The document discusses different approaches to international security:
- Realism views states as rational actors pursuing self-interest and security through amassing power.
- Neoliberalism defines security broadly and argues for international cooperation on issues like health and environment.
- Liberalism also emphasizes cooperation through international institutions to manage security issues.
The document includes quotes from George Kennan and Thomas Hobbes discussing realist perspectives on security and power.
Political Science 7 – International Relations - Power Point #5John Paul Tabakian
This document provides an overview of several topics discussed in Dr. Tabakian's Political Science 7 course on modern world governments, including: liberal institutionalism and international regimes; collective security; the waning of war; peace studies; democratic peace theory; and feminist approaches to international relations. Key theorists discussed include Kant, Keohane, Nye, and Wendt. The document also summarizes perspectives on gender in war and peace, and the roles and impacts of women in international relations.
War can result from several factors according to theories discussed in the document. One theory is that as populations grow and seek more resources and land, conflicts and wars may result as countries fight over scarce resources. Another theory is that countries act based on their perceptions of other countries' intentions but without full information, they may miscalculate and end up in wars through miscommunication and misunderstanding. A third theory is that countries will pursue actions that are in their own rational self-interest, which could at times lead to wars over security, power, or wealth depending on the national interests and cost-benefit calculations of countries.
This document provides an overview of international relations theory, including concepts of security in the international arena. It discusses traditional security approaches focused on the state and military concerns, as well as more modern human security approaches. It also outlines several theoretical perspectives in international relations like realism, liberalism, constructivism, and compares realism and liberalism. Key concepts covered include the multi-sum security principle, women in international security, and the UNDP human security proposal.
The document summarizes the key tenets of realism in US foreign policy according to Patrick Kallahan's book "Logics of American Foreign Policy". The main points of realism are that international relations is inherently a competition for power, military power is essential for national security, and foreign policy should maintain the balance of power. Realism also holds that morality has no place in foreign relations and states primarily act in their own self-interest. The document then discusses different branches and strategies of realism, such as internal balancing and external balancing, and provides examples of how realism has influenced US foreign policy throughout history.
Political Science 7 – International Relations - Power Point #5John Paul Tabakian
This document provides an overview of several topics discussed in Dr. Tabakian's Political Science 7 course on modern world governments, including: liberal institutionalism and international regimes; collective security; the waning of war; peace studies; democratic peace theory; and feminist approaches to international relations. Key theorists discussed include Kant, Keohane, Nye, and Wendt. The document also summarizes perspectives on gender in war and peace, and the roles and impacts of women in international relations.
War can result from several factors according to theories discussed in the document. One theory is that as populations grow and seek more resources and land, conflicts and wars may result as countries fight over scarce resources. Another theory is that countries act based on their perceptions of other countries' intentions but without full information, they may miscalculate and end up in wars through miscommunication and misunderstanding. A third theory is that countries will pursue actions that are in their own rational self-interest, which could at times lead to wars over security, power, or wealth depending on the national interests and cost-benefit calculations of countries.
This document provides an overview of international relations theory, including concepts of security in the international arena. It discusses traditional security approaches focused on the state and military concerns, as well as more modern human security approaches. It also outlines several theoretical perspectives in international relations like realism, liberalism, constructivism, and compares realism and liberalism. Key concepts covered include the multi-sum security principle, women in international security, and the UNDP human security proposal.
The document summarizes the key tenets of realism in US foreign policy according to Patrick Kallahan's book "Logics of American Foreign Policy". The main points of realism are that international relations is inherently a competition for power, military power is essential for national security, and foreign policy should maintain the balance of power. Realism also holds that morality has no place in foreign relations and states primarily act in their own self-interest. The document then discusses different branches and strategies of realism, such as internal balancing and external balancing, and provides examples of how realism has influenced US foreign policy throughout history.
This document provides an overview of key concepts from a political science lecture on international relations theory, including rational choice theory, realism, liberalism, and the role of state and non-state actors. It discusses how international relations theory aims to understand and prevent conflict through power management. Realism is examined in particular, noting it views states as primarily concerned with self-interest and survival in an anarchic system.
The document provides an introduction to the study of U.S. foreign policy. It distinguishes foreign policy from international relations by noting foreign policy focuses specifically on a single state within the international system. The document then covers key factors in U.S. foreign policy like the international system and distribution of power as well as U.S. politics and society. It concludes by giving a brief historical overview of early American foreign policy including independence, exceptionalism, and economic interests.
