Section24 1genesinpopulations-130303193844-phpapp01
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The document provides an overview of a lecture on population genetics. It discusses gene pools, allele and genotype frequencies, the Hardy-Weinberg principle, and micro-evolution. To summarize the key points: - Population genetics is the study of genes and genotypes in a population. It examines genetic variation within and between populations. - Gene pools contain all the alleles for every gene in a given population. The frequencies of alleles and genotypes can change over generations. - The Hardy-Weinberg principle relates allele and genotype frequencies in a population at equilibrium. It assumes no evolutionary influences like mutation, selection, migration or genetic drift. - Micro-evolution describes changes in a population's gene pool over time
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Emmie
This document contains information about several genetic inheritance patterns:
1. Simple dominance describes a cross between heterozygous parents for a trait where one allele is dominant and the other recessive. The offspring have a 1:2:1 genotypic ratio and 3:1 phenotypic ratio.
2. Codominance describes a trait where both alleles are expressed in the heterozygote. The offspring have a 1:2:1 genotypic and phenotypic ratio.
3. Sex-linked inheritance is shown for a trait on the X chromosome, where half of carrier females and males without the trait are produced.
4. Incomplete dominance is when heterozygotes express an intermediate phenotype between the two homozygotes
SNP
This document discusses mining single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from public sequence databases. It defines SNPs as single nucleotide variations that can occur between individuals. The document describes a software tool called AutoSNP that can be used to find likely SNPs by aligning and clustering EST sequences downloaded from public databases. It marks up polymorphisms supported by at least two independent sequences to filter out sequencing errors. AutoSNP results are output to HTML reports. The document concludes that grid technology could help deliver real-time alignments and SNP detection for any query sequence submitted by a user.
SNP Genotyping Technologies
Techniques of SNP Genotyping can be summarized as follows:
There are several techniques for genotyping SNPs including hybridization methods, enzyme-based methods, and other methods based on physical properties of DNA. Popular hybridization methods include DASH, molecular beacons, and gene chip arrays. Common enzyme-based techniques are RFLP, Invader assay, and oligonucleotide ligation assay. Other physical property-based methods include SSCP, TGGE, and pyrosequencing. Each method has its own pros and cons related to factors like speed, cost, and accuracy. Choosing the appropriate SNP genotyping technique depends on the number of SNPs needed to be analyzed and sample size.
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Genotyping Using Kompetitive Allele Specific ...
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism
Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) refers to a single base change in a DNA sequence
SNP: Commonly biallelic
Two types(Based on presence in genome)
Synonymus
Non-synonymus
SNPs have largely replaced simple sequence repeats (SSRs)
Advantage of using SNPs
Low assay cost
High genomic abundance
Locus specificity
co-dominant inheritance
Simple documentation
Potential for high-throughput Analysis
Relatively low genotyping error rates
SNP genotyping platforms
BeadXpressTM,GoldenGateTM and Infinium from Illumina
GeneChipTM and GenFlexTM Tag array from Affimetrix
SNaPshotTM and TaqManTM from the Applied Biosystems
SNPWaveTM from KeyGene
iPLEX GoldTM Assay and Mass-RRAYTM from Sequonome
Variables to be considered
Throughput
Data turnaround
Time
Ease of use
Performance (sensitivity, reliability, reproducibility, and accuracy),
Flexibility (genotyping few samples with many snps or many samples with few snps),
Number of markers generated per run (uniplex versus multiplex assay capability)
Assay development requirements and genotyping cost per sample or data point.
KASP
KBioscience Competitive Allele-Specific PCR
Homogenous, Fluorescence-based genotyping technology, based on
Allele-specific oligo extension (primer)
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer
KASP Applications
Genotyping a wide range of species for various purposes.
KASP for Quality analysis, QTL mapping, MARS, and allele mining
Quality Control Analysis
QC analysis should be done for two reasons by genotyping the parents and F1s with the same subset of SNPs, in order to
confirm if F1s contains true-to-type alleles from their parents
check the genetic purity of the inbred parents.
