The difference between natural and man-made disasters is the element of human intent or negligence that leads to human suffering and environmental damage; many mirror natural disasters, yet man has a direct hand in their occurrence.Another man-made disaster that seems to be happening more frequently is explosions. One of the most stunningly visual ones was in Puerto Rico in 2009. It was so intense, it even set off a natural disaster - an earthquake. The actual explosion was caused by a large gasoline tank at the Caribbean Petroleum Corporation oil refinery and oil depot. The smoke plume reached as high as 30,000 feet.

2. The word "terrorism" is politically and emotionally charged.
This greatly compounds the difficulty of providing a precise definition.
"Terror" comes from the Latin verb terrere meaning "to frighten“.
The word "terrorist" became a term of abuse.

4. There Are Two Causes of
Terrorism
All terrorist acts are motivated by two things:
•Social and political injustice: People choose terrorism when
they are trying to right what they perceive to be a social or
political or historical wrong—when they have been stripped of
their land or rights, or denied these.
•The belief that violence or its threat will be effective, and usher in
change. Another way of saying this is: the belief that violent means
justify the ends. Many terrorists in history said sincerely that they
chose violence after long deliberation, because they felt they had no
choice.

5. Economic Impact of Terrorism
The economic impact of terrorism can be calculated from a variety of
perspectives.
There are direct costs to property and immediate effects on
productivity, as well as longer term indirect costs of responding to
terrorism.
Economists and others have tried to calculate the economic impact of
terrorism for years in areas beset by attacks, such as Spain's Basque
region and Israel.
The direct cost of the September 11 attack has been estimated at
somewhat over $20 billion

7. Economists also assess terrorism's impact on global supply chains
 A supply chain is the sequence of steps that suppliers of goods take
to get products from one area to another

8. HOW MANY
TYPES OF
TERRORISM
ARE THERE?
Lets know
In early 1975, the Law Enforcement Assistant Administration in the United
States formed the National Advisory Committee on Criminal Justice
Standards and Goals. One of the five volumes that the committee wrote was
entitled Disorders and Terrorism, produced by the Task Force on Disorders
and Terrorism.

9. The Task Force classified terrorism into six
categories
•Civil disorder – A form of collective violence interfering with the peace,
security, and normal functioning of the community.
•Political terrorism – Violent criminal behavior designed primarily to generate
fear in the community, or substantial segment of it, for political purposes.

10. •Non-Political terrorism – Terrorism that is not aimed at political purposes
but which exhibits “conscious design to create and maintain a high degree
of fear for coercive purposes, but the end is individual or collective gain
rather than the achievement of a political objective.”
•Quasi-terrorism – The activities incidental to the commission of crimes
of violence that are similar in form and method to genuine terrorism but
which nevertheless lack its essential ingredient. It is not the main purpose
of the quasi-terrorists to induce terror in the immediate victim as in the
case of genuine terrorism, but the quasi-terrorist uses the modalities and
techniques of the genuine terrorist and produces similar consequences
and reaction.[70] For example, the fleeing felon who takes hostages is a
quasi-terrorist, whose methods are similar to those of the genuine
terrorist but whose purposes are quite different.

11. Limited political terrorism – Genuine political terrorism is characterized by
a revolutionary approach; limited political terrorism refers to “acts of
terrorism which are committed for ideological or political motives but which
are not part of a concerted campaign to capture control of the state
•Official or state terrorism –"referring to nations whose rule is based upon fear and
oppression that reach similar to terrorism or such proportions.” It may also be
referred to as Structural Terrorism defined broadly as terrorist acts carried out by
governments in pursuit of political objectives, often as part of their foreign policy.
Number of failed, foiled or successful terrorist attacks by year and
type within the European Union. Source: Europol.[

13. The Persian Gulf War
 The Gulf War began with the same kind of religious bell ringing as our
political leaders today perform in an attempt to rally the American people
against the terrorists. In 1991 George Bush senior, with Billy Graham by his
side, declared the military action against Iraq, just and moral.
 And, behold, here cometh a chariot of men, with a couple of horsemen.
And he answered and said, Babylon is fallen, is fallen; and all the graven
images of her gods he hath broken unto the ground." -Isaiah 21:9
 As far as I know, there has not occurred a single instance of Islamic
terrorism on United States soil before the Gulf War

