The document discusses Krashen's affective filter hypothesis in second language acquisition. It proposes that affective variables such as motivation, anxiety, and self-confidence can hinder or facilitate comprehensible input from being used to acquire a second language. When the affective filter is "up", it impedes acquisition by preventing input from reaching the part of the brain responsible for language learning. Positive affect is necessary but not sufficient for acquisition. The document also provides examples of how to analyze students' motivation and help lower their affective filters to improve second language teaching.
Age-Related Differences in the Motivation of Learning English as a Foreign La...inventionjournals
The effects of age on language acquisition is one of the predominant topics in linguistics and second language acquisition (Pérez, 2007). These effects have led to the coining of the critical period hypothesis, which states that one’s capability to learn a second language are only high if one’s age falls within the critical period range and diminishes as one’s age moves away from the critical period (Torres, 2009). In this light, this study aims at finding the age related differences in one’s motivation to learn English as a second language (Pérez, 2007). From the findings of the study, one’s age directly affects his or her motivation to learn English such that younger learners had more motivation to learn the second language as compared to the older learners (Uribe, Gutiérrez & Madrid, 200 8). This effect is attributed to the inactivity of the neuromuscular mechanism in one’s brains beyond the age of 20, which affects one’s ability to process and understand L2 (Uribe, Gutiérrez & Madrid, 2008). The poor language learning techniques of the older adults is also another major cause of the low motivation to learn English as a second language (Torres, 2009). Children engage in more interactions with adults and friends as compared to adults, which is perceived as one of the main factors why children learn a second language faster as compared to adults. The interaction helps them to discover new vocabulary, new ways of pronunciation and new grammar rules, which builds their language faster as compared to adults (Peal & Lambert, 1962). Generally, it can be argued that the younger an individual is the higher the motivation to learn English as a second language at the University of Guayaquil. It can also be argued that the age of an individual directly determines his or her determination to learn English as a second language regardless of the period of exposure to the language (McBride, 2009).
GENDER AND IDENTITY ISSUES IN SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION.docxResearchWap
Extensive language acquisition is determined by a level of dexterity in the four language skills namely speaking, listening, reading and writing. Listening and speaking, in this order, have been described as the most important two as language transcends the semiotic, that is the language for communication, and role. Language is both a sociological and political tool that influences man more than man does it; in it, a person’s worldview is determined to the extent that language is consciousness so that such things as art especially the literary kind become a production of this consciousness at the same time a product of it. Disciplines like anthropology, sociology, psychology, economics, history, etc., invest much time in the study of language as the latter bear upon any deep human-related study. As a result, bridge disciplines have sprung up over the last few decades such as sociolinguistics and so on.
However, it is the application of language studies in things like marketing, advertisement, social media strategies, programming, etc., that inform the surging call for more diverse language-related studies. One of such is on the issues of gender and identity in second language acquisition.
English Phonetics and Phonology By Peter Roach
A Practical course
Second Edition
This presentation is not my own creation.
Just uploaded on Slideshare for the help of others.
This book doesn`t belong to me.
I uploaded it for educational purpose.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
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Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
1. Umm-e-Rooman Yaqoob
Second Language Acquisition
Second-language acquisition,second-language learning,isthe processbywhichpeople learna second
language.Second-languageacquisition alsoreferstothe scientificdisciplinedevotedtostudyingthat
process. Second languagereferstoanylanguage learnedinadditiontoaperson's firstlanguage;
althoughthe conceptisnamed second-languageacquisition,itcanalsoincorporate the learningof third,
fourth,or subsequentlanguages. Second-languageacquisitionreferstowhatlearnersdo;itdoesnot
referto practicesin language teaching,althoughteachingcanaffectacquisition.
Factors affectingL2:
Age
Personality
Motivation
Experiences
Cognition
Native Language
Curriculum
Culture
Status
Motivation
Optimum Age:
The issue of age wasfirstaddressedwiththe critical periodhypothesis.The strictversionof this
hypothesisstatesthatthere isacut-off age at about 12, afterwhichlearnerslose the abilitytofully
learna language.Thisstrictversionhassince beenrejectedforsecond-languageacquisition,asadult
learnershave beenobservedwhoreachnative-likelevelsof pronunciationandgeneral fluency. Scholars
believethatmanyfactorscan affectsecondlanguage learningandteachingpractices,amongthemage
has beenalwaysregardedasa keyfactor.The startingage for learninga second/foreignlanguage isa
debatable issue aboutwhichdifferentideashave beenproposedbyvariousstakeholdersandscholars.
Some scholarsrefertothe critical periodhypothesisforL1acquisitionandbelievethatbefore pubertyis
the besttime to start learning/teachingaforeignlanguage. Fromanotherpointof view,scholarsreject
the appropriatenessof thisclaiminsecondlanguage learning/teachingregardingthe evidence that
adultlearners,insome aspectsof language,are saidtoacquire a foreignlanguage more easily.These
researchersclaimthatconceptssuchas multiple critical periodandthe presence of motivationbasedon
whichanypersoncan start learninga foreignlanguage atanyage can be goodexamples.
(Umm-e-RoomanYaqoob)
2. The advantages of earlysecond language acquisition
Accordingscientificsurveys,language aspectssuchaspronunciationandintonationcanbe acquired
easierduringchildhood,due toneuromuscularmechanismswhichare onlyactive until tothe age of 12.
