The document is a report on war and terrorism submitted by students of mechanical engineering. It begins with an introduction to the topics of war and terrorism, including definitions, history and types. It then discusses some major wars in world history, the effects of war, and ongoing conflicts. It also covers the topics of terrorism, wars and terrorist attacks in India, Naxalism in India, and concludes with a bibliography.

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PRESENTATION AND REPORT ON
WAR & TERRORISM
SUBMITTED BY
1425003 JIGAR ADHIYA
1425005 OMANG KARIA
1425009 GIRISHKUMAR PANCHAL
1425010 DIVYESH PANCHAL
1425012 AKSHAY GUJARATHI
1215064 MANASVI RATHOD
FACULTY GUIDE
Ms. NARGIS KHAN
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
K. J. SOMAIYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
VIDYAVIHAR, MUMBAI-400 077
2015 – 2016

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K. J. SOMAIYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled “WAR &
TERRORISM” embodies the work done by the students of the
Department of Mechanical Engineering, semester V, batch A4.
JIGAR ADHIYA (1425003)
OMANG KARIA (1425005)
GIRISHKUMAR PANCHAL (1425009)
DIVYESH PANCHAL (1425010)
AKSHAY GUJARATHI (1425012)
MANASVI RATHOD (1215064)
As the partial fulfilment of the syllabus of “BUSINESS
COMMUNICATION AND ETHICS” laid down by
UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI
2015-16
Ms. NARGIZ KHAN PROF. S. S. BHUSNOOR
(SUBJECT INCHARGE) (H.O.D.)
COLLEGE SEAL

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CONTENTS
SR.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.
1 WAR 4
1.1 ETYMOLOGY 6
1.2 TYPES 6
1.3 HISTORY 12
1.4 MAJOR WARS IN THE WORLD 17
1.5 EFFECTS 24
1.6 FACTORS ENDING A WAR 29
2 TERRORISM 31
2.1 HISTORY OF TERRORISM 34
2.2 TYPES OF TERRORISM 37
2.3 TERRORISM IN 21ST
CENTURY 39
3
WARS & TERRORIST ATTACKS IN
INDIA 50
4 NAXALISM IN INDIA 62
5 ONGOING CONFLICTS 66
6 BIBLIOGRAPHY 75

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WAR
War is a state of armed conflict between societies. It is generally
characterized by extreme collective aggression, destruction, and
usually high mortality. The set of techniques and actions used to
conduct war is known as warfare. An absence of war is usually
called "peace". Total war is warfare that is not restricted to
purely legitimate military targets, and can result in
massive civilian or other non-combatant casualties.
While some scholars see war as a universal and ancestral aspect
of human nature, others argue that it is only a result of specific
socio-cultural or ecological circumstances.
In 2013 war resulted in 31,000 deaths down from 72,000
deaths in 1990. The deadliest war in history, in terms of the
cumulative number of deaths since its start, is the Second World
War, with 60–85 million deaths, followed by the Mongol
conquests which was greater than 41 million. Proportionally
speaking, the most destructive war in modern history is the War
of the Triple Alliance, which took the lives of over 60%
of Paraguay's population, according to Steven Pinker. In
2003, Richard Smalley identified war as the sixth (of ten) biggest
problem facing humanity for the next fifty years. War usually

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results in significant deterioration of infrastructure and the
ecosystem, a decrease in social spending, famine, large-scale
emigration from the war zone, and often the mistreatment
of prisoners of war or civilians.
The Mongal conquest of 13th
century
Bombay during USA-Afghanistan War

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Etymology:
The English word war derives from the late Old English
(circa.1050) words wyrre and werre; the Old French werre;
theFrankish werra; and the Proto-Germanic werso. The
denotation of war derives from the Old Saxon werran, Old High
Germanwerran, and the German verwirren: “to confuse”, “to
perplex”, and “to bring into confusion”. Another posited
derivation is from the Ancient Greek barbaros, the Old
Persian varhara, and the Sanskrit varvar and barbara. In
German, the equivalent isKrieg; the Spanish, Portuguese, and
Italian term for "war" is guerra, derived from the
Germanic werra (“fight”, “tumult”). Etymologic legend has it
that the Romanic peoples adopted a foreign, Germanic word for
"war", to avoid using the Latinbellum, because, when sounded,
it tended to merge with the sound of the
word bello ("beautiful").
Types
War must entail some degree of confrontation using weapons
and other military technology and equipment by armed forces
employing military tactics and operational art within a
broad military strategy subject to military logistics. Studies of

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war by military theorists throughout military history have
sought to identify the philosophy of war, and to reduce it to
a military science.
Ruins of Guernica (1937). The Spanish Civil War was one of
Europe's bloodiest and most brutal civil wars.
Modern military science considers several factors before
a national defence policy is created to allow a war to
commence: the environment in the area(s) of combat
operations, the posture that national forces will adopt on the
commencement of a war, and the type of warfare that troops
will be engaged in.
Asymmetric warfare is a conflict between two populations of
drastically different levels of military capability or size.
Asymmetric conflicts often result in guerrillatactics being
used to overcome the sometimes vast gaps in technology and
force size.
Chemical warfare involves the intentional use of chemicals in
combat. Poison gas as a chemical weapon was principally
used during World War I, and resulted in an estimated 1.3
million casualties, including 100,000–260,000 civilians. Tens
of thousands or more civilians and military personnel died

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from chemical weapon effects such as scarring of the lungs,
skin damage, and cerebral damage in the years after the
Great War ended. Various treaties have sought to ban its
further use. Non-lethal chemical weapons, such as tear
gas and pepper spray, are widely used, sometimes with
deadly effect.
Civil war is a war where the forces in conflict belong to the
same nation or political entity and are vying for control of or
independence from that nation or political entity.
Conventional warfare is an attempt to reduce the enemy's
capability through open battle. It is a declared war between
existing states in which nuclear, biological, or chemical
weapons are not used or only see limited deployment in
support of conventional military goals and manoeuvres’.
Globalizing war refers to a form of war which extends
beyond the national or regional boundaries of the immediate
combatants to have implications for the whole planet. An
obvious example of this form of war is World War II, but
others such as the Vietnam War also qualify. Globalizing war
thus includes world war- with that category tending to be
restricted by convention to the two main