15.  However, since the 1991 war there have occurred not only the escalation
of hijacking and bombings of American aircraft and embassies but several
attempts have aimed to destroy buildings in the United States, one of which
proved partially successful in the 1993 World Trade Center bombing that killed
several people and caused considerable ground damage. The 2001 destruction
of the two WTC towers and the Pentagon made it the most extensive terrorist
action to this day.
 Yet the totals of all the terrorist actions against the United States pale by
comparison to the damage that the United States caused to Muslim human
beings during the Gulf War and this does not include our previous attacks in
other Islamic countries. Few Americans have awareness of this, nor do they seem
the least bit concerned when told of this fact.
 We seem to have forgotten that our past foreign policies against
certain Islamic factions have included using counter-terrorist acts as
for example during the Reagan administration when the CIA
attempted to kill the Hezbollah spiritual leader, Sheikh Fadlallah, by
using a car bomb to blow up a building near a Beirut mosque that
killed over 80 people and wounded 200 (Fadlallah escaped). Fadlallah
responded,

18.  I realized that America which boasts about combating terrorism in the world is in
fact carrying out terrorist acts through its intelligence services in the ugliest of ways."
The Gulf War escalated our terrorist actions (called war) to an extreme degree by
carpet bombing Iraq for an entire month before we sent in our tanks and artillery.
 I very well remember the reactions of my friends and coworkers during the days
of "victory" while the United States freed Kuwait. Their attitude toward Iraqis
approached a fever pitch of hatred and blood thirst just as those Palestinians who
celebrated the World Trade Center attacks by passing out candy to passers-by, even as
their leader, Yasser Arafat, expressed horror over the attacks. Not one of my faithful
American friends expressed remorse at those who died on the Iraqi side. At the time
of the declaration of war by George Bush, not only did most Americans not know the
reasons for the war, but they hadn't a clue as to where the tiny country of Kuwait
existed on the map. They simply accepted our political leaders reasoning without
question and rallied around the flag.
 Our unfortunate war history records that the first atomic bomb dropped on
human beings in Hiroshima resulted in at about 75,000 deaths and the Nagasaki
bomb resulted in about 40,000 deaths [World Almanac figures]. Compared to the
Japanese death toll this would make the Gulf War debacle more destructive than
a single atomic bomb, or at worst, three atomic bombs.

20.  Does any American today care about the Iraqi deaths? Amazingly some American think
that the Islamic terrorists and Iraqis don't care either. Yet on Sept. 11th 2001, the day of the
attack on the World Trade Towers, the Iraqi television played a patriotic song that began
with "Down with America!" Do you suppose they might still feel some resentment for the
deaths due to "collateral damage" in order to destroy one person named Saddam Hussein?
Unfortunately at the time of this writing, polls indicate that our political
leaders have managed to convince 85% of American citizens that war
appears justified and 65% agree to collateral damage even if it includes
children. So much for family values.

22. •negligence in conducting hot work,
such as welding, cutting or
grinding;
•improper use of candles;
•improper handling of flammable
or combustible liquids or
flammable gases in near-to-
potential ignition sources; and
•matches and cigarettes that are
improperly disposed of, or left
unattended near combustibles.

23. •damaged electrical conductors, plug wires or extension cords;
•use of faulty, modified or unapproved electrical equipment;
•insufficient space or clearance between electrical heating
equipment and combustibles;
•short or overloaded circuits;
•loose electrical connections; and
•lighting.
•unattended frying in pots or pans on stove tops;
need cooking appliances; and
•combustibles located dangerously close to cooking
equipment

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years.

32. 1. Make sure that all members of your family (age permitting) are familiar
with the escape route or routes which have been approved by the Local
Authority, and know how to call the Fire Brigade. The evacuation procedures
should be discussed with the landlord's representatives to ensure that your
information is correct. Where possible all residents should take part in fire
drills.
2. Even when you are at home do not leave children alone,
especially in rooms where heating or cooking appliances are in
use, and keep matches and lighters out of their reach.
3. Keep an eye on the elderly - make sure they take sensible fire
precautions, especially with cigarettes and pipes. Remind them to follow
the manufacturer's instructions when using electric blankets.

