Sean + CJ Ordovician Period
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The document summarizes key details about the Ordovician period, which occurred approximately 490 million years ago. It describes the period as being dominated by marine invertebrates and containing only primitive land plants. It notes that several continents were combined into the supercontinent Gondwanaland at this time. Life during the Ordovician period mostly existed in the oceans, where marine diversity had increased fourfold, including mollusks, brachiopods and the first jawed fish. Cephalopods also evolved and thrived during this period.
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The document discusses the Cambrian explosion, which was the geologically rapid appearance of complex animal life around 541 million years ago. It summarizes key debates, such as whether there was animal life before the Cambrian period. While no complex fossils were found, some evidence of simpler pre-Cambrian life exists, like stromatolites and trace fossils. The document also examines whether the Cambrian explosion was truly rapid or gradual, noting biases in the fossil record. Overall, it finds evidence for both a pre-Cambrian fauna and a rapid diversification of animal forms in the Cambrian period.
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Cambrian-Ordovician Periods
The document provides information about the Cambrian Period, which began around 543 million years ago and ended around 490 million years ago. It describes the Cambrian Period as a time of the "Cambrian Explosion" when most major animal phyla first appeared in the fossil record over a relatively short period of time. The document outlines the dominant life forms, climate, tectonic setting, stratigraphy, localities, and subdivisions of the Cambrian Period.
Major extinction events
- An extinction event is a widespread decrease in biodiversity where the rate of extinction increases compared to the rate of evolution of new species. The "Big Five" mass extinction events are the five largest extinction events in Earth's history.
- The document then describes each of the "Big Five" extinction events by time period, percentage of families/genera/species that went extinct, and possible causes. The largest was the Permian-Triassic extinction about 252 million years ago where up to 96% of marine species went extinct.
- Possible causes of mass extinction events discussed are large igneous provinces (flood basalts), sea level falls, asteroid/comet impacts, and global cooling, with flood basalts
Paleozoic Era
The document summarizes key aspects of the Cambrian and Ordovician periods. During the Cambrian, most major animal phyla first appear in the fossil record during the Cambrian Explosion. The continents were drifting apart and life was dominated by invertebrates like trilobites. The Ordovician saw continued diversification of life with mollusks and arthropods dominating the seas and the first jawed fish evolving, while life on land remained limited. Both periods ended with major extinction events.
WHAT IS PALEOZOIC ERA?
The Paleozoic Era started 542 million years ago with the emergence of complex life forms and ended 251 million years ago with the largest mass extinction the world has ever experienced.
Paleontology, types & uses of fossils
Main Topic of Paleontology (Study of Fossils or remains of living organisms), Fossils and Types of Fossils & Significance of Fossils
Mass extinction
The document discusses five major mass extinction events that have occurred throughout Earth's history. It provides details on the timing, affected organisms, and hypothesized causes for each extinction. The largest was the Permian-Triassic extinction 252 million years ago, in which over 96% of marine species and 70% of terrestrial vertebrates died off, possibly due to one or more factors including asteroid impact, volcanism, and climate change. Subsequent extinctions discussed are the Ordovician-Silurian, Late Devonian, Triassic-Jurassic, and Cretaceous-Tertiary events. Each had significant impacts on biodiversity and the dominant lifeforms on Earth.
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Cambrian-Ordovician Periods
The document provides information about the Cambrian Period, which began around 543 million years ago and ended around 490 million years ago. It describes the Cambrian Period as a time of the "Cambrian Explosion" when most major animal phyla first appeared in the fossil record over a relatively short period of time. The document outlines the dominant life forms, climate, tectonic setting, stratigraphy, localities, and subdivisions of the Cambrian Period.
Major extinction events
- An extinction event is a widespread decrease in biodiversity where the rate of extinction increases compared to the rate of evolution of new species. The "Big Five" mass extinction events are the five largest extinction events in Earth's history.