F1s with true-to-type parental alleles for at least 90 % of the SNPs that were polymorphic between the parents should be advanced, while those with less than 10 % nonparental alleles should be discarded.
QTL Mapping
QTL mapping identifies a subset of markers that are significantly associated with one or more QTL influencing the expression of the trait of interest.
1) Select or develop a bi-parental mapping population.
2) Phenotype the population for a trait under greenhouse or field conditions.
3) Choose a molecular marking system – genotype parents of the mapping population and F1s with large numbers of markers, then select 200-400 markers exhibiting polymorphism between the parents.
4) Choose a genotyping approach, then generate molecular data for polymorphic markers
5) Identify the molecular markers associated with major QTL using statistical programs.
Large-scale allele mining
Allele mining is a promising approach to dissecting naturally occurring allelic variation at candidate genes controlling key agronomic traits.
KASP platform at CIMMYT has been used for the systematic mining of large germplasm collections for specific functional polymorphisms.
SNPs or small indels that
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Analysis (SNPs)
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Analysis
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Department of Statistics
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Single nucleotide polymorphisms (sn ps), haplotypes,
This document provides an overview of SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms), including their biological background, terminology, detection techniques, and applications. It defines SNPs as single base changes that occur in at least 1% of a population. SNPs can be harmless, harmful, or latent, and are found primarily in noncoding regions, occurring around every 100-300 bases. The document discusses techniques for detecting known and unknown SNPs, including hybridization methods like microarrays and PCR, as well as enzyme-based techniques like nucleotide extension, cleavage, and ligation. It notes applications of SNPs in areas like gene discovery, disease association studies, diagnostics, and predicting treatment response.
Single nucleotide polymorphism
general information regarding single nucleotide polymorphism.
A Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP), pronounced “snip,” is a genetic variation when a single nucleotide (i.e., A, T, C, or G) is altered and kept through heredity.
Chapter18
The document discusses several key concepts related to microevolution and population genetics, including:
- Gene pools and allelic frequencies changing over time through mutations, gene flow, genetic drift, and non-random mating can cause microevolution.
- Hardy-Weinberg principle states that allele frequencies remain stable in a population not experiencing these evolutionary forces.
- Types of natural selection include directional, stabilizing, and disruptive selection.
- Speciation occurs when reproductive isolation leads to the splitting of one species into two or more distinct species over time. Mechanisms of isolation can be prezygotic or postzygotic.
Recommended
Emmie
This document contains information about several genetic inheritance patterns:
1. Simple dominance describes a cross between heterozygous parents for a trait where one allele is dominant and the other recessive. The offspring have a 1:2:1 genotypic ratio and 3:1 phenotypic ratio.
2. Codominance describes a trait where both alleles are expressed in the heterozygote. The offspring have a 1:2:1 genotypic and phenotypic ratio.
3. Sex-linked inheritance is shown for a trait on the X chromosome, where half of carrier females and males without the trait are produced.
4. Incomplete dominance is when heterozygotes express an intermediate phenotype between the two homozygotes
SNP
This document discusses mining single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from public sequence databases. It defines SNPs as single nucleotide variations that can occur between individuals. The document describes a software tool called AutoSNP that can be used to find likely SNPs by aligning and clustering EST sequences downloaded from public databases. It marks up polymorphisms supported by at least two independent sequences to filter out sequencing errors. AutoSNP results are output to HTML reports. The document concludes that grid technology could help deliver real-time alignments and SNP detection for any query sequence submitted by a user.