This document provides an overview of several topics covered in Dr. Tabakian's Political Science 7 course on modern world governments, including:
1. Liberal theories such as liberal institutionalism, international regimes, and democratic peace theory that provide alternative perspectives to realism.
2. Other social theories covered like constructivism, feminism, postmodernism, and Marxism and their relationship to gender theories.
3. Specific concepts are then defined further like collective security, the waning of war, peace studies, women in international relations, and Immanuel Kant's views on promoting peace. Case studies on topics like children in war, Sudan, and liberal challenges to realism are also mentioned.
The document discusses the concept of balance of power in international relations. It provides definitions from various scholars throughout history. Some key points:
1) Balance of power refers to a state of equilibrium or distribution of power among states so that no single state can dominate the others and impose its will.
2) Scholars have defined it as both an equality of power distribution as well as a disequilibrium, with states preferring a balance in their own favor.
3) It has been used to describe a policy, system, status, and symbol in international politics throughout the ages from the 15th to 19th centuries.
4) There is no universal agreement on its precise meaning as it can refer to
This presentation is on structural realism. It explains the different or similar views of offensive and defensive realists on stability, war and best possible stable international system.
2013-2014 International Relations Lecture Slidesabhishekmaity
The document outlines topics that will be covered in a course on global affairs and politics. It includes 14 sections that will be covered: introduction, nation states, types of governments, asking the right questions, thinking strategically about world politics, the evolution of political theories, nationalism, globalization and transnationalism, international organizations, national power and diplomacy, international law and morality, national and international security, international political economy and cooperation, and human rights, the environment and technology. The document provides an overview of the scope and content of the course.
War is the oldest and most prevalent issue in international relations according to the document. The document discusses different types of war such as interstate wars between states, intrastate wars within states, and total wars involving multiple great powers. Theoretical reasons for war presented include the international system structure, power transitions between states, and miscalculations between states. The document also discusses the just war tradition which asserts criteria for a just cause of war and conduct during war, differentiating between combatants and noncombatants and using proportionate violence.
1. The document discusses how globalization has changed the nature of international security threats. Whereas states were previously the main security threats, new threats have emerged from global criminal networks and failed states.
2. It argues that the future of international security will be a "consociational" system with a bipolar structure dominated by the US and China as emerging hegemonic powers. States will align with Western or Eastern societies but there will be no single global identity.
3. Accepting conflicting ideologies through open trade, addressing the root causes that enable threats like terrorism, and developing a shared understanding of threats will be key to providing security within this new global structure.
The document discusses several major theoretical paradigms for explaining cooperation and conflict in international relations, including realism, liberalism, and constructivism. It provides an overview of key theories within each paradigm related to topics like alliances, polarity, and economic interdependence. Major theories discussed include democratic peace theory, balance of power, and theories of rivalry and territory. The document aims to explain the theoretical foundations and logical progression from premises to fully developed international relations theories.
This document discusses the differences between hard power and soft power in international relations. Hard power refers to coercion and military force, while soft power involves persuasion and attraction. It notes that after WWII, the US had significant hard and soft power, relying more on hard power after 9/11. Soft power involves attracting others through culture, values and policies. While hard power is sometimes necessary, many countries now focus on soft power approaches. The conclusion debates whether it is better for a country to be feared or loved in international relations.
strategic studies and international relationsTallat Satti
This document discusses the history and development of security studies as a sub-discipline of international relations. It covers the key assumptions and paradigms of security studies, including the realist, rationalist, and revolutionary traditions. The document then outlines the periodization of security studies, covering developments from the inter-war period through post-Cold War debates around conceptualizing security. Key topics discussed include the rise of nuclear weapons and deterrence theory, declines in security studies during détente, and expanding notions of security to include human and environmental dimensions.