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examples. Transnational war, a cognate concept, refers to
wars fought locally, but with implications or hostilities across
the boundaries of nation-states.
Total war is warfare by any means possible, disregarding
the laws of war, placing no limits on legitimate military
targets, using weapons and tactics that result in
significant civilian casualties, or demanding a war effort that
requires significant sacrifices by the friendly civilian
population.
Nuclear warfare is warfare in which nuclear weapons are the
primary, or a major, method of coercing the capitulation of
the other side, as opposed to a supporting tactical or
strategic role in a conventional conflict.
Unconventional warfare, the opposite of conventional
warfare, is an attempt to achieve military victory through
acquiescence, capitulation, or clandestine support for one
side of an existing conflict.
War of aggression is a war for conquest or gain rather than
self-defence; this can be the basis of war crimes under
customary international law.

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The First Battle of Panipat (India)-1526 AD
American Civil War (1861-1865)

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Chemical Warfare During World War I
Nuclear Warfare: Hiroshima Bombing (World War II-1945)

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History
The earliest evidence of war belongs to the Mesolithic
cemetery Site 117, which has been determined to be
approximately 14,000 years old. About forty-five percent of the
skeletons there displayed signs of violent death. Since the rise
of the state some 5,000 years ago, military activity has occurred
over much of the globe. The advent of gunpowder and the
acceleration of technological advances led to modern warfare.
According to Conway W. Henderson, "One source claims that
14,500 wars have taken place between 3500 BC and the late
20th century, costing 3.5 billion lives, leaving only 300 years of
peace (Beer 1981: 20)." In War before Civilization, Lawrence H.
Keeley, a professor at the University of Illinois, says that
approximately 90–95% of known societies throughout history
engaged in at least occasional warfare, and many fought
constantly.
Keeley describes several styles of primitive combat such as small
raids, large raids, and massacres. All of these forms of warfare
were used by primitive societies, a finding supported by other
researchers. Keeley explains that early war raids were not well
organized, as the participants did not have any formal training.

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Scarcity of resources meant that defensive works were not a
cost effective way to protect the society against enemy raids.
William Rubinstein wrote that "Pre-literate societies, even those
organised in a relatively advanced way, were renowned for their
studied cruelty ... 'archaeology yields evidence of prehistoric
massacres more severe than any recounted in ethnography [i.e.,
after the coming of the Europeans]'. At Crow Creek, South
Dakota, as noted, archaeologists found a mass grave of 'more
than 500 men, women, and children who had been slaughtered,
scalped, and mutilated during an attack on their village a
century and a half before Columbus's arrival (ca. AD 1325)' ". It
is problematic, however, to make generalizations of prehistoric
violence, frequency and manifestation of warfare varies greatly
in the ethnographic and archaeological record. According to the
U.S. Bureau of the Census (1894), the Indian Wars of the 19th
century cost the lives of about 19,000 whites and 30,000
Indians.
In Western Europe, since the late 18th century, more than 150
conflicts and about 600 battles have taken place. During the
20th century, war resulted in a dramatic intensification of the

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pace of social changes, and was a crucial catalyst for the
emergence of the Left as a force to be reckoned with.
Recent rapid increases in the technologies of war, and therefore
in its destructiveness (see mutual assured destruction), have
caused widespread public concern, and have in all probability
forestalled, and may altogether prevent the outbreak of a
nuclear World War III. At the end of each of the last two World
Wars, concerted and popular efforts were made to come to a
greater understanding of the underlying dynamics of war and to
thereby hopefully reduce or even eliminate it altogether. These
efforts materialized in the forms of the League of Nations, and
its successor, the United Nations.
Shortly after World War II, as a token of support for this
concept, most nations joined the United Nations. During this
same post-war period, with the aim of further delegitimizing
war as an acceptable and logical extension of foreign policy,
most national governments also renamed their Ministries or
Departments of War as their Ministries or Departments of
Defense, for example, the former US Department of War was
renamed as the US Department of Defence.

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In 1947, in view of the rapidly increasingly destructive
consequences of modern warfare, and with a particular concern
for the consequences and costs of the newly developed atom
bomb, Albert Einstein famously stated, "I know not with what
weapons World War III will be fought, but World War IV will be
fought with sticks and stones."
Mao Zedong urged the socialist camp not to fear nuclear war
with the United States since, even if "half of mankind died, the
other half would remain while imperialism would be razed to
the ground and the whole world would become socialist."
The Human Security Report 2005 documented a significant
decline in the number and severity of armed conflicts since the
end of the Cold War in the early 1990s. However, the evidence
examined in the 2008 edition of the Centre for International
Development and Conflict Management's "Peace and Conflict"
study indicated that the overall decline in conflicts had stalled.

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Ancient Depictions of Mesolithic cemetery(11500BC)
Remains excavated from the Site(First War known till date)

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Nine largest (by death toll)
Three of the ten most costly wars, in terms of loss of life, have been
waged in the last century. These are the two World Wars, followed by
the Second Sino-Japanese War (which is sometimes considered part
of World War II, or overlapping with that war). Most of the others
involved China or neighbouring peoples. The death toll of World War II,
being 60 million plus, surpasses all other war-death-tolls. This may be
due to significant recent advances in weapons technologies, as well as
recent increases in the overall human population.
Deaths
(millions)
Date War
60.7–84.6
1939–
1945
World War II (see World War II casualties)
60 13th
century
Mongol Conquests (see Mongol
invasions and Tatar invasions)
40 1850–
1864
Taiping Rebellion (see Dungan revolt)
39 1914–
1918
World War I (see World War I casualties)
36 755–
763
An Shi Rebellion (number exaggerated
based on census system, but not
considering the territorial shrink and

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inefficient census system after war)
20 1937–
1945
Second Sino-Japanese War
20 1370–
1405
Conquests of Tamerlane
16 1862–
1877
Dungan revolt
5–9 1917–
1922
Russian Civil War and Foreign Intervention
The Mongol Conquest (13th
century)

