas carburizing as well as cyaniding, nitriding, and carbonitriding. Thermal methods like flame and induction hardening rapidly heat and quench localized surfaces. Case hardening
Case Hardening
Hardenability refers to a steel's ability to transform to martensite and achieve hardness through quenching. The Jominy end quench test measures hardenability by water quenching one end of a cylindrical steel sample, then measuring hardness levels at intervals from the quenched end. Higher hardness indicates more martensite formation and better hardenability. Case hardening processes like carburizing add carbon to the surface of low-carbon steels to create a hard case while leaving the core tough. Common methods include pack, liquid, and gas carburizing, as well as cyaniding, nitriding, and carbonitriding. Flame and induction hardening also locally harden surfaces through rapid
Case hardening
Hardenability refers to a steel's ability to transform to martensite and achieve hardness through quenching. The Jominy end quench test measures hardenability by water quenching one end of a cylindrical steel sample, then measuring the hardness profile. Higher hardness indicates more martensite formation. Case hardening methods like carburizing add carbon to the surface, inducing a harder case over a softer core. Common methods include pack, liquid, and gas carburizing as well as cyaniding, nitriding, and carbonitriding. Thermal methods like flame and induction hardening rapidly heat the surface and quench to harden. Case hardening increases wear resistance, improves strength-to
Case hardening
Hardenability refers to a steel's ability to transform to martensite and achieve hardness through quenching. The Jominy end quench test measures hardenability by water quenching one end of a cylindrical steel sample, then measuring hardness levels at intervals from the quenched end. Higher hardness indicates more martensite formation and better hardenability. Case hardening processes like carburizing add carbon to the surface of low-carbon steels to create a wear-resistant case while leaving the core tough. Common methods include pack, liquid, and gas carburizing, as well as cyaniding, nitriding, and carbonitriding. Flame and induction hardening also locally harden surfaces
2 case hardening
Hardenability refers to a steel's ability to transform to martensite and achieve hardness through quenching. The Jominy end quench test measures hardenability by water quenching one end of a cylindrical steel sample, then measuring hardness levels at intervals from the quenched end. Higher hardness indicates more martensite formation and better hardenability. Case hardening processes like carburizing add carbon to the surface of low-carbon steels to create a wear-resistant case while leaving the core tough. Common methods include pack, liquid, and gas carburizing, as well as cyaniding, nitriding, and carbonitriding. Flame and induction hardening also locally harden surfaces
Effect of LVOF Sprayed Coating in Oxidation & Hot Corrosion Performance of Bo...
Oxidation and hot corrosion is the major degradation mechanism of failure of boiler and gas turbine components. These failures occur because of the usage of wide range of fuels such as coal, oil at increased temperatures. To obviate these problems, in current investigation Al2O3+40%TiO2 powder has been deposited on Boiler Steel SA-192by LVOF (Low velocity oxy fuel process). The oxidation and hot corrosion performances of Al2O3+40%TiO2 coated as well as bare Boiler Steel SA-192 has been evaluated in air and with aggressive environment Na2SO4+60%V2O5 under cyclic conditions at an elevated temperatures of 8500C & 9500C. The kinetics of the corrosion is approximated by weight change measurements made after each cycle for total duration of 50 cycles. Each cycle consists of keeping the samples for 1 hour duration in Kanthol wire tube furnace at 8500C and 9500C followed by 20 minute cooling in ambient air. Weight change data has been taken after each cycle by digital electronic balance machine with an accuracy of 1 milligram. Graphs have been plotted between weight gains per surface area to number of cycles. Boiler Steel SA-192 has shown poor performance in oxidising and in hot corrosion environment it suffered intensive spallation in the form of removal of scales. To improve oxidation and hot corrosion resistance Al2O3+40%TiO2 coating has been successfully deposited on Boiler Steel SA-192 by Low velocity oxy fuel process using CERAJET spray nozzle (A proprietary item of MECPL, Jodhpur). Coating has shown approximately 90% & 92% improvement respectively in the oxidation and hot corrosion resistance of Boiler Steel SA-192have been observed .
Surface hybrid nanocomposites via friction stir processing
Friction stir Processing (FSP) is a new innovative technology developed based on the principle of Friction Stir Welding (FSW) technique.
In FSP, the ceramic particulates are reinforced into the base metal by adding it into the groove and Friction Stir Processing (FSP) is performed.
In this study, the aluminum alloy 6061 is chosen as the base metal, alumina and graphite Nano powder as reinforcement.
The process parameters such traverse speed of 64 mm/min and the tool rotational speed of 1060 rpm and tilt angle of 2deg were selected, The Friction Powder Processing was carried out on vertical milling machine.
New parameters such as powder type and number of passes were involved and we also study the effect of heat treatment.
