This document provides information on secondary research about bowling. It includes facts about bowling like the weight of bowling balls, the origins of bowling dating back 4000 years, and that bowling is the number one participation sport in America. The history section details the earliest evidence of bowling in Egypt in 3200 BC, the introduction of indoor lanes in 1840, and the development of automatic pin setting machines. The document also covers bowling safety tips, different ball delivery techniques like straight rolling versus hook shots, and the three main delivery styles of stroking, cranking, and tweener.

1. Secondary Research
By Eleanor Raftery, Gabrielle Walsh, Steven Crane

2. Bowling Facts
• The first indoor bowling lanes were built in New York City in 1840.
•A bowling ball weights between 2,7 to 7,3 kilograms.
•Bowling balls were made out of wood until the early 1900s.
•The largest bowling centre is located in Japan and has 141 lanes
•A bowling lane is 18,2 meters long from the foul line to the headpin.
•Bowling is the number one participation sport in America
•The origins of bowling can be traced about 4,000 years back to Rome and Greece.

3. History of bowling
•
According to the International Bowling Museum and Hall of Fame, a British
anthropologist discovered in the 1930s evidence of bowling items in an Egyptian
grave. The evidence suggests bowling dates back as far as 3200 BC.
•
Indoor bowling lanes made their debut in 1840 in New York City.
•
In 1905, the wooden ball loses ground to rubber ones.
•
Bowling made its television debut in the 1950s.
•
Automatic pin spotters or pin setters are introduced in 1952, slowly leading to the
decline of pin boys
•
The first standardized rules for pin were established in New York City, on September
9, 1895.
•
Bowling is enjoyed by 95 million people in more than ninety countries worldwide and
continues to grow through entertainment media such as video games for home
consoles and handheld device.

4. Bowling Safety
•
Like any other physical activity, warming up helps to prevent injuries
•
Bowling balls are heavy with varying weight ranges; to avoid back and wrist injury
they should be picked up with both hands.
•
It’s also recommended to bend one’s knees while picking up bowling balls to avoid
back injuries.
•
Most bowling ball return mechanisms use a power-lift that includes a spinning
wheel, and bowlers should keep their hands clear of it.
•
Bowlers should also warm up their fingers before inserting them into a bowling
ball, to ensure that their fingers do not get stuck in the ball.
•
Even in small ball bowling, balls should be picked up with one hand on each side of
the ball small balls return to the rack with enough force to smash fingers.

5. Techniques and delivery
styles
Ball Release
There are typically two different ways to roll a ball down the lane.
Straight
Beginners commonly just bowl the ball straight down the lane,
hoping to hit the 1 and 2 pocket or the 1 and 3 pocket. When
bowling straight like this, people often hold the ball with their hand
in a "W" shaped form. Hook/Curve
The hook or curve ball
Is commonly used by more advanced players. As the bowler releases
the ball, the ball starts out straight and then "hooks" because of the
rotation the bowler puts on the ball during release. When curving,
most people use two fingers and a thumb.

6. Delivery Styles
There are three different types of styles used when releasing the ball onto the
lane. The three styles are the stoker, canker and tweener styles.
Stroker
People who use the stroker style usually keep their feet square to the foul line.
Stroking lessens the ball's spin rate and therefore decreases its hook/curve
potential and hitting power. Strokers use finesse and accuracy.
Cranker
Crankers try to create as much spin as possible by using a cupped wrist.
Bowlers that use the cranking method often cup their wrist, but open the wrist
at the top of the swing. Crankers often use late timing, meaning the foot
reaches the foul line before the ball does; this is called "plant and pull", hardly
using any slide on their last step and pulling the ball upwards for leverage.
Crankers rely on speed and power.
Tweener
Tweeners are bowlers that release the ball in a way that falls somewhere in
between stroking and cranking. Tweeners often release the ball with a higher
backswing than is normally used by a stroker or a less powerful wrist position
than a cranker.

7. How bowling alleys
work
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=amx6fp0s28c
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oDPDkxQomYY