34. 4. Don't smoke in bed - it is a major cause of fires in the home.
Always finish your last cigarette or pipe before going into the
bedroom and make sure that you have put it out properly.
5. Do not keep spare paraffin containers in your flat or room. Ask
your landlord or caretaker whether the building has a safe place,
approved by the local authority, in which they can be stored.
6.Switch off all electrical appliances (except those that are
designed to be left on all the time) and remove the plugs
carefully - not by pulling the flex.
7. Smoke alarms are strongly recommended in landings, halls,
living rooms and bedrooms (except where those rooms are used
for cooking).

36. On May 10, 1993, a major fire at the Kader Industrial (Thailand) Co. Ltd. factory
located in the Nakhon Pathom Province of Thailand killed 188 workers (Grant and
Klem 1994). This disaster stands as the world’s worst accidental loss-of-life fire in an
industrial building in recent history, a distinction held for 82 years by the Triangle
Shirtwaist factory fire that killed 146 workers in New York City (Grant 1993). Despite
the years between these two disasters, they share striking similarities.
Various domestic and international agencies have focused on this incident following its
occurrence. With respect to fire protection concerns, the National Fire Protection
Association (NFPA) cooperated with the International Labour Organization (ILO) and with
the Bangkok Police Fire Brigade in documenting this fire.
In Thailand, the Kader fire has created a great deal of interest about the
country’s fire safety measures, particularly its building code design requirements
and enforcement policies. Thai Prime Minister Chuan Leekpai, who travelled to
the scene on the evening of the fire, has pledged that the government will
address fire safety issues. According to the Wall Street Journal (1993), Leekpai
has called for tough action against those who violate the safety laws. Thai
Industry Minister Sanan Kachornprasart is quoted as saying that “Those
factories without fire prevention systems will be ordered to install one, or we will
shut them down”.

37. The Wall Street Journal goes on to state that labour leaders, safety experts
and officials say that the Kader fire may help tighten building codes and
safety regulations, but they fear that lasting progress is still far off as
employers flout rules and governments allow economic growth to take
priority over worker safety.
Because the majority of the shares of Kader Industrial (Thailand) Co. Ltd. are
owned by foreign interests, the fire has also fuelled international debate about
foreign investors’ responsibilities for ensuring the safety of the workers in their
sponsoring country. Twenty per cent of the Kader shareholders are from Taiwan,
and 79.96% are from Hong Kong. A mere 0.04% of Kader is owned by Thai
nationals.
Moving into a global economy implies that products are manufactured at one
location and used at other locations throughout the world. Desire for
competitiveness in this new market should not lead to compromise in
fundamental industrial fire safety provisions. There is a moral obligation to
provide workers with an adequate level of fire protection, no matter where they
are located.

38. The Kader facility, which manufactured stuffed toys and plastic dolls primarily
intended for export to the United States and other developed countries, is located in
the Sam Phran District of Nakhon Pathom Province. This is not quite halfway
between Bangkok and the nearby city of Kanchanaburi, the site of the infamous
Second World War railroad bridge over the River Kwai.
The structures that were destroyed in the blaze were all owned and operated
directly by Kader, which owns the site. Kader has two sister companies that also
operate at the location on a lease arrangement.
The Kader Industrial (Thailand) Co. Ltd. was first registered on 27 January 1989,
but the company’s licence was suspended on 21 November 1989, after a fire on 16
August 1989 destroyed the new plant. This fire was attributed to the ignition of
polyester fabric used in the manufacture of dolls in a spinning machine. After the
plant was rebuilt, the Ministry of Industry allowed it to reopen on 4 July 1990.
Each building at the plant was equipped with a fire alarm system. None of the
buildings had automatic sprinklers, but portable extinguishers and hose stations were
installed on outside walls and in the stairwells of each building. None of the structural
steel in the building was fireproofed.