- The document then describes each of the "Big Five" extinction events by time period, percentage of families/genera/species that went extinct, and possible causes. The largest was the Permian-Triassic extinction about 252 million years ago where up to 96% of marine species went extinct.
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WHAT IS PALEOZOIC ERA?
The Paleozoic Era started 542 million years ago with the emergence of complex life forms and ended 251 million years ago with the largest mass extinction the world has ever experienced.
Paleontology, types & uses of fossils
Main Topic of Paleontology (Study of Fossils or remains of living organisms), Fossils and Types of Fossils & Significance of Fossils
Mass extinction
The document discusses five major mass extinction events that have occurred throughout Earth's history. It provides details on the timing, affected organisms, and hypothesized causes for each extinction. The largest was the Permian-Triassic extinction 252 million years ago, in which over 96% of marine species and 70% of terrestrial vertebrates died off, possibly due to one or more factors including asteroid impact, volcanism, and climate change. Subsequent extinctions discussed are the Ordovician-Silurian, Late Devonian, Triassic-Jurassic, and Cretaceous-Tertiary events. Each had significant impacts on biodiversity and the dominant lifeforms on Earth.
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The document discusses extinction and mass extinction events throughout Earth's history. It notes that extinction is a natural part of evolution, with 99.9% of all species that ever lived now extinct. Mass extinctions have occurred periodically, where the extinction rate far exceeds the normal background rate, such as the Permian-Triassic extinction over 250 million years ago where 90-95% of marine species went extinct. Some hypotheses for the causes of mass extinctions include large meteorite impacts, as well as volcanic activity and climate changes.
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The horse evolved over 50 million years, starting as a small forest-dwelling animal called Hyracotherium with multiple toes and browsing dentition. As the climate dried in North America, horses like Mesohippus and Miohippus developed tougher teeth and longer legs suited for browsing open woodlands. Later forms like Merychippus evolved grazing dentition and spring-loaded feet for running, with some lines retaining three toes. Pliocene genera like Pliohippus and Dinohippus had one toe and increasingly horse-like skulls. Modern Equus emerged in the Pleistocene with rigid spines, long legs and straight grazing teeth, diversifying into zebras, asses and domestic horses before dying out in the
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2. Key changes during evolution included an increase in size, elongation of the nose and upper lip to form a trunk, development of tusks, and adaptation of teeth for a grazing diet.
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Continental drift theory proposed that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. Wegener provided evidence like matching fossil and rock formations across continents, but his theory was rejected due to lacking an explanation for how the continents moved. Later studies of the seafloor using sonar revealed mid-ocean ridges where new crust was formed, explaining continental drift through the process of seafloor spreading and plate tectonics. Earthquake data showed seismic activity occurs at plate boundaries, confirming the Earth's surface is composed of shifting tectonic plates.
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The Cenozoic Era began 65 million years ago after the extinction of the dinosaurs. During this era, mammals diversified and grew larger to fill ecological niches as the dominant land animals. Birds also flourished. The era is divided into periods and epochs where species evolved or went extinct based on environmental changes. During the Paleogene period after dinosaurs, mammals and birds were small but evolved into ancestors of modern groups. In the Neogene, grasslands expanded and large mammals like horses and rhinos evolved. The Pleistocene ice ages drove many large mammals like mammoths and saber-toothed cats to extinction. The current Holocene epoch since the last ice age has seen human impacts drive further extinctions.
Mass extinctions
The document discusses extinction and mass extinction events throughout Earth's history. It notes that extinction is a natural part of evolution, with 99.9% of all species that ever lived now extinct. Mass extinctions have occurred periodically, where the extinction rate far exceeds the normal background rate, such as the Permian-Triassic extinction over 250 million years ago where 90-95% of marine species went extinct. Some hypotheses for the causes of mass extinctions include large meteorite impacts, as well as volcanic activity and climate changes.