SNP Genotyping Technologies
Techniques of SNP Genotyping can be summarized as follows:
There are several techniques for genotyping SNPs including hybridization methods, enzyme-based methods, and other methods based on physical properties of DNA. Popular hybridization methods include DASH, molecular beacons, and gene chip arrays. Common enzyme-based techniques are RFLP, Invader assay, and oligonucleotide ligation assay. Other physical property-based methods include SSCP, TGGE, and pyrosequencing. Each method has its own pros and cons related to factors like speed, cost, and accuracy. Choosing the appropriate SNP genotyping technique depends on the number of SNPs needed to be analyzed and sample size.
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Genotyping Using Kompetitive Allele Specific ...
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism
Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) refers to a single base change in a DNA sequence
SNP: Commonly biallelic
Two types(Based on presence in genome)
Synonymus
Non-synonymus
SNPs have largely replaced simple sequence repeats (SSRs)
Advantage of using SNPs
Low assay cost
High genomic abundance
Locus specificity
co-dominant inheritance
Simple documentation
Potential for high-throughput Analysis
Relatively low genotyping error rates
SNP genotyping platforms
BeadXpressTM,GoldenGateTM and Infinium from Illumina
GeneChipTM and GenFlexTM Tag array from Affimetrix
SNaPshotTM and TaqManTM from the Applied Biosystems
SNPWaveTM from KeyGene
iPLEX GoldTM Assay and Mass-RRAYTM from Sequonome
Variables to be considered
Throughput
Data turnaround
Time
Ease of use
Performance (sensitivity, reliability, reproducibility, and accuracy),
Flexibility (genotyping few samples with many snps or many samples with few snps),
Number of markers generated per run (uniplex versus multiplex assay capability)
Assay development requirements and genotyping cost per sample or data point.
KASP
KBioscience Competitive Allele-Specific PCR
Homogenous, Fluorescence-based genotyping technology, based on
Allele-specific oligo extension (primer)
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer
KASP Applications
Genotyping a wide range of species for various purposes.
KASP for Quality analysis, QTL mapping, MARS, and allele mining
Quality Control Analysis
QC analysis should be done for two reasons by genotyping the parents and F1s with the same subset of SNPs, in order to
confirm if F1s contains true-to-type alleles from their parents
check the genetic purity of the inbred parents.
F1s with true-to-type parental alleles for at least 90 % of the SNPs that were polymorphic between the parents should be advanced, while those with less than 10 % nonparental alleles should be discarded.
QTL Mapping
QTL mapping identifies a subset of markers that are significantly associated with one or more QTL influencing the expression of the trait of interest.
1) Select or develop a bi-parental mapping population.
2) Phenotype the population for a trait under greenhouse or field conditions.
3) Choose a molecular marking system – genotype parents of the mapping population and F1s with large numbers of markers, then select 200-400 markers exhibiting polymorphism between the parents.
4) Choose a genotyping approach, then generate molecular data for polymorphic markers
5) Identify the molecular markers associated with major QTL using statistical programs.
Large-scale allele mining
Allele mining is a promising approach to dissecting naturally occurring allelic variation at candidate genes controlling key agronomic traits.
KASP platform at CIMMYT has been used for the systematic mining of large germplasm collections for specific functional polymorphisms.
SNPs or small indels that
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Analysis (SNPs)
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Analysis
Predictive Analytics and Data Science Conference May 27-28
Asst. Prof. Vitara Pungpapong, Ph.D.
Department of Statistics
Faculty of Commerce and Accountancy
Chulalongkorn University
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (sn ps), haplotypes,
This document provides an overview of SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms), including their biological background, terminology, detection techniques, and applications. It defines SNPs as single base changes that occur in at least 1% of a population. SNPs can be harmless, harmful, or latent, and are found primarily in noncoding regions, occurring around every 100-300 bases. The document discusses techniques for detecting known and unknown SNPs, including hybridization methods like microarrays and PCR, as well as enzyme-based techniques like nucleotide extension, cleavage, and ligation. It notes applications of SNPs in areas like gene discovery, disease association studies, diagnostics, and predicting treatment response.