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Adolf Hitler with his Nazi Soldier (World War-II)
American Soldiers supplying Arms during world war-II

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Taiping Rebellion(1850-1864)
An Shri Rebellion(755-763)

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Signing the treaty of Versailles (end of world war-I)
Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945)

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The Conquest of Tamerlane (1370-1405)
Dungan revolt (1862-1877)

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Russian Civil War (1917-1922)
Holocaust Mass Grave

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Effects:
Military personnel subject to combat in war often suffer
mental and physical injuries, including
depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, disease, injury,
and death.
During World War II, research conducted by US
Army Brigadier General S.L.A. Marshall found that, on
average, only 15% to 20% of American riflemen in WWII
combat fired at the enemy.
In Civil War Collector’s Encyclopedia, F.A. Lord Notes that
of the 27,574 discarded muskets found on the Gettysburg
battlefield, nearly 90% were loaded, with 12,000 loaded
more than once and 6,000 loaded 3 to 10 times.
Swank and Marchand’s WWII study found that after sixty
days of continuous combat, 98% of all surviving military
personnel will become psychiatric casualties. Psychiatric
casualties manifest themselves in fatigue cases, confusional
states, conversion hysteria, anxiety, obsessional and
compulsive states, and character disorders.
During Napoleon's retreat from Moscow, more French
military personnel died of typhus than were killed by the

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Russians. Of the 450,000 soldiers who crossed the
Neman on 25 June 1812, less than 40,000 returned.
More military personnel were killed from 1500–1914 by
typhus than from military action. In addition, if it were not
for modern medical advances there would be thousands
more dead from disease and infection.
It is estimated that between 1985 and 1994, 378,000
people per year died due to war.
Most wars have resulted in significant loss of life, along
with destruction of infrastructure and resources (which
may lead to famine, disease, and death in the
civilian population). During the Thirty Years' War in Europe,
the population of the Holy Roman Empire was reduced by
15 to 40 percent. Civilians in war zones may also be subject
to war atrocities such as genocide, while survivors may
suffer the psychological after effects of witnessing the
destruction of war.
Most estimates of World War II casualties indicate that
around 60 million people died, 40 million of which were
civilians. Deaths in the Soviet Union were around27
million.

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Since a high proportion of those killed were young men
who had not yet fathered any children, population growth
in the post war Soviet Union was much lower than it
otherwise would have been.
One of the starkest illustrations of the effect of war upon
economies is the Second World War. The Great
Depression of the 1930s ended as nations increased their
production of war materials to serve the war effort.[57]
The
financial cost of World War II is estimated at about a trillion
U.S. dollars worldwide, making it the most costly war in
capital as well as lives.

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Ruins of Germany after World War-II

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Soldier Strolls in Garden of Grave in one of the Concentration
Camps in Germany
Officials estimated that total 20million people died in such
camps but the real figure remains mystery.

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Factors ending a War:
The political and economic circumstances in the peace that
follows war usually depend on the facts on the ground. Where
evenly-matched adversaries decide that the conflict has resulted
in a stalemate, they may cease hostilities to avoid further loss of
life and property. They may decide to restore
the antebellum territorial boundaries; redraw boundaries at the
line of military control, or negotiate to keep or exchange
captured territory. Negotiations between parties involved at the
end of a war often result in a treaty, such as the Treaty of
Versailles of 1919, which officially ended the First World War of
1914-1918.
A warring party that surrenders or capitulates may have little
negotiating power, with the victorious side either imposing a
settlement or dictating most of the terms of any treaty. A
common result involves conquered territory coming under the
dominion of the victorious military power. An unconditional
surrender can take place in the face of overwhelming military
force as an attempt to prevent further harm to life and
property. For example, the Empire of Japan unconditionally
surrendered to the Allies in 1945 after the atomic bombings of

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Hiroshima and Nagasaki (see Surrender of Japan) and the
preceding massive strategic bombardment of Japan and the
overrunning of Manchukuo. A settlement or surrender may also
be obtained through deception or bluffing.
Some wars or aggressive actions end when a power has
achieved it’s the military objective. Others do not, especially in
cases where the state structures do not exist, or have collapsed
prior to the victory of the conqueror. In such cases,
disorganised guerrilla warfare may continue for a considerable
period. In cases of complete surrender, conquered territories
may come under the permanent dominion of the victorious
side. A raid for the purpose of looting may be completed with
the successful capture of goods. In other cases an aggressor may
decide to end hostilities to avoid continued losses and cease
hostilities without obtaining the original objective, such as
happened in the Iran–Iraq War of 1980-1988.

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TERRORISM
Terrorism is defined, at its simplest, as: any act designed to
cause terror. Despite its name, not all actions that
are terrifying or terrible are described as terrorism. There is no
universal consensus as to what is or is not included, but
terrorism is generally understood to feature a political objective,
whether that means the politics
of nationalism, ethnicity, religion, ideology or social class,
amongst others. Definitions as to which acts of violence are
considered terrorism will be more often subjective than
objective. Since the terrorist act is the symptom of a struggle
that has a national, religious or social cause, then the response
to it is also often determined by ethnicity, beliefs or class.
Furthermore, since attitudes to nationalism, religion, and social
status tend to evolve over the course of time, it follows that acts
of terrorism, and the individuals or organisations engaging in
that terrorism, may - and often are - re-examined
retrospectively, being either legitimised or criminalised
according to the subsequent prevailing political perspectives.
One definition describes terrorism as: violent acts (or the threat
of violent acts) intended to create fear (terror), perpetrated for