Slide 10 WestCal Political Science 5 Western Political Thought 2016WestCal Academy
Political Science 5 - Western Political Thought provides an overall perspective of major political movements of history from the rising of Egyptian, Greek and Roman Empires to Fascism and Communism as seen by great political thinkers from Plato, Aristotle, and St. Augustine, Machiavelli, Marx, and Lenin. Students will analyze the most important ideas and theories that have been developed from the time of the ancient Greeks to the present day. Students will learn that the American Founding Fathers designed a viable representative government by first dedicating themselves to careful study of the political philosophy of Europeans, with particular attention given to British political thinkers from the 16th and 17th century. The founding fathers focused primarily on the natural rights of man, which in turn varied according to the individual philosopher studied. Over the course of their study, the founding fathers openly discussed their opinions with one another so as to properly bring forth differing views in order to prudently construct a government that would protect individual liberty, as well as determine what was required of government to protect civil liberties. The class is taught from the perspective of industry professionals with knowledge of how classical and modern political continues to influence American government. Students will learn of multiple career options relating to the field of political science.
This document outlines different types of conflicts including hegemonic war, total war, limited war, civil war, and guerilla war. It then discusses various levels of analyzing conflict from the individual, domestic, interstate, and global levels. Six main types of conflicts are identified: ethnic, religious, ideological, territorial, governmental, and economic. Causes of conflicts such as nationalism, ethnic tensions, religious fundamentalism, territorial disputes, and proliferation of weapons are also examined.
The document discusses different definitions and perspectives on terrorism. It presents several competing definitions from various news articles and outlines key issues around defining terrorism, including: methods/results used; who the perpetrators and targets are; motives; and points of view. Students are asked to develop their own "terrorism checklist" based on these issues and use it to evaluate different scenarios. The document emphasizes that there is no single agreed definition of terrorism and explores how the term is used for political advantage.
This document provides an overview of realism as a theoretical perspective in international relations and global politics. It discusses two main versions of realism - classical realism and structural realism. Classical realism sees the pursuit of power as an innate human tendency, while structural realism views it as a result of the anarchic nature of the international system.
The document then contrasts offensive and defensive structural realism. Offensive realism believes states should maximize their power and pursue hegemony whenever possible to ensure survival. Defensive realism argues this is strategically foolish and states should seek an "appropriate" amount of power to avoid triggering a balancing response from other states. The document concludes by outlining how offensive and defensive realists
The document discusses different perspectives on realism in international relations. It begins by summarizing key events related to the Bretton Woods system and the Marshall Plan. It then discusses the Melian Dialogue case study on realism and power politics. The Athenians assert their military dominance over the Melians, exemplifying realist views of power determining justice. The document defines realism as states pursuing self-interest and power in an anarchic system. It outlines the basic assumptions of realism and contrasts them with idealism. It also examines different traditions in realism through thinkers like Thucydides, Hobbes, Machiavelli, and Rousseau. The evolution and different types of realism are summarized,
This document discusses terrorism and proposes non-violent remedies. It defines terrorism and provides statistics on terrorist attacks from 1970 to present. It examines the causes that drive people to terrorism, such as economic deprivation and social injustice. The author argues that combating terrorism through violent means only breeds more hatred and militants. Non-violent measures like education, employment, developing civil society, entrepreneurship and ending hatred are proposed to effectively address the root causes of terrorism over time. Famous quotes from Dalai Lama and Gandhi emphasize that non-violence and addressing underlying political and social issues are necessary to resolve conflicts and end the threat of terrorism.
The document outlines the Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research's (HIIKR) definition of political conflict and their methodology for measuring conflict intensity on a scale from dispute to war. A political conflict involves at least two assertive actors with opposing positions on issues relevant to a society, carried out through observable measures outside of established procedures that threaten core state functions or international order. The HIIKR system classifies conflicts as disputes, non-violent crises, violent crises, limited wars, or wars based on the level of physical violence used and the consequences of conflict measures.
The document summarizes different types of international conflicts:
- Contemporary wars are occurring in the global South, particularly in Iraq, Western Sudan, and Afghanistan. Most peace agreements in postwar zones are holding.
- Types of war include hegemonic war, total war, limited war, civil war, and guerrilla war. The largest drivers of conflict are ethnic, religious, ideological, territorial, governmental, and economic. Nationalism has also been a major force shaping conflicts over the past two centuries.
This document provides an overview of terrorism, including its definition, historical background, causes and conditions that facilitate its start and survival, as well as strategies to curb it. It discusses terrorism in terms of initiating "pull factors" and "push factors" that motivate individuals to engage in terrorism. It also analyzes sustaining conditions like marginalization, identity politics and lack of political empowerment. The document recommends a multidimensional and coordinated long-term approach, including addressing socioeconomic grievances, improving criminal justice systems, and increasing regional/global cooperation to counter terrorism.