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The Silurian period lasted from approximately 443 to 417 million years ago. During this time, volcanic activity was common and generated lava flows and ash. No new major groups of organisms appeared, though some existing groups flourished. Notable events included the first life emerging on land and the appearance of the earliest vascular plants and insects. The period witnessed the fragmentation of the supercontinent Rodinia and changes in global climate and sea levels.
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Sea floor spreading
1) Tubeworms survive through a symbiotic relationship with bacteria that live inside them. The bacteria convert chemicals from deep sea vents into food for the worm.
2) Sonar uses sound waves to determine the distance to underwater objects by measuring the echo return time.
3) Sea-floor spreading was discovered by Harry Hess in the 1960s and explains how new ocean crust continually forms at mid-ocean ridges, pushing older rocks away.
Oceanic trenches
An oceanic trench is a long, narrow, and very deep depression in the seafloor located at convergent plate boundaries. Trenches range from 3-4 km below the surrounding seafloor and can reach depths of over 11 km, such as the deepest known point in the Mariana Trench. Trenches mark the subduction zones where one tectonic plate slides under another into the Earth's mantle. Features like the asymmetric cross-section and sediment composition of trenches provide insights into the tectonic processes shaping the Earth's surface.
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The horse evolved over 50 million years, starting as a small forest-dwelling animal called Hyracotherium with multiple toes and browsing dentition. As the climate dried in North America, horses like Mesohippus and Miohippus developed tougher teeth and longer legs suited for browsing open woodlands. Later forms like Merychippus evolved grazing dentition and spring-loaded feet for running, with some lines retaining three toes. Pliocene genera like Pliohippus and Dinohippus had one toe and increasingly horse-like skulls. Modern Equus emerged in the Pleistocene with rigid spines, long legs and straight grazing teeth, diversifying into zebras, asses and domestic horses before dying out in the
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The reason for the occurrence of such a huge mass of water on the globe, is still a myth and reality. The reason goes back to the Origin of Earth itself. The exact mode of origin is not precisely known. Scientists assume, both Primary and secondary sources would have given rise to all both air and water on the earth. Two possible sources as internal source (or) external source have been proposed so far. Some of them are attributed towards the theories of origin of the earth.
Precambrian geology
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2. Key changes during evolution included an increase in size, elongation of the nose and upper lip to form a trunk, development of tusks, and adaptation of teeth for a grazing diet.
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Phylogeney
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Paleogeography
Palaeogeography or paleogeography is the study of historical geography, generally physical landscapes (visible features of an area of land). This is a brief overview of four famous paleogeographic theories: the permanence of continents, land bridges, continental drift, and plate tectonics.
BATHYMETRIC DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS
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Triassic-Jurassic Periods
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1) Isostasy refers to the state of gravitational equilibrium between the Earth's lithosphere and asthenosphere. The elevation and thickness of the Earth's crust depends on its density and thickness to maintain balance.
2) Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift in 1915, which states that continents slowly drift due to convection currents in the mantle. Wegener provided evidence that all present-day continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangea.
3) Plate tectonics explains continental drift as the movement of tectonic plates across the Earth's surface over geological time, caused by convection currents in the upper mantle. Pangea broke apart into smaller continents that have
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Sean + CJ Ordovician Period
- 1. SEAN RAMIREZ and CAMERON VALLEY present
- 2. ORDOVICIAN 490 MILLION YEARS AGO
- 9. INTERESTING FACTS THAT WILL BOTH ASTOUND AND AMAZE YOU • Cephalopods transfer spermatophores by inserting a modified arm into the mantle cavity of a female. • The largest Trilobite ever found was over 2 feet in length. • The Ordovician Period was named after the Welsh tribe “Ordovices” in 1879. • Today in the world, there are over 50000+ species of mollusks in the sea. • Ancestors of several Ordovician animals are more than capable of killing people.
- 10. SAUCES Our information was gathered via the following resources: • Encyclopedia Britannica • Wikipedia • Palaeos.com • ucmp.berkeley.edu/ordovician • Holt Biology (book) • Absoluteastronomy.com