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an economic, religious, political, or ideological goal, and which
deliberately target or disregard the safety of non-
combatants (e.g. neutral military personnel or civilians). Another
common definition sees terrorism as: political, ideological
or religious violence by non-state actors. Some definitions now
include acts of unlawful violence and war. The use of similar
tactics by criminal organizations for protection rackets or to
enforce a code of silence is usually not labelled terrorism,
although these same actions may be labelled terrorism when
done by a politically motivated group. Usage of the term has
also been criticized for its frequent undue equating
with Islamism or jihadism, while ignoring non-Islamic
organizations or individuals. In the international community,
terrorism has no legally binding, criminal-law definition.
The word "terrorism" is politically loaded and emotionally
charged, and this greatly compounds the difficulty of providing a
precise definition. A study on political terrorism examining over
100 definitions of "terrorism" found 22 separate definitional
elements (e.g. violence, force, fear, threat, victim-target
differentiation). In some cases, the same group may be
described as "freedom fighters" by its supporters and as

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"terrorists" by its opponents, a phenomenon giving rise to the
cliché, "one man's freedom fighter is another man's terrorist."
Terrorist Attacks on Mumbai- 26/11
9/11 Attacks done by Al-Qaeda

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History of Terrorism:
Terror in Antiquity: 1st -14th Century AD
The earliest known organization that exhibited aspects of a
modern terrorist organization were the Zealots of Judea. Known
to the Romans as sicarii, or dagger-men, they carried on an
underground campaign of assassination of Roman occupation
forces, as well as any Jews they felt had collaborated with the
Romans. Their motive was an uncompromising belief that they
could not remain faithful to the dictates of Judaism while living
as Roman subjects. Eventually, the Zealot revolt became open,
and they were finally besieged and committed mass suicide at
the fortification of Masada.
The Assassins were the next group to show recognizable
characteristics of terrorism, as we know it today. A breakaway
faction of Shia Islam called the Nizari Ismalis adopted the tactic
of assassination of enemy leaders because the cult's limited
manpower prevented open combat. Their leader, Hassam-I
Sabbah, based the cult in the mountains of Northern Iran. Their
tactic of sending a lone assassin to successfully kill a key enemy
leader at the certain sacrifice of his own life (the killers waited
next to their victims to be killed or captured) inspired fearful

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awe in their enemies.
Even though both the Zealots and the Assassins operated in
antiquity, they are relevant today: First as forerunners of
modern terrorists in aspects of motivation, organization,
targeting, and goals. Secondly, although both were ultimate
failures, the fact that they are remembered hundreds of years
later, demonstrates the deep psychological impact they caused.
Arguably the first organization to utilize modern terrorist
techniques was the Irish Republican Brotherhood, founded in
1858 as a revolutionary Irish nationalist group that carried out
attacks in England. The group initiated the Fenian dynamite
campaign in 1881, one of the first modern terror
campaigns. Instead of earlier forms of terrorism based on
political assassination, this campaign used modern timed
explosives with the express aim of sowing fear in the very heart
of metropolitan Britain, in order to achieve political gains.

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Zealots of Judea taking on Roman Legion(1st
Century)
Irish Republican Brotherhood Bombings in Manchester(19th
Century)

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Types of terrorism:
Civil disorder – A form of collective violence interfering with
the peace, security, and normal functioning of the community.
Political terrorism – Violent criminal behaviour designed
primarily to generate fear in the community, or substantial
segment of it, for political purposes.
Limited political terrorism – Genuine political terrorism is
characterized by a revolutionary approach; limited political
terrorism refers to "acts of terrorism which are committed
for ideological or political motives but which are not part of a
concerted campaign to capture control of the state.
Official or state terrorism – "referring to nations whose rule is
based upon fear and oppression that reach similar to terrorism
or such proportions". It may also be referred to as Structural
Terrorism defined broadly as terrorist acts carried out by
governments in pursuit of political objectives, often as part of
their foreign policy.
Data-terrorism – "The unjust storage or use of private
information for economic, political or personal gains".

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Commonly seen in governments and countries like the United
States, Canada and Australia. Large corporations such
as Facebook are also guilty of using user data without
confirming explicit user knowledge and consent to do so when
joining
.Passive terrorism - (passive + terrorism) is an, inert or
quiescent behaviour towards terrorism; an inaction, non-
reaction, non-participation, non-involvement in countering
terrorism. Passive terrorism describes a behaviour of general
public or government which silently allows the spread or
promotion of terrorism by turning a blind eye or tolerating
terrorism. Passive terrorism prevails when there is no deliberate
effort or decision to either counter it or raise voice against it.
Other Types - Cyber terrorism, Eco Terrorism, Nuclear
terrorism, Narco Terrorism and Religious Terrorism.

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Terrorism In 21st
Century:
Major Terrorist Groups in The World:
1. Al-Qaeda and Taliban
"The Foundation" or "The Fundament" and alternatively
spelled al-Qaida and sometimes al-Qa'ida is a global militant
Islamist organization founded by Osama bin Laden, Abdullah
Azzam and several others at some point between August
1988 and late 1989, with origins traceable to the Arab
volunteers who fought against the Soviet invasion of
Afghanistan in the 1980s. It operates as a network comprising
both a multinational, stateless army and an
Islamist, extremist, wahhabi, jihadist group. It has been
designated as a terrorist group by the United Nations Security
Council, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the
European Union, the United States, Russia, India, and various
other countries (see below). Al-Qaeda has carried out many
attacks on targets it considers kafir. During the Syrian civil war,
al-Qaeda factions started fighting each other, as well as
the Kurds and the Syrian government. Al-Qaeda has mounted
attacks on civilian and military targets in various countries,

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including the 1998 U.S. embassy bombings, the September 11
attacks, and the 2002 Bali bombings. The U.S. government
responded to the September 11 attacks by launching the "War
on Terror". With the loss of key leaders, culminating in the
death of Osama bin Laden, al-Qaeda's operations have devolved
from actions that were controlled from the top down, to actions
by franchise associated groups and lone-wolf operators.
Characteristic techniques employed by al-Qaeda include suicide
attacksand the simultaneous bombing of different
targets. Activities ascribed to it may involve members of the
movement who have made a pledge of loyalty to Osama bin
Laden, or the much more numerous "al-Qaeda-linked"
individuals who have undergone training in one of its camps in
Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq or Sudan who have not. Al-Qaeda
ideologues envision a complete break from all foreign influences
in Muslim countries, and the creation of a new worldwide
Islamic caliphate.
2. Boko Haram
Boko Haram, which calls itself Wilāyat Gharb Ifrīqīyyah (Islamic
State's) West Africa Province, ISWAP), and was formerly called
Jamā'at Ahl as-Sunnah lid-Da'wah wa'l-Jihād', "Group of the