The document discusses some of the hidden dangers of using Facebook based on an expert's analysis. It outlines 5 main risks: 1) personal information being shared with third parties through applications and connections; 2) privacy settings reverting to less safe defaults with site redesigns; 3) ads potentially containing malware; 4) friends unintentionally exposing personal information; and 5) profile information retention even after deleting accounts. The expert warns that Facebook's business practices sometimes compromise users' privacy for marketing goals.
The document provides an overview of realism and idealism in international relations. [1] Realism emphasizes that nation-states are motivated by national interests and pursue power, while idealism stresses peace and cooperation between states. [2] The document outlines the key assumptions and types of realism, and discusses thinkers like Thomas Hobbes and the Peloponnesian War. [3] It also defines idealism as promoting universal ethics, peace, and limiting the use of military force between states.
This document provides an overview of key concepts from a political science lecture on international relations theory, including rational choice theory, realism, liberalism, and the role of state and non-state actors. It discusses how international relations theory aims to understand and prevent conflict through power management. Realism is examined in particular, noting it views states as primarily concerned with self-interest and survival in an anarchic system.
The document provides an introduction to the study of U.S. foreign policy. It distinguishes foreign policy from international relations by noting foreign policy focuses specifically on a single state within the international system. The document then covers key factors in U.S. foreign policy like the international system and distribution of power as well as U.S. politics and society. It concludes by giving a brief historical overview of early American foreign policy including independence, exceptionalism, and economic interests.
This document provides an overview of several topics covered in Dr. Tabakian's Political Science 7 course on modern world governments, including:
1. Liberal theories such as liberal institutionalism, international regimes, and democratic peace theory that provide alternative perspectives to realism.
2. Other social theories covered like constructivism, feminism, postmodernism, and Marxism and their relationship to gender theories.
3. Specific concepts are then defined further like collective security, the waning of war, peace studies, women in international relations, and Immanuel Kant's views on promoting peace. Case studies on topics like children in war, Sudan, and liberal challenges to realism are also mentioned.
The document discusses the concept of balance of power in international relations. It provides definitions from various scholars throughout history. Some key points:
1) Balance of power refers to a state of equilibrium or distribution of power among states so that no single state can dominate the others and impose its will.
2) Scholars have defined it as both an equality of power distribution as well as a disequilibrium, with states preferring a balance in their own favor.
3) It has been used to describe a policy, system, status, and symbol in international politics throughout the ages from the 15th to 19th centuries.
4) There is no universal agreement on its precise meaning as it can refer to
This presentation is on structural realism. It explains the different or similar views of offensive and defensive realists on stability, war and best possible stable international system.
2013-2014 International Relations Lecture Slidesabhishekmaity
The document outlines topics that will be covered in a course on global affairs and politics. It includes 14 sections that will be covered: introduction, nation states, types of governments, asking the right questions, thinking strategically about world politics, the evolution of political theories, nationalism, globalization and transnationalism, international organizations, national power and diplomacy, international law and morality, national and international security, international political economy and cooperation, and human rights, the environment and technology. The document provides an overview of the scope and content of the course.
War is the oldest and most prevalent issue in international relations according to the document. The document discusses different types of war such as interstate wars between states, intrastate wars within states, and total wars involving multiple great powers. Theoretical reasons for war presented include the international system structure, power transitions between states, and miscalculations between states. The document also discusses the just war tradition which asserts criteria for a just cause of war and conduct during war, differentiating between combatants and noncombatants and using proportionate violence.
1. The document discusses how globalization has changed the nature of international security threats. Whereas states were previously the main security threats, new threats have emerged from global criminal networks and failed states.
2. It argues that the future of international security will be a "consociational" system with a bipolar structure dominated by the US and China as emerging hegemonic powers. States will align with Western or Eastern societies but there will be no single global identity.
3. Accepting conflicting ideologies through open trade, addressing the root causes that enable threats like terrorism, and developing a shared understanding of threats will be key to providing security within this new global structure.