Single nucleotide polymorphism
general information regarding single nucleotide polymorphism.
A Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP), pronounced “snip,” is a genetic variation when a single nucleotide (i.e., A, T, C, or G) is altered and kept through heredity.
Chapter18
The document discusses several key concepts related to microevolution and population genetics, including:
- Gene pools and allelic frequencies changing over time through mutations, gene flow, genetic drift, and non-random mating can cause microevolution.
- Hardy-Weinberg principle states that allele frequencies remain stable in a population not experiencing these evolutionary forces.
- Types of natural selection include directional, stabilizing, and disruptive selection.
- Speciation occurs when reproductive isolation leads to the splitting of one species into two or more distinct species over time. Mechanisms of isolation can be prezygotic or postzygotic.
Hardy weinberg equilibrium
This document provides an introduction to population genetics concepts including:
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- Key terms like gene pool, allele frequency, and genotype frequency
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- Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and how evolutionary forces can affect equilibrium
- Factors like mutation, migration, non-random mating, natural selection, and genetic drift that influence population genetics
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06 random drift
Five factors drive evolution in populations: mutation, migration, genetic drift, natural selection, and nonrandom mating. Genetic drift is the change in allele frequencies that occurs due to random sampling error in small populations. It can cause alleles to be lost or fixed in a population by chance alone, independent of adaptive effects. The rate of genetic drift is influenced by population size, with smaller populations experiencing stronger drift effects due to increased sampling error. Effective population size is often much smaller than actual population size due to factors like unequal sex ratios. Genetic drift reduces genetic diversity over time and can cause maladaptive evolution if drift is stronger than selection.
Allele frequency
1. The document discusses factors that can initiate microevolution by changing gene frequencies in populations.
2. It explains that microevolution occurs within populations and involves changes in gene frequency over time due to factors like mutation, natural selection, genetic drift, non-random mating, and gene flow.
3. For a population to evolve, at least one of the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium must be absent - no mutations, random mating, no natural selection, extremely large population size, or no gene flow.
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1) The document introduces population genetics and its application to conservation. It defines key terms like allele frequency, genotype frequency, and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
2) Mutation, recombination, migration, and natural selection are described as the main forces that can drive evolution by changing allele frequencies over time. Mutation introduces new variants while selection favors advantageous variants.
3) Models of mutation, migration, genetic drift and natural selection are presented to explain how they impact allele frequency changes in a population both qualitatively and quantitatively over multiple generations. The interaction between mutation and selection is also described.
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Evolutionary forces
Evolutionary equilibrium, also known as Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, occurs when allele and genotype frequencies remain constant between generations in a population with no evolutionary forces. There are five main destabilizing forces that disrupt evolutionary equilibrium: 1) genetic drift, such as bottleneck and founder effects, which cause changes in allele frequencies by chance, 2) mutation, which introduces new alleles, 3) migration or gene flow between populations, which prevents divergence, 4) meiotic drive, where some alleles are overrepresented in gametes, and 5) natural selection, where some alleles provide a reproductive advantage. Together, these evolutionary forces ensure that Hardy Weinberg equilibrium is rarely achieved in natural populations.
L2.ppt
The document discusses Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which states that allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation if the population meets certain conditions: large size, random mating, no mutations, migration, drift or selection. It provides an example calculation of genotype frequency. The document also covers genetic variation within and between populations, factors influencing variation like isolation and drift, minimum viable population size, effective population size, and causes of extinction.
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INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
THE HARDY-WEINBERG LAW
DERIVATION
TERMINOLOGY
PROBLEMS
ASSUMPTION OF HAEDY –WEINBERG EQUILIBRIUM
REFERANCE
The Hardy–Weinberg principle, also known as the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, model, theorem or law.
States that allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of other evolutionary influences.
These influences include mate choice, mutation, selection, genetic drift, gene flow and meiotic drive.