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People of Sunnah for Preaching and Jihad"), is an Islamic
extremist group based in north-eastern Nigeria, also active in
Chad, Niger and northern Cameroon.[6] The group is led by
Abubakar Shekau. Estimate of the group's membership varies
between 7,000 and 10,000 fighters. The group initially had links
to al-Qaeda, but in 2014, it expressed support for the Islamic
State of Iraq and the Levant before pledging formal allegiance to
it in March 2015.
After its founding in 2002, Boko Haram's increasing
radicalization led to a violent uprising in July 2009 in which its
leader was summarily executed. Its unexpected resurgence,
following a mass prison break in September 2010, was
accompanied by increasingly sophisticated attacks, initially
against soft targets, and progressing in 2011 to include suicide
bombings of police buildings and the United Nations office in
Abuja. The government's establishment of a state of emergency
at the beginning of 2012, extended in the following year to
cover the entire northeast of Nigeria, led to an increase in both
security force abuses and militant attacks.
Boko Haram has killed more than 17,000 people since 2009,
including over 10,000 in 2014, in attacks occurring mainly in

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northeast Nigeria. 650,000 people had fled the conflict zone by
August 2014, an increase of 200,000 since May; by the end of
the year 1.5 million had fled. Corruption in the security services
and human rights abuses committed by them had hampered
efforts to counter the unrest. The group have carried out mass
abductions including the kidnapping of 276 school girls from
Chibok in April 2014.
3. Lashkar-e-Toiba (LeT)
It was founded in 1990 by Hafez Saeed,Abdullah Azzam and
Zafar Iqbalin Afghanistan. With its headquarters based
in Muridke, near Lahore in Punjab province of Pakistan, the
group operates several training camps in Pakistan-administered
Kashmir.
Lashkar-e-Taiba has been accused by India of attacking military
and civilian targets in India, most notably the 2001 Indian
Parliament attack and the 2008 Mumbai attacks. Its stated
objective is to introduce an Islamic state in South Asia and to
"liberate" Muslims residing in Indian Kashmir.[15][17]
The
organization is banned as a terrorist organization by India, the
United States, the United Kingdom, the European Union,
Russia and Australia. Though formally banned by Pakistan, the

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general view of India and the Western countries, including of
experts such as former French magistrate Jean and New
America Foundation president Steve Coll believe that Pakistan's
main intelligence agency, the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI),
continues to give LeT help and protection. The political arm of
the group, Jamat ud Dawah, was banned in Pakistan. However,
Jamaat-ud-Dawa still continues to work openly as Lashkar-e-
Taiba's charitable wing.
4. ISIS
The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant also known as
the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria or the Islamic State of Iraq
and ash-Sham,[
Daesh or Islamic State(IS), is a Salafi
jihadist extremist militant group and self-proclaimed Islamic
state andcaliphate, which is led by and mainly composed
of Sunni Arabs from Iraq andSyria. As of March 2015, it has
control over territory occupied by ten million people in Iraq and
Syria, as well as limited territorial control in Libya and Nigeria.
The group also operates or has affiliates in other parts of the
world, including South Asia.
The group is known in Arabic as ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah fī 'l-
ʿIrāq wa-sh-Shām, leading to the acronym Da'ish or Daesh, the

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Arabic equivalent of "ISIL". On 29 June 2014, the group
proclaimed itself to be a worldwide caliphate, with Abu Bakr al-
Baghdadi being named its caliph, and renamed itself "Islamic
State". As a caliphate, it claims religious, political and military
authority over all Muslims worldwide, and that "the legality of
all emirates, groups, states, and organisations, becomes null by
the expansion of the khilāfah's *caliphate's+ authority and arrival
of its troops to their areas". ISIL is very adept at social media,
posting Internet videos of beheadings of soldiers, civilians,
journalists and aid workers, and is notorious for its destruction
of cultural heritage sites. Muslim leaders around the world have
condemned ISIL's ideology and actions, arguing that the group
has strayed from the path of true Islam and that its actions do
not reflect the religion's true teachings or virtues.[48]
The group's
adoption of the name "Islamic State" and idea of a caliphate
have been widely criticised, with the United Nations, various
governments, and mainstream Muslim groups rejecting both.

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Hall of Shame: Founders of the Terrorist Organisations
Osama-Bin-Laden(Al-Qaeda) Abu-Bakar Shekau(Boko Haram)
Hafeez Saeed(Lashkar-e-Toiba)

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Abu Bakr al-baghdadi (ISIS chief)
Ajmal Kasab (Terrorist of 26/11 attacks on Mumbai who got
heaven after killing more than 100 innocent peoples)

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Terrorists attack around the world:
Mumbai serial blasts 1993 (Zaveri Bazar)
Pentagon bombings USA 2001

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Killing of innocent children by ISIS militants
Syrian soldiers beheaded after surrendering ISIS militants

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Boko-Haram killings in Nigeria

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Wars in India:
List Shows all the Battles fought on Indian soil.
Important Battles of Indian History
BC
327-26
Alexander invades India. Defeats Porus in the Battle of
Hydaspes (Jhelum) 326 BC
305 Chandragupta Maurya defeats the Greek King Seleucus.
216 The Kalinga War. Conquest of Kalinga by Ashoka.
c. 155 Menander's invasion of India
c. 90 The Saka invade India
AD
454 The first Huna invasion
495 The second Huna invasion
711-712 The Arab invasion of Sind under Mohammed-bin-Qasim
1000-27 Mahmud Ghazni invades India 17 times
1175-1206
Invasions of Muhammad Ghori. First Battle of Tarain.
1191 - Prithvi Raj Chauhan defeats Muhammad Ghori;
Second Battle of Tarain,
1192 - Muhammad Ghori defeats Prithvi Chauhan; Battle of
Chandawar,
1194 - Muhammad Ghori defeats Jayachandra Gahadvala of
Kanauj.
1294
Alauddin Khilji invades the Yadava kingdom of Devagiri. The
first Turkish invasion of the Deccan.
1398
Timur invades India. Defeats the Tughlaq Sultan Mahmud
Shah; the Sack of Delhi
1526
Babur invades India and defeats the last Lodi Sultan Ibrahim
Lohi in the first Battle of Panipat.