The document discusses several major theoretical paradigms for explaining cooperation and conflict in international relations, including realism, liberalism, and constructivism. It provides an overview of key theories within each paradigm related to topics like alliances, polarity, and economic interdependence. Major theories discussed include democratic peace theory, balance of power, and theories of rivalry and territory. The document aims to explain the theoretical foundations and logical progression from premises to fully developed international relations theories.
This document discusses the differences between hard power and soft power in international relations. Hard power refers to coercion and military force, while soft power involves persuasion and attraction. It notes that after WWII, the US had significant hard and soft power, relying more on hard power after 9/11. Soft power involves attracting others through culture, values and policies. While hard power is sometimes necessary, many countries now focus on soft power approaches. The conclusion debates whether it is better for a country to be feared or loved in international relations.
strategic studies and international relationsTallat Satti
This document discusses the history and development of security studies as a sub-discipline of international relations. It covers the key assumptions and paradigms of security studies, including the realist, rationalist, and revolutionary traditions. The document then outlines the periodization of security studies, covering developments from the inter-war period through post-Cold War debates around conceptualizing security. Key topics discussed include the rise of nuclear weapons and deterrence theory, declines in security studies during détente, and expanding notions of security to include human and environmental dimensions.
Slide 10 WestCal Political Science 5 Western Political Thought 2016WestCal Academy
Political Science 5 - Western Political Thought provides an overall perspective of major political movements of history from the rising of Egyptian, Greek and Roman Empires to Fascism and Communism as seen by great political thinkers from Plato, Aristotle, and St. Augustine, Machiavelli, Marx, and Lenin. Students will analyze the most important ideas and theories that have been developed from the time of the ancient Greeks to the present day. Students will learn that the American Founding Fathers designed a viable representative government by first dedicating themselves to careful study of the political philosophy of Europeans, with particular attention given to British political thinkers from the 16th and 17th century. The founding fathers focused primarily on the natural rights of man, which in turn varied according to the individual philosopher studied. Over the course of their study, the founding fathers openly discussed their opinions with one another so as to properly bring forth differing views in order to prudently construct a government that would protect individual liberty, as well as determine what was required of government to protect civil liberties. The class is taught from the perspective of industry professionals with knowledge of how classical and modern political continues to influence American government. Students will learn of multiple career options relating to the field of political science.
This document outlines different types of conflicts including hegemonic war, total war, limited war, civil war, and guerilla war. It then discusses various levels of analyzing conflict from the individual, domestic, interstate, and global levels. Six main types of conflicts are identified: ethnic, religious, ideological, territorial, governmental, and economic. Causes of conflicts such as nationalism, ethnic tensions, religious fundamentalism, territorial disputes, and proliferation of weapons are also examined.
The document discusses different definitions and perspectives on terrorism. It presents several competing definitions from various news articles and outlines key issues around defining terrorism, including: methods/results used; who the perpetrators and targets are; motives; and points of view. Students are asked to develop their own "terrorism checklist" based on these issues and use it to evaluate different scenarios. The document emphasizes that there is no single agreed definition of terrorism and explores how the term is used for political advantage.
This document provides an overview of realism as a theoretical perspective in international relations and global politics. It discusses two main versions of realism - classical realism and structural realism. Classical realism sees the pursuit of power as an innate human tendency, while structural realism views it as a result of the anarchic nature of the international system.
The document then contrasts offensive and defensive structural realism. Offensive realism believes states should maximize their power and pursue hegemony whenever possible to ensure survival. Defensive realism argues this is strategically foolish and states should seek an "appropriate" amount of power to avoid triggering a balancing response from other states. The document concludes by outlining how offensive and defensive realists
The document discusses different perspectives on realism in international relations. It begins by summarizing key events related to the Bretton Woods system and the Marshall Plan. It then discusses the Melian Dialogue case study on realism and power politics. The Athenians assert their military dominance over the Melians, exemplifying realist views of power determining justice. The document defines realism as states pursuing self-interest and power in an anarchic system. It outlines the basic assumptions of realism and contrasts them with idealism. It also examines different traditions in realism through thinkers like Thucydides, Hobbes, Machiavelli, and Rousseau. The evolution and different types of realism are summarized,
This document discusses terrorism and proposes non-violent remedies. It defines terrorism and provides statistics on terrorist attacks from 1970 to present. It examines the causes that drive people to terrorism, such as economic deprivation and social injustice. The author argues that combating terrorism through violent means only breeds more hatred and militants. Non-violent measures like education, employment, developing civil society, entrepreneurship and ending hatred are proposed to effectively address the root causes of terrorism over time. Famous quotes from Dalai Lama and Gandhi emphasize that non-violence and addressing underlying political and social issues are necessary to resolve conflicts and end the threat of terrorism.