Because one or more of these influences are typically present in real populations, the Hardy–Weinberg principle describes an ideal condition against which the effects of these influences can be analyzed.
Hardy-Weinberg Law
Population genetics deals with genetics at the level of populations rather than individuals. It considers the genetic composition of populations and how gene frequencies change over generations. The genetic constitution of a population is described by the proportion of individuals with each genotype and the transmission of genes from one generation to the next. Population genetics was first applied to genetic improvement in livestock. The Hardy-Weinberg law states that genotype and gene frequencies remain constant in a large, randomly mating population with no evolutionary influences. It provides a simple relationship between gene and genotype frequencies.
Population and evolutionary genetics 1
This document provides an overview of population and evolutionary genetics. It defines population genetics as the study of genetic variation within and between populations, examining how allele frequencies change over time due to various factors. Evolutionary genetics studies how evolutionary forces lead to speciation and diversification of organisms. The document notes that nothing in biology makes sense except in light of evolution, and discusses how human genetics has been shaped by both evolution and human population movements. It also clarifies terminology and discusses concepts like Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, genetic drift, and how violations of Hardy-Weinberg assumptions like non-random mating can occur.
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Population genetics is the study of genetic variation within populations. A population shares a gene pool containing all alleles of individuals. Different species that interbreed often produce sterile offspring. Microevolution occurs through changes in a population's gene pool over time due to processes like natural selection and genetic drift. The modern synthesis theory recognizes that genes are responsible for inheritance and that populations, not individuals, evolve through natural selection and genetic drift.
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This document discusses measuring evolution in populations through changes in allele frequencies over time. It introduces the five main agents that can cause such changes: mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, selection, and non-random mating. It then explains key concepts like populations, gene pools, and allele frequencies. Finally, it outlines Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which models a hypothetical non-evolving population, and the Hardy-Weinberg theorem which provides a way to calculate genotype frequencies based on allele frequencies.
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- Key terms like gene pool, allele frequency, and genotype frequency
- Mendelian populations and how they interact
- Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and how evolutionary forces can affect equilibrium
- Factors like mutation, migration, non-random mating, natural selection, and genetic drift that influence population genetics
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The document discusses Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which states that allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation if the population meets certain conditions. These conditions are large population size, random mating, no mutations, no migration, and no natural selection. The Hardy-Weinberg principle can be used to calculate expected genotype frequencies and serves as a baseline for detecting deviations caused by non-random mating, genetic drift, natural selection or other evolutionary forces.
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Five factors drive evolution in populations: mutation, migration, genetic drift, natural selection, and nonrandom mating. Genetic drift is the change in allele frequencies that occurs due to random sampling error in small populations. It can cause alleles to be lost or fixed in a population by chance alone, independent of adaptive effects. The rate of genetic drift is influenced by population size, with smaller populations experiencing stronger drift effects due to increased sampling error. Effective population size is often much smaller than actual population size due to factors like unequal sex ratios. Genetic drift reduces genetic diversity over time and can cause maladaptive evolution if drift is stronger than selection.
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1. The document discusses factors that can initiate microevolution by changing gene frequencies in populations.
2. It explains that microevolution occurs within populations and involves changes in gene frequency over time due to factors like mutation, natural selection, genetic drift, non-random mating, and gene flow.
3. For a population to evolve, at least one of the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium must be absent - no mutations, random mating, no natural selection, extremely large population size, or no gene flow.
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This document provides an overview of population genetics and principles of evolution. It discusses how genetic variation is maintained in populations through mechanisms such as sexual reproduction, genetic drift, mutation and natural selection. A key concept is that evolution occurs through changes in allele frequencies in populations over generations. The document also covers Mendelian inheritance, Darwinian evolution, the Hardy-Weinberg principle of genetic equilibrium, and factors that can lead to deviations from equilibrium, driving microevolutionary changes within populations.
