Semiconductor devices
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This document discusses several types of semiconductor devices including PN diodes, bipolar junction transistors, junction field effect transistors (JFETs), metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs), uni junction transistors (UJTs), silicon controlled rectifiers (SCRs), Zener diodes, and tunnel diodes. It also lists light emitting diodes and recommends several reference books for further reading on semiconductor physics and devices, electronic principles, and electronic devices and circuits.
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The document discusses the properties of materials and their applications in technology. It covers the following key points:
1) A material's properties result from its atomic composition and the arrangement and type of bonds between its atoms.
2) Materials have different properties like strength, electrical and magnetic behaviors, which depend on their atomic structure.
3) Semiconductors form the basis of modern microchips and digital technology. Semiconductors can be doped to be conductive or non-conductive, allowing the construction of diodes and transistors in integrated circuits.
4) New materials often enable new technologies that change society, like semiconductors enabling computers, solar panels, and modern electronics.
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Van der Waals forces are weak secondary bonds that occur between molecules due to momentary polarization caused by electron movement, dispersion effects, and hydrogen bridging. The arrangement of atoms in a material, whether in molecular, crystalline, or amorphous structures, has a significant effect on its properties. Metals have metallic bonding and solidify into lattice structures when cooled, with many metals exhibiting allotropic changes in crystal structure.
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Electricity is caused by the movement of charged particles. Static electricity builds up on some materials from these charged particles, but does not provide much energy unless controlled. Materials like copper, gold, silver, aluminum, and water are good conductors that allow electric current to flow through them easily. Conductors must be enclosed in insulators like rubber, glass, or plastic to direct the current and prevent shocks, as insulators do not allow current to pass through.
Basic Electronics
This document provides an overview of electronics topics including:
- The basic components of atoms including protons and electrons and how electricity flows between atoms.
- How electric current, voltage, and resistance are defined and their relationships as defined by Ohm's Law.
- The differences between conductors, insulators, and semiconductors and how semiconductors can be doped to alter their properties.
- An introduction to photonics which combines photons and electronics to transmit signals optically rather than electrically, allowing for higher data transmission rates. Silicon is commonly used due to phenomena like total internal reflection that allow light signals to be guided with minimal loss.
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This course introduces basic concepts of quantum theory of solids and presents the theory describing the carrier behaviors in semiconductors. The course balances fundamental physics with application to semiconductors and other electronic devices.
At the end of this course learners will be able to:
1. Understand the energy band structures and their significance in electric properties of solids
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The document discusses the properties of materials and their applications in technology. It covers the following key points:
1) A material's properties result from its atomic composition and the arrangement and type of bonds between its atoms.
2) Materials have different properties like strength, electrical and magnetic behaviors, which depend on their atomic structure.
3) Semiconductors form the basis of modern microchips and digital technology. Semiconductors can be doped to be conductive or non-conductive, allowing the construction of diodes and transistors in integrated circuits.
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This document lists universities and their electrical/computer engineering programs that may be suitable options for applicants with a GRE score between 300-310. It provides the school name, program name, and national ranking where available for schools such as Illinois Institute of Technology, University of Texas at Arlington, Portland State University, and others. The rankings are between #103-#143 for most of the universities listed.
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Van der Waals forces are weak secondary bonds that occur between molecules due to momentary polarization caused by electron movement, dispersion effects, and hydrogen bridging. The arrangement of atoms in a material, whether in molecular, crystalline, or amorphous structures, has a significant effect on its properties. Metals have metallic bonding and solidify into lattice structures when cooled, with many metals exhibiting allotropic changes in crystal structure.
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Electricity is caused by the movement of charged particles. Static electricity builds up on some materials from these charged particles, but does not provide much energy unless controlled. Materials like copper, gold, silver, aluminum, and water are good conductors that allow electric current to flow through them easily. Conductors must be enclosed in insulators like rubber, glass, or plastic to direct the current and prevent shocks, as insulators do not allow current to pass through.
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This document provides an overview of electronics topics including:
- The basic components of atoms including protons and electrons and how electricity flows between atoms.
- How electric current, voltage, and resistance are defined and their relationships as defined by Ohm's Law.
- The differences between conductors, insulators, and semiconductors and how semiconductors can be doped to alter their properties.
- An introduction to photonics which combines photons and electronics to transmit signals optically rather than electrically, allowing for higher data transmission rates. Silicon is commonly used due to phenomena like total internal reflection that allow light signals to be guided with minimal loss.
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At the end of this course learners will be able to:
1. Understand the energy band structures and their significance in electric properties of solids
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I. Transducers are devices that convert one form of energy into another. They may convert a physical quantity like pressure, temperature, or light intensity into an electrical signal.