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1539-40
Battles of Chusa or Ghaghra (1539) and Kanauj or Ganges
(1540) in which Sher Shah defeats Humayun.
1545 Battle (siege) of kalinjar and death of Sher Shah Suri.
1556 Second Battle of Panipat. Akbar defeats Hemu.
1632-33 Conquest of Ahmadnagar by Shah Jahan.
1658
Battles of Dharmat (April-May 1658) and Samugarh (June 8,
1658). Dara Shikoh, elest son of Shah Jahan, defeated by
Aurangzeb.
1665 Shivaji defeated by Raja Jai Singh and Treaty of Purandhar.
1739 Invasion of India by Nadir Shah.
1746 First Carnatic War.
1748-54 Second Carnatic War.
1756-63 Third Carnatic War.
1757
Battle of Plassey. Siraj-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Bengal,
defeated by Clive.
1760
Battle of Wandiwash, in which the English under Sir Eyre
Coote defeated the French under Lally.
1762
Third Battle of Panipat. Marathas defeated by Ahmad Shah
Abdali.
1764
Battle of Buxar. The English (under Munro) defeated Mir
Kasim, the Nawab of Bengal and Nawab Shuja-ud-daulah of
Awadh.
1767-69 First Mysore War.
1774
The Rohilla War between the Rohillas and the Nawab of
Awadh supported by the East India Company.
1775-82 First Maratha War
1780-82 Maratha War
1780-84 Second Mysore War
1792 Third Mysore War

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1799 Fourth Mysore War, Defeat and death of Tipu Sultan
1802-04 Second Maratha War
1817-18 Third Maratha War
1845-46 first Sikh War
1846
Battle of Aliwal between the English and the Sikhs. The
Sikhs were defeated.
1848-49
Second Sikh war and annexation of the Punjab to British
India.
1857 The Revolt of 1857 (The First War of Indian Independence)
Alexander the great battle of Porous (326 AD)
Fourth Anglo Mysore War (1799)

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Battle of kalinga (216 BC)
National uprising of 1857

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Terrorism in India:
A common definition of terrorism is the systematic use or
threatened use of violence to intimidate a population or
government for political, religious, or ideological goals.
Terrorism in India, according to the Home Ministry, poses a
significant threat to the people of India. Terrorism found in India
includes ethno-nationalist terrorism, religious terrorism, left
wing terrorism and narco terrorism.
The regions with long term terrorist activities have been Jammu
and Kashmir, east-central and south-central India (Naxalism)
and the Seven Sister States. In August 2008, National Security
Advisor M K Narayanan has said that there are as many as
800 terrorist cells operating in the country. As of 2013, 205 of
the country’s 608 districts were affected by terrorist
activity. Terror attacks caused 231 civilian deaths in 2012 in
India, compared to 11,098 terror-caused deaths worldwide,
according to the State Department of the United States; or
about 2% of global terror fatalities while it accounts for 17.5% of
global population.
Media reports have alleged and implicated terrorism in India to
be sponsored by Pakistan, particularly through its Inter-Services

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Intelligence (ISI). In 2012, the US accused Pakistan of enabling
and ignoring anti-India terrorist cells working on its soil;
however, Pakistan has denied its involvement.[12]
List of Terrorist attacks in India:
March 12, 1993: A series of thirteen explosions in Mumbai, then
called Bombay, resulted in 257 deaths and over 700 injuries. The
blasts were orchestrated by the organized crime syndicate
called the D-Company, headed by Dawood Ibrahim.
Feb. 14, 1998: Coimbatore bombings: 46 deaths, 200 wounded
as a result of 13 bomb attacks in 11 places.
Oct. 1, 2001: Militants attack Jammu & Kashmir Assembly
complex in Srinagar, killing about 35. The Muslim extremist
group Jaish-e-Mohammed was allegedly involved.
Dec. 13, 2001: Attack on the Indian Parliament complex in New
Delhi led to the killing of a dozen people and 18 injured.
Pakistan-based terror groups were blamed for the attack.
Sept. 24, 2002: Akshardham temple in Gujarat: The first major
hostage taking since Sept. 11 in the U.S.; 31 people were killed
and another 79 wounded.
May 14, 2002: Militants attack on an Army camp near Jammu,
killing more than 30 people.

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March 13, 2003: A bomb attack on a commuter train in Mumbai
killed 11.
Aug. 25, 2003: Twin car bombings in Mumbai killed at least 52
people and injured 150. Indian officials blamed a Pakistan-based
terror outfit.
Aug. 15, 2004: An explosion in the north-eastern state of Assam
killed 16 people, mostly school children.
July 5, 2005: Militants attack the Ram Janmabhoomi complex,
the site of the destroyed Babri Mosque at Ayodhya in Uttar
Pradesh.
Oct. 29, 2005: Three powerful serial blasts rocked the busy
shopping areas of south Delhi, two days before the Hindu
festival of Diwali, killing 59 and injuring 200. A Pakistan-based
terrorist outfit, the Islamic Inquilab Mahaz (believed to have
links with Lashkar-e-Taiba) claimed responsibility.
March 7, 2006: A series of bombings in the holy city of Varanasi
killed at least 28 and injured 101. Indian police put the blame on
some Pakistan-based terror outfits.
July 11, 2006: Seven bomb blasts occurred at various places on
the Mumbai Suburban Railway, killing 200. Investigations

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revealed that terror outfits with a base in Pakistan were behind
the blasts.
Sept. 8, 2006: At least 37 people were killed and 125 were
injured in a series of bomb blasts in the vicinity of a mosque in
Malegaon, Maharashtra. The blasts were followed by an
explosion and most of the people killed were Muslim pilgrims.
The students Islamic Movement of India was responsible.
May 18, 2007: A bombing during Friday prayers at Mecca
Masjid, Hyderabad, killed 13 people. Four were killed by Indian
police in the rioting that followed.
May 26, 2007: Six people killed and 30 injured in a bomb blast in
India's north-eastern city of Guwahati.
June 10, 2007: Gunmen killed 11 people in separate incidents of
firing in Manipur's border town of Moreh.
Aug. 25, 2007: Forty-two people killed and 50 injured in twin
explosions at a crowded park and a popular eatery in Hyderabad
by Harkat-ul-Jehad-i-Islami (HuJI) activist.
May 13, 2008: A series of six explosions tore through Jaipur, a
popular tourist destination in the Rajasthan state in western
India, killing 63 people and injuring more than 150.