The document outlines the Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research's (HIIKR) definition of political conflict and their methodology for measuring conflict intensity on a scale from dispute to war. A political conflict involves at least two assertive actors with opposing positions on issues relevant to a society, carried out through observable measures outside of established procedures that threaten core state functions or international order. The HIIKR system classifies conflicts as disputes, non-violent crises, violent crises, limited wars, or wars based on the level of physical violence used and the consequences of conflict measures.
The document summarizes different types of international conflicts:
- Contemporary wars are occurring in the global South, particularly in Iraq, Western Sudan, and Afghanistan. Most peace agreements in postwar zones are holding.
- Types of war include hegemonic war, total war, limited war, civil war, and guerrilla war. The largest drivers of conflict are ethnic, religious, ideological, territorial, governmental, and economic. Nationalism has also been a major force shaping conflicts over the past two centuries.
This document provides an overview of terrorism, including its definition, historical background, causes and conditions that facilitate its start and survival, as well as strategies to curb it. It discusses terrorism in terms of initiating "pull factors" and "push factors" that motivate individuals to engage in terrorism. It also analyzes sustaining conditions like marginalization, identity politics and lack of political empowerment. The document recommends a multidimensional and coordinated long-term approach, including addressing socioeconomic grievances, improving criminal justice systems, and increasing regional/global cooperation to counter terrorism.
The document discusses some of the hidden dangers of using Facebook based on an expert's analysis. It outlines 5 main risks: 1) personal information being shared with third parties through applications and connections; 2) privacy settings reverting to less safe defaults with site redesigns; 3) ads potentially containing malware; 4) friends unintentionally exposing personal information; and 5) profile information retention even after deleting accounts. The expert warns that Facebook's business practices sometimes compromise users' privacy for marketing goals.
The document provides an overview of realism and idealism in international relations. [1] Realism emphasizes that nation-states are motivated by national interests and pursue power, while idealism stresses peace and cooperation between states. [2] The document outlines the key assumptions and types of realism, and discusses thinkers like Thomas Hobbes and the Peloponnesian War. [3] It also defines idealism as promoting universal ethics, peace, and limiting the use of military force between states.
The document provides an overview of realism as a theory of international relations. It discusses classical realism focusing on thinkers like Thucydides, Machiavelli, Hobbes, and Morgenthau who saw states primarily pursuing power in an anarchic system. It also covers neo-realism of Waltz who analyzed how the distribution of power among states and different systems of polarity (unipolar, bipolar, multipolar) impact international relations. A key concept for neo-realists is the balance of power where states form alliances to balance more powerful states or coalitions. The prisoner's dilemma is used as a game theory example of why cooperation can be difficult due to lack of trust among states as real
Realism is an international relations theory that focuses on power and security. It has several core assumptions including that states are the main actors, their primary concern is survival in an anarchic system, and they will use whatever means necessary to ensure their security. There are different strands of realism including classical realism which emphasizes human nature and neo-realism which focuses more on the structure of the international system. Realism is criticized for being too state-centric and for justifying amoral actions in the name of survival. Overall, realism provides a lens for understanding international politics based on power dynamics between self-interested states.
The document provides an overview of basic concepts in international relations, including theories like realism, liberalism, and constructivism. It discusses key topics such as anarchy and security, national security, and the balance of power. The conclusion recognizes that while international relations theories have evolved over time, national interests and security remain important factors in global politics as states emphasize their own priorities and perspectives on issues.
This document provides an overview of key concepts from Dr. Tabakian's Political Science 7 course on modern world governments. It covers several international relations theories including realism, power theory, and rational choice theory. Realism is discussed in depth, focusing on how states pursue self-interest and power in an anarchic international system. The document also examines concepts like the national interest, deterrence, and explanations for the end of the Cold War from a realist perspective.
The Fearsome Grip of Terrorism (Causes and Solutions)Karan Khanna
Here is a presentation to give an idea of the current scenario of terrorism, its causes and certain solutions to fight it.Hope that I can successfully express my views on the topic.