II. Transducers can be classified by their operating principle, type of output signal, energy conversion method, and more. Common types include resistive, capacitive, inductive, and piezoelectric transducers.
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Strain gauge
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Rtd
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Lvdt
An LVDT transducer comprises three coils wound onto a coil former, with a ferrite core positioned in the center. When the core is centered, it induces equal voltages in the secondary coils which cancel each other out, resulting in a null output voltage. If the core moves from the center position towards one secondary coil, it increases the flux in that coil and decreases the other, producing a positive or negative output voltage depending on the direction of displacement. The LVDT output voltage is thus proportional to the displacement of the ferrite core from its centered null position.
Classification of transducer
Transducers are devices that convert one form of energy to another. They have two main parts: a sensing element that responds to a physical input, and a transduction element that converts the sensor's output to an electrical signal. Transducers can be classified in several ways, including as active or passive. Active transducers generate their own electrical output without an external power source, while passive transducers require an external power source and produce an output by changing an electrical parameter. Transducers can also be primary or secondary, where primary transducers convert a physical quantity into a mechanical signal and secondary transducers then convert the mechanical signal to electrical.
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Fet biasing boylestad pages
The document describes the fixed-bias configuration for an n-channel JFET. It provides equations that relate the input and output quantities for JFETs and shows how to analyze the fixed-bias configuration using both a mathematical and graphical approach. The key points are:
- The fixed-bias configuration has a fixed gate-to-source voltage VGS determined by the fixed DC supply VGG.
- Shockley's equation relates the drain current ID to VGS and can be plotted as a curve.
- For analysis, a vertical line is drawn at the fixed VGS and the point where it intersects the curve determines the operating point (IDQ, VGSQ).
- Both mathematical calculations
01analog filters
Filters can be classified based on the range of frequencies they allow to pass. Butterworth filters provide maximally flat frequency response in the passband. They are designed by determining the filter order based on the required stopband attenuation. The poles are then calculated and the transfer function is the ratio of polynomials formed from the poles. Butterworth filter design involves converting specifications to a lowpass prototype, finding the poles, and transforming the prototype to the desired filter type.
Wave analysers
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Transducers (1)
I. Transducers are devices that convert one form of energy into another. They may convert a physical quantity like pressure, temperature, or light intensity into an electrical signal.
II. Transducers can be classified by their operating principle, type of output signal, energy conversion method, and more. Common types include resistive, capacitive, inductive, and piezoelectric transducers.
III. Examples of transducers include thermocouples and thermistors for temperature measurement, strain gauges and load cells for force/pressure measurement, and tachogenerators and optical sensors for speed measurement.
Thermocouple
A thermo couple works on the principle of thermoelectricity discovered by Seebeck. When two different conductors are joined at one end to form a junction and that junction is heated, a voltage is generated between the free ends. The magnitude of this voltage depends on the temperature difference between the junctions and the materials used. A thermo couple has a hot junction placed at the point of temperature measurement and a cold junction kept at a constant reference temperature. Connecting the free ends to a voltmeter allows measurement of the voltage, and thus the temperature. Connecting multiple thermo couples in series creates a thermopile, increasing sensitivity by summing the individual voltages.
Thermistor
Thermistors are non-metallic resistors made of ceramic materials that have a negative coefficient of resistance. Their resistance decreases as temperature increases, allowing them to be used for precise temperature measurement. A thermistor has a ceramic sensing element housed inside a metal tube, with lead wires connecting it to a Wheatstone bridge circuit. As temperature rises, the sensing element's decreasing resistance is measured to calculate the temperature change. Thermistors are widely used for temperature compensation, time delay circuits, and measuring thermal conductivity or fluid properties due to their low cost, high accuracy, and ability to withstand stresses.
Temperature measurement
This document discusses three common types of temperature transducers: resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), thermocouples, and thermistors. RTDs use platinum, nickel, or copper wire that changes resistance with temperature, and have high accuracy but slow response. Thermocouples are simple, rugged devices that can operate at high temperatures but have low accuracy. Thermistors have high sensitivity to small temperature changes but are fragile and have limited temperature ranges. The document provides details on materials, measurement principles, applications, and advantages/disadvantages of each type.
Strain gauge
The strain gauge is a passive resistive transducer that converts mechanical strain into a resistance change. When an external force acts on the gauge, it changes the length and cross-sectional area of the gauge wire, altering its resistance. There are two main types: unbonded gauges, where the wire is stretched between points in air or another medium, and bonded gauges, where a fine wire grid is bonded to a carrier and then to the object under test. The resistance change is measured using a Wheatstone bridge circuit, which provides an output voltage proportional to the input strain and hence the applied force.