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July 25, 2008: Seven blasts in quick succession across the south
Indian tech city of Bangalore killed one and injured more than
150 people.
July 26, 2008: Serial blasts in the western Indian city of
Ahmedabad killed 45 people and injured more than 150. A
group calling itself Indian Mujahideen claimed responsibility.
Sept. 13, 2008: Five bomb blasts in New Delhi's popular
shopping centers left 21 people dead and more than 100
injured. The Indian Mujahideen claimed responsibility.
Sept. 27, 2008: A blast in a New Delhi flower market left one
dead.
Oct. 30, 2008: Thirteen bomb blasts in India's north-eastern
state of Assam and three other towns left at least 61 people
dead more than 300 injured.
July 13, 2011: Three bomb blasts in Mumbai; at least 20 people
killed and more than 100 injured.

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Terrorist attacks of 26/11(taj heritage hotel)
Dead bodies at CST station- 26/11 attacks

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Serial blasts in mumbai trains (11th
july 2006)
Bloodshed near BSE serial blasts of 1993

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Hall of shame:
Afzal guru- mastermind of parliament attacks 2001
David Headley-26/11 attacks Dawood Ibrahim-1993 blasts

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Naxalism in India:
The Naxalite–Maoist insurgency is an ongoing conflict between
Maoist groups, known as Naxalites or Naxals, and the Indian
government. The conflict in its present form began after the
2004 formation of the CPI-Maoists, a rebel group composed of
the PWG (People's War Group), and the MCC (Maoist
Communist Centre). In January 2005 talks between the Andhra
Pradesh state government and the CPI-Maoists broke down and
the rebels accused authorities of not addressing their demands
for a written truce, release of prisoners and redistribution of
land. The ongoing conflict has taken place over a vast territory
(around half of India's 28 states) with hundreds of people being
killed annually in clashes between the CPI-Maoists and the
government every year since 2005.
The armed wing of the Naxalite–Maoists is called the PLGA
(Peoples Liberation Guerrilla Army) and is estimated to have
between 6,500 and 9,500 cadres, mostly armed with small arms.
The Naxalites control territory throughout Bihar, Jharkhand and
Andhra Pradesh states and claim to be supported by the poorest
of the rural population, especially the Adivasis. The Naxalites

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have frequently targeted tribal, police and government workers
in what they say is a fight for improved land rights and more
jobs for neglected agricultural labourers and the poor.[18] The
Naxalites claim that they are following a strategy of rural
rebellion similar to a protracted people's war against the
government.
In February 2009, the Indian central government announced a
new nationwide initiative, to be called the "Integrated Action
Plan" (IAP) for broad, co-ordinated operations aimed at dealing
with the Naxalite problem in all affected states, namely
(Karnataka, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Jharkhand, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and West
Bengal). This plan included funding for grass-roots economic
development projects in Naxalite-affected areas, as well as
increased special police funding for better containment and
reduction of Naxalite influence. In August 2010, after the first
full year of implementation of the national IAP program,
Karnataka was removed from the list of naxal affected states. In
July 2011, the number of Naxal affected areas was reduced to
(figure includes proposed addition of 20 districts) 83 districts
across nine states. In December 2011, the national government

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reported that the number of Naxalite related deaths and injuries
nationwide had gone down by nearly 50% from 2010 levels.
The Naxalite–Maoist insurgency gained international media
attention after the 2013 Naxal attack in Darbha valley resulted
in the deaths of around 24 Indian National Congress leaders
including the former state minister Mahendra Karma and the
Chhattisgarh Congress chief Nand Kumar Patel.

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Naxal affected parts in India

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List of ongoing conflicts in the world:
10000 or more deaths in current or past year.
Conflict in the following list have caused at least 10,000 direct
violent deaths in current or past calendar year.
Start of
conflict
Conflict Continent Location Cumulative
fatalities
Fatalities
in 2014
Fatalities
in 2015
1978 War in
Afghanistan
Asia
Afghanistan
1,240,000-
2,000,000
14,277 20,435
2003 Iraq War Asia Iraq 201,000-
227,000
21,000-
47,000
10,519
2009 Boko Haram
insurgency
Africa Nigeria
Cameroon
Niger
Chad
20,200 10,849 9,402
2011 Syrian Civil
War
Asia Syria 220,000-
320,000
76,021 32,927
1000-9999 deaths in current or past year
Conflicts in the following list have caused at least 1,000 and
fewer than 10,000 direct violent deaths in current or past
calendar year.
Conflicts causing at least 1,000 deaths in one calendar year are
considered wars by the Uppsala Conflict Data Program.