The influence of FSP was checked using some tests such as the microstructure analysis that was carried out using optical microscope (OM) and the mechanical characteristics were analyzed using tensile test and hardness test.
The micrograph results revealed that powder particulates were evenly distributed in the stir zone and reduction in grain size also observed; the reason for the grain size reduction was stirring action of the FPP tool’s pin.
The tensile strength results showed a significant improvement in strength by a percent of
50% compared to base metal but when T6 heat treatment is applied, the tensile strength decreased.
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Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdf
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
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一比一原版(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
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Call For Paper -3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Advan...
* Registration is currently open *
Call for Research Papers!!!
Free – Extended Paper will be published as free of cost.
3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Advances (AIAD 2024)
July 13 ~ 14, 2024, Virtual Conference
Webpage URL: https://aiad2024.org/index
Submission Deadline: June 22, 2024
Submission System URL:
https://aiad2024.org/submission/index.php
Contact Us:
Here's where you can reach us : aiad@aiad2024.org (or) aiadconference@yahoo.com
WikiCFP URL: http://wikicfp.com/cfp/servlet/event.showcfp?eventid=180509©ownerid=171656
#artificialintelligence #softcomputing #machinelearning #technology #datascience #python #deeplearning #tech #robotics #innovation #bigdata #coding #iot #computerscience #data #dataanalytics #engineering #robot #datascientist #software #automation #analytics #ml #pythonprogramming #programmer #digitaltransformation #developer #promptengineering #generativeai #genai #chatgpt #artificial #intelligence #datamining #networkscommunications #robotics #callforsubmission #submissionsopen #deadline #opencall #virtual #conference
原版制作(Humboldt毕业证书)柏林大学毕业证学位证一模一样
原件一模一样【微信：bwp0011】《(Humboldt毕业证书)柏林大学毕业证学位证》【微信：bwp0011】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问微bwp0011
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【微bwp0011】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【微bwp0011】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
smart pill dispenser is designed to improve medication adherence and safety f...
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Generative AI Use cases applications solutions and implementation.pdf
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https://www.leewayhertz.com/generative-ai-use-cases-and-applications/
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptx
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
AI-Based Home Security System : Home security
Home security is of paramount importance in today's world, where we rely more on technology, home
security is crucial. Using technology to make homes safer and easier to control from anywhere is
important. Home security is important for the occupant’s safety. In this paper, we came up with a low cost,
AI based model home security system. The system has a user-friendly interface, allowing users to start
model training and face detection with simple keyboard commands. Our goal is to introduce an innovative
home security system using facial recognition technology. Unlike traditional systems, this system trains
and saves images of friends and family members. The system scans this folder to recognize familiar faces
and provides real-time monitoring. If an unfamiliar face is detected, it promptly sends an email alert,
ensuring a proactive response to potential security threats.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
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SEMINAR CASE HARDENING.pptx
- 1. NAME : MANIKUMAR B
- 3. Nitriding process is introducing nitrogen atom to obtain hard surface of steel component To use medium carbon steel & alloy steel ( Al, Cr, Mo) use of ammonia gas
- 4. To heat 450 to 550 c heat and spread ammonia gas 20 to 80 hours Ti me & tempreature to deside surface hardness & depth
- 6. Extream hard surface Increase wear resistance Endurance limit No dimension change No distortion
- 7. Guide way Air craft engine cylinder Crank shaft & pin Valve seat & gear journals
- 8. Solid state hardening process This is the process of increase carbon content on the surface of workpice Materials used ( charcoal , barium carbonate , leather scraps) Carbon rich material evenly placed To heat the air tight furnace 850 to 950 c Work piece + carbon rich material heat and react Outer surface of material with increace carbon content
- 10. Increase corrosion resistance Increase hardness Improve machinability Increase wear resistance
- 12. In cyaniding carbon and nitrogen are introduced into the surface of steel by heating it to a suitable tempreature . And holding it in contact with molten cyanide to from a thin skin is subsequently quenched 30% NACN , 40% NA2CO3 , 30% NACL
- 13. Case depth is about 0.25mm Negligible change in dimension Distorition may occur
- 14. Screws Nuts and bolts Small gears
- 15. Here carbon and nitrogen are added on the work piece surface by passing a gas containing carbon and nitrogen
- 16. Work piece kept in a furnace and heated to a tempreature 800 to 900 c Natural gas containing ammonia and hydro carbon is passed inside the furnace Carbon and nitrogen released from this gas at high temp . and it react with iron on the work piece surface and from iron carbide case Kept inside the furnace for 20 min 0.5 mm case hardness obtained
- 17. Small gear Bearings Valve seats air craft Guide way
- 18. Wear and corrosion resistance increased Good fatigue resistance Complicated shape components also hardened
- 19. More time consuming process Costly process Not suitable for plain carbon steels
- 20. THANK YOU