Rtd
Resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) measure temperature changes by detecting corresponding changes in electrical resistance of a conductor. Platinum is commonly used as the conductor. When temperature increases, the conductor expands, altering its electrical resistance. RTDs have a sensing element connected by leads to a Wheatstone bridge circuit. A constant current is passed through the sensing element, and its changing resistance is measured by the bridge to determine the temperature. RTDs provide accurate, reproducible temperature measurements for remote or continuous monitoring applications. Their main limitation is slower response time due to protective casings around the sensing element.
Pressure measurement
This document discusses three main types of pressure transducers: diaphragm/bellow type, Bourdon type, and capacitive displacement type. It then provides more details on capacitive pressure measurement, explaining that a capacitance-type sensor uses a high-frequency oscillator to charge sensing electrode plates and detects movement of a diaphragm between the plates as an indication of changes in process pressure.
Oscillators (1)
Oscillators generate an output signal without an input signal by converting DC power to AC power. They produce periodic waveforms like sine, square, triangle, and sawtooth waves. The Wien bridge oscillator is a two-stage RC coupled amplifier circuit that is stable at its resonant frequency. It uses a feedback circuit of series and parallel RC networks to produce a phase shift. Monostable multivibrators have one stable and one quasi-stable state. They switch to the quasi-stable state when triggered externally and return to the stable state after a set time period determined by resistor-capacitor values in the circuit.
Multivibrators (1)
This document discusses harmonic distortion in electronic circuits. It defines harmonic distortion as occurring when a sinusoidal input signal results in a non-sinusoidal output signal due to inherent non-linear characteristics of circuit components. It describes three types of harmonic distortion: frequency distortion from amplifiers having different amplification factors at different frequencies, amplitude distortion from amplifiers generating harmonics of the input frequency fundamental, and phase distortion from energy storage elements causing output signals to be phase-shifted relative to input signals by differing amounts for different frequencies.
Lvdt
An LVDT transducer comprises three coils wound onto a coil former, with a ferrite core positioned in the center. When the core is centered, it induces equal voltages in the secondary coils which cancel each other out, resulting in a null output voltage. If the core moves from the center position towards one secondary coil, it increases the flux in that coil and decreases the other, producing a positive or negative output voltage depending on the direction of displacement. The LVDT output voltage is thus proportional to the displacement of the ferrite core from its centered null position.
Classification of transducer
Transducers are devices that convert one form of energy to another. They have two main parts: a sensing element that responds to a physical input, and a transduction element that converts the sensor's output to an electrical signal. Transducers can be classified in several ways, including as active or passive. Active transducers generate their own electrical output without an external power source, while passive transducers require an external power source and produce an output by changing an electrical parameter. Transducers can also be primary or secondary, where primary transducers convert a physical quantity into a mechanical signal and secondary transducers then convert the mechanical signal to electrical.
Wheatstone bridge
The Wheatstone bridge is a circuit invented in 1833 by Samuel Hunter Christie to measure an unknown electrical resistance. It uses a galvanometer to monitor a balanced state where no current flows through the galvanometer (ig=0). By adjusting variable resistors to reach this balanced state, the mathematical ratio of the arms can be used to calculate the fourth unknown resistance. The Wheatstone bridge found many applications in measuring strain, locating breaks in power lines, and indirectly measuring other variables that impact electrical resistance, such as temperature, force, and pressure.
Energy meter
The energy meter measures electrical energy consumption by using an aluminum disc that rotates between electromagnets based on the current and voltage in the circuit. The disc's rotation is opposed by eddy currents induced in a brake magnet to keep the rotational speed proportional to the power used. The number of revolutions is recorded to indicate energy consumed in kilowatt-hours.
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6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)
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Technical Drawings introduction to drawing of prisms
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Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming Pipelines
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2. Operations Strategy in a Global Environment.ppt
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Generative AI leverages algorithms to create various forms of content
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Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...
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Semiconductor devices
- 2. PN Diode
- 4. Junction Field Effect Transistor
- 5. Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET- MOSFET
- 8. Zener Diode
- 9. Tunnel Diode
- 11. • Reference Books • Donald A. Neamen, “ Semiconductor physics and Devices “,Tata McGraw Hill, 3rd Edition, 2007 • Millman&Halkias, "Electronic Devices & Circuits", Tata McGraw Hill, 2nd Edition, 2007. • Malvino A P, “Electronic Principles”, , McGraw Hill International, 7th Edition 2006. • David.A.Bell, "Electronic Devices & Circuits ", Oxford University Press, 5th Edition 2008. • Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky, "Electronic Devices & Circuit Theory", 9th Pearson Education Edition, 2009.