67. War & Terrorism
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Start of
conflict
Conflict Continent Location Cumulative
fatalities
Fatalities
in 2014
Fatalities
in 2015
1948 Israeli–
Palestinian
conflict
Asia Israel
Palestine
24,000 2,365 27
1991 Somali Civil War
War in
Somalia
Africa
Somalia
Kenya
500,000 2,983 2,333
1998 Communal
conflicts in
Nigeria
Africa
Nigeria
15,907 1,822 714
2003 War in Darfur Africa Sudan 178,363+ 2,101 1,021
2004 War in North-
West Pakistan
Asia
Pakistan
58,525 5,496 2,513
2006 Mexican Drug
War
North
America
Mexico
150,000+ 7,504 1,813
2011 Libyan Crisis
Libyan Civil
War
Africa Libya 13,482 2,825 1,879
2011 Yemeni Crisis
Yemeni
Civil War
(2015)
Asia
Yemen
Saudi
Arabia
5,287-
11,000 1,500-
7,700
4,300+
2011 Sinai insurgency Africa Egypt 2,361 981 1,506
2012 Central African
Republic conflict
Africa CAR 7,473+]
5,186+ 211
2013 South
Sudanese Civil
Africa South
Sudan
10,200-
50,000+
6,383-
40,000+]
1,908

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War
2014 War in Donbass Europe
Ukraine
6,503 4,771 1,993
100-999 deaths in current or past year
Conflicts in the following list have caused at least 100 and fewer
than 1000 direct violent deaths in current or past calendar year.
Start of
conflict
Conflict Continent Location Cumulative
fatalities
Fatalities
in 2014
Fatalities
in 2015
1947 Kashmir conflict Asia India
Pakistan
43,781-
47,000
193 95
1948 Balochistan
conflict
Asia
Pakistan
Iran
3,679+ 339+ 143
1948 Internal conflict in
Myanmar
Asia
Myanmar
130,000-
210,000
66+ 825
1960 South Thailand
insurgency
Asia
Thailand
6,100+ 300+ 36
1964 Colombian
conflict
South
America
Colombia
220,000 459 218
1964 Insurgency in
Northeast India
Asia India 25,000+ 465 178
1967 Naxalite–Maoist
insurgency
Asia India 13,812+ 314 153
1978 Katanga
insurgency
Africa DRC 100,000+ 123 30+
1984 Turkey-PKK
conflict
Asia
Turkey
Iraq
45,000+ 57+ 468-968+

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1989 Sectarianism in
Pakistan
Asia
Pakistan
5,137 208 202
1989 Xinjiang conflict Asia China 800 500+ 76
1995 Ogaden
insurgency
Africa
Ethiopia
1,300 172 200+
1996 ADF insurgency Africa DRC 3,053 440 261
1999 Ituri conflict Africa DRC 60,000+ 26 76-108
2002 Insurgency in the
Maghreb
Africa
Algeria
Tunisia
2,764 42+ 216
2004 Kivu conflict Africa DRC
Burundi
1,600,000 468 499
2009 Sudanese
nomadic conflicts
Africa
Sudan
5,000+ 995 643
2009 Insurgency in the
North Caucasus
Europe
Russia
3,131 341 77
2011 Syrian Civil War
spillover in
Lebanon
Asia
Lebanon
722+ 297 32+
2011 South Kordofan
conflict
Africa
Sudan
4,900+ 746 756
2012 Northern Mali
conflict
Africa Mali 784-2,416+ 380 278

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Fewer than 100 deaths in current or past year
Conflicts in the following list have caused at least 1 and fewer
than 100 direct violent deaths in current or past calendar year.
Start of
conflict
Conflict Continent Location Cumulative
fatalities
Fatalities
in 2014
Fatalities
in 2015
1946 Kurdish
separatism in
Iran
Asia Iran 36,500+ 11+ 22-56+
1963 West Papua
conflict
Asia
Indonesia
150,000 25 1
1969 Moro conflict Asia
Philippines
120,000 91 61
1969 CPP-NPA-
NDF rebellion
Asia
Philippines
43,388+ 87 18
1975 Cabinda
Conflict
Africa Angola 30,000 5
1980 Internal conflict
in Peru
South
America
Peru 70,000 5+ 1
1987 LRA
insurgency
Africa DRC
CAR
South
Sudan
100,000+ 16 9
1988 Nagorno-
Karabakh
conflict
Asia Armenia
Azerbaijan
27,287+ 61 36
1989 Internal conflict
in Bangladesh
Asia
Bangladesh
1,234 76 31
1991 FRUD conflict Africa Djibouti 1,000 12

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1992 OLF
insurgency
Africa Ethiopia 1,300 46 13
1994 Chiapas
conflict
North
America
Mexico 105+ 1
1995 Second Afar
insurgency
Africa Eritrea
Ethiopia
2,000 34 90
2004 Conflict in the
Niger Delta
Africa Nigeria 4,000+ 13
2013 RENAMO
insurgency
Africa
Mozambique
200 19-39+ 2-54
2015 2015 Burundi
unrest
Africa Burundi 100 0 100

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Deaths by country
This section details armed conflict-related fatalities by
country in 2013 and 2014 based on the Project for the Study
of the 21st Century.
Mexico, Egypt and Kenya are not included into this project
but should appear and therefore have been added
Conflict related fatalities:
1.in the world’s 15 deadliest in 2013 and 2014(left)
2. In the world’s 15 deadliest countries in 2014 and in the same countries in 2013(right)
2013 2014
Rank Country Deaths Country Deaths
1 Syria 73,447 Syria 76,021
2 Mexico 11,324 Iraq 21,073

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3 Afghanistan 10,172 Afghanistan 14,638
4 Iraq 9,742 Nigeria 11,529
5 Sudan 6,816 Mexico 7,504
6 Pakistan 5,739 South Sudan 6,389
7 Nigeria 4,727 Pakistan 5,496
8 South Sudan 4,168 Sudan 5,335
9 Somalia 3,153 Ukraine 4,707
10 Egypt 2,559 Somalia 4,447
11 Central African Republic 2,364 Central African Republic 3,347
12 DR Congo 1,976 Libya 2,825
13 India 885 Israel/ Palestine 2,365
14 Mali 870 Yemen 1,500
15 Kenya 705 DR Congo 1,235
16 Libya 643 Egypt 981

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BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1. Wikipedia
2. Times of India
3. Blogs of terrorist attacks
www.mumbai-terrorist-attack.com
www.blogspot.com
www.dailymail.co.uk
www.jagran.com
4. News sites
 www.nydailynews.com
 www.news.nationalpost.com
 www.dnaindia.com
5. Slideshare
www.slideshare.net
www.slideworld.com
www.scribd.com