The document discusses perspectives on international relations and the role of legitimacy and deception in politics and war. It outlines differences between realist and liberal perspectives, with realists viewing the international system as inherently conflictual and liberals being more optimistic about cooperation. It discusses Alexander Wendt's view that how states perceive anarchy shapes their behavior. Legitimacy is necessary to sustain war, as authorities must convince people war is necessary. There has been a shift towards new ideologies that dehumanize others and undermine respect for civilians. The three kinds of deception in politics are concealment, spinning, and lying, with lying being more accepted in international politics due to the anarchic system between states.
The strategic narrative outlines five key shifts: from control to credible influence in an open system; from containment to sustainment and domestic focus; from deterrence and defense to civilian engagement and embracing competition; from zero-sum to positive-sum global politics; and from national security to national prosperity and security. It argues the US should invest in sustainable prosperity at home and tools of global engagement to strengthen its influence, compete fairly, and leverage interdependencies to achieve security and prosperity.
The document discusses key concepts in international relations including the study of relationships between countries, international organizations, and non-state actors. It also examines different theories of international relations such as realism and structuralism. Several moral issues in international relations are explored like war, terrorism, human rights, poverty, and environmental protection.
Seventh generation warfare humanitarian terrorismekossof f
Humanitarian Action has become an instrument of power and domination. Disastars, where Nature fails to create them, stronger nations make an effort to create them, for Foreign policy and geopolitical advantages.
The document discusses several theories and approaches to international relations. It describes explanatory and constitutive theories, with explanatory theories taking a positivist approach to formulating hypotheses to explain phenomena based on assumptions, and constitutive theories adopting a social scientific method and broader scope. Realism and idealism/liberalism are described as traditional approaches, with realism focusing on state power and survival in an anarchic system and idealism advocating for collective security, democracy, and free trade. Neorealism and neoliberalism are system approaches described, with neorealism emphasizing the constraints of the anarchic system and neoliberalism seeing a role for non-state actors and the potential for international cooperation through institutions and inter
2. International security from different approaches
• In Realist approach, each state is seen as a rational actor who always pursues
self-interest, and the primary goal of each state is to ensure its own security. In
the pursuit of that security, states will attempt to amass resources, and relations
between states are determined by their relative level of power in terms of military
and economic capabilities.
• Neoliberalism defines "security", often arguing that factors such as health,
welfare, and environmental issues need to be included in institution-building
efforts, whether passive (non-interventionist) or active (interventionist).
• In Liberal approach, states rely on mutual cooperation to tackle global issues.
Managing security issues according to this theory requires the involvement of
international institutions, along with the cooperation of states to achieve this.
3. QUOTES
• The central point was lucidly explained in an internal document written in 1948 by George
Kennan, head of the State Department planning staff in the early post-World War II period:
"...we have about 50% of the world's wealth, but only 6.3% of its population...In this situation, we
cannot fail to be the object of envy and resentment. Our real task in the coming period is to
devise a pattern of relationships which will permit us to maintain this position of disparity
without positive detriment to our national security. To do so, we will have to dispense with all
sentimentality and day-dreaming; and our attention will have to be concentrate everywhere on
our immediate national objectives. We need not deceive ourselves that we can afford today
the luxury of altruism and world-benefaction...We should cease to talk about vague and--for
the Far East--unreal objectives such as human rights, the raising of the living standards, and
democratization. The day is not far off when we are going to have to deal in straight power
concepts. The less we are then hampered by idealistic slogans, the better.”
George F. Kennan
4. Thomas HOBBES
• “Whatsoever therefore is consequent to a time of war, where every man
is enemy to every man, the same consequent to the time wherein men
live without other security than what their own strength and their own
invention shall furnish them withal. In such condition there is no place for
industry... no knowledge of the face of the earth; no account of time; no
arts; no letters; no society; and which is worst of all, continual fear, and
danger of violent death; and the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish,
and short.”
― Thomas Hobbes
5. • A foreign policy aimed at the achievement of total security is the one thing I can think of that
is entirely capable of bringing this country to a point where it will have no security at all. And a
ruthless, reckless insistence on attempting to stamp out everything that could conceivably
constitute a reflection of improper foreign influence in our national life, regardless of the
actual damage it is doing to the cost of eliminating it, in terms of other American values, is the
one thing I can think of that should reduce us all to a point where the very independence we
are seeking to defend would be meaningless, for we would be doing things to ourselves as
vicious and tyrannical as any that might be brought to us from outside.