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1) The document introduces population genetics and its application to conservation. It defines key terms like allele frequency, genotype frequency, and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
2) Mutation, recombination, migration, and natural selection are described as the main forces that can drive evolution by changing allele frequencies over time. Mutation introduces new variants while selection favors advantageous variants.
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cces2015
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Population genetics reconciled Darwin and Mendel's ideas by showing how natural selection could act on variation present in populations. The Hardy-Weinberg theorem describes genetic equilibrium in a population where allele frequencies remain constant between generations unless disrupted by factors like genetic drift, migration, non-random mating, mutation, or natural selection. These disruptions to equilibrium allow for microevolution and populations to change over time through natural selection acting on genetic variation.
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Evolutionary equilibrium, also known as Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, occurs when allele and genotype frequencies remain constant between generations in a population with no evolutionary forces. There are five main destabilizing forces that disrupt evolutionary equilibrium: 1) genetic drift, such as bottleneck and founder effects, which cause changes in allele frequencies by chance, 2) mutation, which introduces new alleles, 3) migration or gene flow between populations, which prevents divergence, 4) meiotic drive, where some alleles are overrepresented in gametes, and 5) natural selection, where some alleles provide a reproductive advantage. Together, these evolutionary forces ensure that Hardy Weinberg equilibrium is rarely achieved in natural populations.
L2.ppt
The document discusses Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which states that allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation if the population meets certain conditions: large size, random mating, no mutations, migration, drift or selection. It provides an example calculation of genotype frequency. The document also covers genetic variation within and between populations, factors influencing variation like isolation and drift, minimum viable population size, effective population size, and causes of extinction.
hardy weinberg genetic equilibrium by kk sahu
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
THE HARDY-WEINBERG LAW
DERIVATION
TERMINOLOGY
PROBLEMS
ASSUMPTION OF HAEDY –WEINBERG EQUILIBRIUM
REFERANCE
The Hardy–Weinberg principle, also known as the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, model, theorem or law.
States that allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of other evolutionary influences.
These influences include mate choice, mutation, selection, genetic drift, gene flow and meiotic drive.
Because one or more of these influences are typically present in real populations, the Hardy–Weinberg principle describes an ideal condition against which the effects of these influences can be analyzed.
Hardy-Weinberg Law
Population genetics deals with genetics at the level of populations rather than individuals. It considers the genetic composition of populations and how gene frequencies change over generations. The genetic constitution of a population is described by the proportion of individuals with each genotype and the transmission of genes from one generation to the next. Population genetics was first applied to genetic improvement in livestock. The Hardy-Weinberg law states that genotype and gene frequencies remain constant in a large, randomly mating population with no evolutionary influences. It provides a simple relationship between gene and genotype frequencies.
Population and evolutionary genetics 1
This document provides an overview of population and evolutionary genetics. It defines population genetics as the study of genetic variation within and between populations, examining how allele frequencies change over time due to various factors. Evolutionary genetics studies how evolutionary forces lead to speciation and diversification of organisms. The document notes that nothing in biology makes sense except in light of evolution, and discusses how human genetics has been shaped by both evolution and human population movements. It also clarifies terminology and discusses concepts like Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, genetic drift, and how violations of Hardy-Weinberg assumptions like non-random mating can occur.
Population genetics with qs
Population genetics is the study of genetic variation within populations. A population's gene pool contains all the alleles of all individuals. Under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, allele frequencies remain constant between generations if there is no mutation, migration, genetic drift, or natural selection. Five agents cause evolution: mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, nonrandom mating, and natural selection, which is the only mechanism that leads to adaptation. Natural selection maintains genetic variation and can preserve polymorphisms through mechanisms like heterozygote advantage.
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Population genetics is the study of genetic variation within populations. A population shares a gene pool containing all alleles of individuals. Different species that interbreed often produce sterile offspring. Microevolution occurs through changes in a population's gene pool over time due to processes like natural selection and genetic drift. The modern synthesis theory recognizes that genes are responsible for inheritance and that populations, not individuals, evolve through natural selection and genetic drift.