Anotherpossibleexplanationof children’s´accent-freepronunciationistheirincreasedcapabilityfor
imitation.Thiscapabilityfadesawaysignificantlyafterpuberty.Anotherfactorthat we shouldtake into
considerationischildren’sflexibility,spontaneityandtolerance tonew experiences.Kidsare more
willingtocommunicate withpeople thanadults,theyare curiousandtheyare not afraidof making
mistakes.Lastbutnot least,aspectssuchas time,greaterlearningandmemorycapacityare inany case
advantagesinearlylanguage learning.Onthe otherhandthere are surveyswhichpointoutthe riskof
semi-lingualismandadvise parentsto organize languageplanningcarefully.
(Rabia Ashiq)
The advantages of late second language acquisition
Considerthe followingfactors:Firstof all,adults(meaningpeopleafterpuberty) have animportant
advantage:cognitive maturityandtheirexperience of the general languagesystem.Throughtheir
knowledge of theirmothertongues,aswell asotherforeignlanguages,notonlycantheyachieve more
advantageouslearningconditionsthanchildren,buttheycanalsomore easilyacquire grammatical rules
and syntacticphenomena.Itwouldbe useful topointoutthatsometimesincorrectpronunciationisnot
a matter of capabilitybutof goodwill.Accordingtodifferentsurveys,adultsdonotfeel likethemselves
whentheyspeaka foreignlanguage andtheyconsiderpronunciationanethno- linguisticidentity-
marker.A positive ornegative attitude towardsaforeignlanguageshouldnotbe underestimated.
Anotherfactorto consideristhe adults‘motivation tolearnaforeignlanguage.Whenanadultlearnsa
foreignlanguage there isalwaysareasonbehindit:education,social prestige,professionorsocial
integration.The latterisconsideredaverystrongone,especiallyinthe case of immigrants.
So whatis the bestage for a personto start learningaforeignlanguage insituationswhere thereisa
choice,andwhere itis notcritical that a native-speaker-likepronunciationisacquired?
The answer,accordingto current research,isearlyadolescence,soabout11-13. Andthe more
motivatedthe childistolearnthe newlanguage,the more successful he will be!
(Sara George)
Definitionofthe Affective FilterHypothesis
Accordingto the affective filterhypothesis,affecteffectsacquisition,butnotlearning,byfacilitatingor
preventingcomprehensibleinputfromreachingthe language acquisitiondevice.Inotherwords,
affective variablessuchasfear,nervousness,boredom, andresistance tochange can affectthe
acquisitionof asecondlanguage bypreventinginformationaboutthe secondlanguage fromreaching
the language areasof the mind. Affective filterscanbe raisedor loweredasa resultof the environment
that individualsare in,interactionswithpeersand/orteachers,ordue topersonal factorssuchas
insecurityandanxiety.
3. (MehakRasool)
Krashen’swork
In Krashen’swork,the affective filterhypothesisexplainsthe role of affectivefactorsinthe processof
language acquisition(2003).It suggeststhatemotional variablescanhindercomprehensible inputfrom
reachingthe part of the brainresponsibleforacquiringlanguage.Krashen(1981) postulatedthatan
affective filterexiststhatcanincrease ordecrease the intake of the comprehensible input.He found
that a highlevel of stressandanxiety createsafilterthatimpedeslearning,blocksthe intake,and
reducesL2 acquisition.Whenthe filterisup,inputcan’treachthose parts of the brain where acquisition
occurs. Many language learnersrealize thatthe reasontheyhave trouble isbecause theyare nervousor
embarrassedandsimplycan’tconcentrate.Inotherwords,the inputisfilteredout.Krashenalso
concludedthata lowaffective filteronthe otherside facilitateslearningandpromotessecondlanguage
acquisition.
(Samia Shabbir)
Affective filterandsecond language acquisition
The Affective FilterhypothesisembodiesKrashen'sview thatanumberof 'affective variables' play a
facilitative,butnon-causal,role insecondlanguage acquisition. These variablesinclude:motivation,self-
confidence andanxiety.Accordingtohim, itiseasierfora learnertoacquire a language whenhe/she is
not tense,angry,anxious,andbored.Krashenclaimedthatlearnerswithhighmotivation,self-
confidence,agoodself-image,andalowlevel of anxietyare betterequippedforsuccessinsecond
language acquisition.Lowmotivation,low self-esteem, anddebilitatinganxietycancombine to'raise'
the affective filterandforma 'mental block'thatpreventscomprehensibleinputfrombeingusedfor
acquisition.Inotherwords,whenthe filteris'up'itimpedeslanguage acquisition.Onthe otherhand,
positive affectisnecessary,butnotsufficient onitsown,foracquisitiontotake place.Therefore,
educatorsneedtoprovide anenvironmentthatreducesstressandanxietyandalsoincreasesthe ELL
students’motivationandself-esteem.This,accordingtoKrashen,providesopportunitiesforlanguage
acquisitiontooccurmore efficientlyandquicklyamongthe learners(2003).
How to make use of Affective filterhypothesis insecondlanguage teaching
Analyze students’learningmotivation,motivatethem, andhelpthempossessapositiveattitude Some
studentshave verypoorperformance onthe L2, onlybecause theyhave little ornotenoughmotivation
for itand there are mainlyfive reasons:1) nointerest.2) Noconfidence.3) Teacher’sinappropriate
teachingmethod.4) Some negative nationalemotionsagainstthe targetlanguage.5) Studentsthinkit
no use to learn.Fromthe above reasonswe can see that teacherscanmotivate students’learning
motivation.
(Umm-e-RoomanYaqoob)