• This sort of extremism seems to me to hold particular danger for a democracy, because it
creates a curious area between what is held to be possible and what is really possible — an
area within which government can always be plausibly shown to have been most dangerously
delinquent in the performance of its tasks. And this area, where government is always
deficient, provides the ideal field of opportunity for every sort of demagoguery and mischief-
making. It constitutes a terrible breach in the dike of our national morale, through which
forces of doubt and suspicion never cease to find entry. The heart of our problem, here, lies
in our assessment of the relative importance of the various dangers among which we move;
and until many of our people can be brought to understand the what we have to do is not to
secure a total absence of danger but to balance peril against peril and to find the tolerable
degree of each, we shall not wholly emerge from these confusions.
• Radcliffe Commencement Address (1954-06-16), published as "The Illusion of Total Security"
in The Atlantic Monthly, # 194 (August 1954)
•
George F. Kennan
6. • "Memo PPS23", written 28 February 1948, declassified 17 June 1974
• We must be very careful when we speak of exercising "leadership" in Asia. We
are deceiving ourselves and others when we pretend to have answers to the
problems, which agitate many of these Asiatic peoples. Furthermore, we have
about 50% of the world's wealth but only 6.3 of its population. This disparity is
particularly great as between ourselves and the peoples of Asia. In this situation,
we cannot fail to be the object of envy and resentment. Our real task in the
coming period is to devise a pattern of relationships, which will permit us to
maintain this position of disparity without positive detriment to our national
security. To do so we will have to dispense with all sentimentality and
daydreaming; and our attention will have to be concentrated everywhere on our
immediate national objectives. We need not deceive ourselves that we can afford
today the luxury of altruism and world benefaction...
In the face of this situation we would be better off to dispense now with a number
of the concepts which have underlined our thinking with regard to the Far East.
We should dispense with the aspiration to 'be liked' or to be regarded as the
repository of a high-minded international altruism. We should stop putting
ourselves in the position of being our brothers' keeper and refrain from offering
moral and ideological advice. We should cease to talk about vague — and for the
Far East — unreal objectives such as human rights, the raising of the living
standards, and democratization. The day is not far off when we are going to have
to deal in straight power concepts. The less we are hampered by idealistic
slogans, the better.
•
George F. Kennan
7. John mEARSHEIMER
• The optimists' claim that security competition and war among the great powers
has been burned out of the system is wrong. In fact all of the major states
around the globe still care deeply about the balance of power among
themselves for the foreseeable future.
• Chapter 10, Great Power Politics in the Twenty First Century, p. 361
8. IN MY OPINION…
I think realist approach to security is better than others because realists argue that human nature is
insatiable and selfish. Individuals only care about their personal interests. This theory assumes that the
international system is mainly anarchic because there isn’t a central authority. Consequently, states must
protect their national security. Also the states should protect the needs of citizens by any means
necessary. There are two key security management techniques. One is balance of power and the other
is deterrence method. From realist perspective security management centers largely on balance of
power within the international system. This fundamental term refers to system polarity. System polarity is
a number of potent states apply power in the international system. In a balance of power, states must
hold a continuous level of equilibrium by negotiating . Thus by keeping the balance of power, the
emergence of a ‘hegemon’ or dominating state is being avoided. According to realism, in the international
system, a lack of stability in a equilibrated system leads to insecurity. To secure each others interests,
there must be a stability between states. Thus this prevents the need for war. In deterrence theory,
realists think that to threat a state to use force may preclude war. For this to succeed, aggressors must
be made cognisant of the possible threat which is posed by the opponent states. There are some
fundamental assumptions that realists make about this method of security control:
•Decision makers are reasonable and they perpetually want to avoid prevent war through alternative
methods.
•Logical decision makers will not attack nuclear states. These kind of states pose a far greater and
annihilating threat.
•A prosperous intervention by logical decision makers can be possible if the aggressor-threat is
momentous and extensive.
So it’s the best way to maintain the security and preventing wars since the individuals are mean and the
states would do anything for money and success in our days. In other words, it is essential to provide
self-help, deterrence and balance of power to provide security.