Hernandez ESEB 2018
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This document summarizes key concepts in population genetics and evolution. It discusses how population genetics combines Mendelian inheritance and natural selection. The modern synthesis combined findings from various fields to emphasize populations as units of evolution and natural selection as the main mechanism. It also describes genetic variation, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, factors causing microevolution like genetic drift and natural selection, and concepts like sexual selection and limits of natural selection.
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This document discusses population genetics and key concepts in evolutionary biology. It covers Mendelian genetics, the Hardy-Weinberg principle of equilibrium, mechanisms of evolution like genetic variation, natural selection and genetic drift. It also discusses applications of population genetics like estimating allele frequencies, measuring genetic variation, and using DNA polymorphisms in forensics.
Hardy Weinberg Populations
This document discusses measuring evolution in populations through changes in allele frequencies over time. It introduces the five main agents that can cause such changes: mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, selection, and non-random mating. It then explains key concepts like populations, gene pools, and allele frequencies. Finally, it outlines Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which models a hypothetical non-evolving population, and the Hardy-Weinberg theorem which provides a way to calculate genotype frequencies based on allele frequencies.
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What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
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Section24 1genesinpopulations-130303193844-phpapp01
- 1. Section 24.1 LECTURE SLIDES Prepared by Ashish Murthy Raritan Valley Community College To run the animations you must be in Slideshow View. Use the buttons on the animation to play, pause, and turn audio/text on or off. Please note: once you have used any of the animation functions (such as Play or Pause), you must first click in the white background before you advance the next slide. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
- 2. SECTION 24.1 OUTLINE Population Genetics Gene Pools Polymorphic/Monomorphic/SNP Allele/Genotype Frequency* Hardy Weinberg Principle* Micro-Evolution*
- 3. POPULATION GENETICS The Study of Genes and Genotypes in a population Population - a group of individuals of the same species that occupy the same environment (that can interbreed) Genetic Variation Genetic Variation related to Phenotypic Variation
- 4. GENE POOLS All of the alleles for every gene in a given population Changes between Generations Use to examine variation in alleles between individuals of a population
- 5. DIFFERENT TYPES OF GENES Polymorphic – 2 or more alleles for a single gene that occur at greater than 1% frequency Monomorphic – 1 allele for a single gene occurs at greater than 99% frequency
- 6. POLYMORPHISM Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) Sickle Cell Anemia Deletion Duplication
- 7. ALLELE FREQUENCY 30 Homozygous Dominant Humans (TT) 20 Heterozygous Humans (Tt) 10 Homozygous Recessive Humans (tt) Frequency of T: (30)(2) + 20 Frequency of t: (10)(2) + 20 (30+20+10)(2) (30+20+10)(2)
- 8. GENOTYPE FREQUENCY 30 Homozygous Dominant Humans (TT) 20 Heterozygous Humans (Tt) 10 Homozygous Recessive Humans (tt) Frequency of TT: 30 (30+20+10) Frequency of Tt: 20 Frequency of tt: 10 (30+20+10) (30+20+10)
- 9. HARDY-WEINBERG PRINCIPLE Relates Allele Frequency and Genotype Frequency Developed in 1908 Godfrey Harold Hardy and Wilhelm Weinberg
- 10. HARDY-WEINBERG VARIABLES If p = 0.4, then q = 0.6
- 13. HARDY-WEINBERG EQUILIBRIUM P = .8 Q = .2 = = .64 = . 32 = .04
- 14. HARDY-WEINBERG ASSUMPTIONS No new mutations No natural selection No random change in allele frequencies (large population) No Migration Random mating
- 15. MICRO-EVOLUTION Changes in a population’s gene pool Allele Frequency changes New Genetic Variation Evolutionary Mechanisms
- 16. SOURCES OF NEW GENETIC VARIATION