39. The day after the fire, Sriwichai II Hospital reported that it had kept 111 fire victims.
The Kasemrat Hospital received 120; Sriwichai Pattanana received 60; Sriwichai I
received 50; Ratanathibet I received 36; Siriraj received 22; and Bang Phai received
17. The remaining 53 injured workers were sent to various other medical facilities in
the area. In all, 22 hospitals throughout Bangkok and Nakhon Pathom Province
participated in treating victims of the disaster.
Determining the cause of this fire became a challenge because the portion of the facility
in which it began was totally destroyed and the survivors have provided conflicting
information. Since the fire started near a large electrical control panel, investigators first
thought that problems with the electrical system might have been the cause. They also
considered arson. At this time, however, Thai authorities feel that a carelessly discarded
cigarette may have been the source of ignition.

42. Road accidents can occur due to various reasons.
They have become a common occurrence today. Some people are lucky to get
away with few scratches. However, some people tend to suffer serious injuries
such as loss of limb or any other part of the body. Certain injuries are very serious
and can cripple you for life.
There are various causes of accidents
 Some people drive away too fast or do so under the influence of alcohol. This is
known to be one of the prime reasons for accident. Sometimes, the injuries prove
fatal. They may also result in loss of life. If you or anyone known to you was
involved in an accident, you can make a claim.
The other noticeable cause of accident is speeding.
This also involves reckless driving. Bad weather and roads can also lead to an
accident.

43. Bad road conditions can also lead to accidents. Roads with potholes, un-cleared
oil spill, absence of street signs, street lights, barricades over bridges, can all lead to
an accident. During such conditions, even an experienced driver can also meet with
an accident. Whatever be the reason for accident, you can get compensation by
making a claim.
You can make no win no fee personal injury claim. Under this provision, you
need not pay any fees if you lose the claims case. You are not liable to pay any
fees to the solicitors. It is very popular with victims of accidents as they can save
their money. You can also approach a team of personal injury solicitors who will
guide you to make a claim successfully.

44. ON THE ROAD
Don't use your mobile phone whilst driving
Making or receiving a call, even using a hands-free
phone, can distract your attention from driving and
could lead to an accident.
Belt up in the back
In a collision, an unbelted rear seat passenger can
kill or seriously injure the driver or a front seat
passenger.
Don't drink and drive
Any alcohol, even a small amount, can impair your
driving so be a safe driver don't drink and drive.

47. Car accidents are responsible for one death every 13 minutes in this country.
National statistics show that in 2005, the U.S. reported over 6,420,000
automobile accidents. Those are staggering numbers for auto collisions. If
that number could be reduced by 1/3 or even 1/10, many lives could be
spared and grief avoided. With a few common sense tips and practical
advice, anyone can take precautions to avoid a car accident.

48. A driver refueled his compact car at a gas station and drove away from the place via
one of the
exits, see. Instead of turning right at the exit, as a road sign near the exit dictates, he
crossed the adjacent three traffic lanes and stopped at the double-lined median of the
road, see
. When he was about to cross the double-line, not in keeping with the regulations, a
motorcycle approached the car from the left. The rider, driving along the road as
tried to stop his bike, but the braking man oeuvre was not successful and he crashed
into the car.
The driver of the car was unharmed; the motorcycle rider was lucky and suffered only
from
minor injuries. See for the severe damages of the vehicles.

49. A motorcycle rider was driving on a country road. While following the road, which makes a
gentle right turn, he approaches a bicycle rider from behind. Figure 5 was taken in opposite
direction of the direction the bike and the bicycle were going and shows the right turn of the
road
in the background. As the motorcycle rider wants to pass the bicycle rider, both riders and
vehicles collide and slide off the road into the grass. Both accident victims were severely
injured
and have no memories of the accident. Skidmarks and traces of fluid, which had escaped from
the motorcycle were found on the road, see red markings on Fig. 6. Windshield, head lamp and
instrument panel of the motorbike were almost completely destroyed by the collision, as shown
in Fig.7. The bicycle was deformed and bent, with a cracked frame and a sheared off left pedal,
see Fig. 8.