The document summarizes Earth's history from the Precambrian era to the present Cenozoic era. It describes how early Earth's atmosphere evolved and how the first life forms such as stromatolites emerged in the Precambrian. During the Paleozoic era, life exploded with the Cambrian explosion and continued to diversify, including early plants and amphibians. The Mesozoic era was dominated by reptiles such as dinosaurs. Finally, the Cenozoic era saw the rise of mammals as the dominant land animals following the extinction of the dinosaurs.
IT INCLUDES ALL BASIC CONCEPTS DEFINITIONS,PICTURES,EXAMPLES.
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ALSO INCLUDES EARTH MAGNETIC FIELD
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IT INCLUDES BEST EXAMPLES AND REAL LIFE EXAMPLES,WHICH CAN HELP TO UNDERSTAND THE WHOLE CONCEPT.
IT INCLUDES ALL BASIC CONCEPTS DEFINITIONS,PICTURES,EXAMPLES.
BETTER TO UNDERSTAND.
BEST CONTENT WITH BEST ANIMATIONS AND TRANSITIONS.
ALSO INCLUDES EARTH MAGNETIC FIELD
DEFINITION OF EARTH MAGNETIC FIELD.
IT INCLUDES BEST EXAMPLES AND REAL LIFE EXAMPLES,WHICH CAN HELP TO UNDERSTAND THE WHOLE CONCEPT.
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY AS ULTRA REVISION TEST 2 ATMOSPHERE AND WEATHERGeorge Dumitrache
Cambridge Geography AS Ultra Revision Test 2, with questions and answers for chapter 2 Atmosphere and Weather. This is a test with 30 questions, 2 minutes each.
CAMBRIDGE AS GEOGRAPHY REVISION: ATMOSPHERE AND WEATHER - 2.1 LOCAL ENERGY BU...George Dumitrache
A comprehensive presentation of subchapter 2.1 Local Energy Budgets, from the second chapter of Physical Geography, AS Cambridge, Atmosphere and Weather.
This lesson will help you to understand the concept of typhoon
formation. After going through this lesson, you are expected to explain how
typhoon develops and how it is affected by landmasses and bodies of water
introduction to heat.
equalities of heat
hot and cold objects
Temperature
table-temp. and heat
heat fixed points
temperature scales
thermometers-making,intro.,types,
conversation of scales
Hd Pictures
Earth formed around 4.54 billion years ago, approximately one-third the age of the universe, by accretion from the solar nebula. Volcanic outgassing probably created the primordial atmosphere and then the ocean, but the early atmosphere contained almost no oxygen.
The geologic time scale, or geological time scale, (GTS) is a representation of time based on the rock record of Earth. It is a system of chronological dating that uses chronostratigraphy (the process of relating strata to time) and geochronology (scientific branch of geology that aims to determine the age of rocks). It is used primarily by Earth scientists (including geologists, paleontologists, geophysicists, geochemists, and paleoclimatologists) to describe the timing and relationships of events in geologic history. The time scale has been developed through the study of rock layers and the observation of their relationships and identifying features such as lithologies, paleomagnetic properties, and fossils. The definition of standardized international units of geologic time is the responsibility of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS), a constituent body of the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS), whose primary objective[1] is to precisely define global chronostratigraphic units of the International Chronostratigraphic Chart (ICC)[2] that are used to define divisions of geologic time. The chronostratigraphic divisions are in turn used to define geochronologic units.[2]
While some regional terms are still in use,[3] the table of geologic time presented in this article conforms to the nomenclature, ages, and color codes set forth by the ICS as this is the standard, reference global geologic time scale – the International Geological Time Scale.[1][
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY AS ULTRA REVISION TEST 2 ATMOSPHERE AND WEATHERGeorge Dumitrache
Cambridge Geography AS Ultra Revision Test 2, with questions and answers for chapter 2 Atmosphere and Weather. This is a test with 30 questions, 2 minutes each.
CAMBRIDGE AS GEOGRAPHY REVISION: ATMOSPHERE AND WEATHER - 2.1 LOCAL ENERGY BU...George Dumitrache
A comprehensive presentation of subchapter 2.1 Local Energy Budgets, from the second chapter of Physical Geography, AS Cambridge, Atmosphere and Weather.
This lesson will help you to understand the concept of typhoon
formation. After going through this lesson, you are expected to explain how
typhoon develops and how it is affected by landmasses and bodies of water
introduction to heat.
equalities of heat
hot and cold objects
Temperature
table-temp. and heat
heat fixed points
temperature scales
thermometers-making,intro.,types,
conversation of scales
Hd Pictures
Earth formed around 4.54 billion years ago, approximately one-third the age of the universe, by accretion from the solar nebula. Volcanic outgassing probably created the primordial atmosphere and then the ocean, but the early atmosphere contained almost no oxygen.
The geologic time scale, or geological time scale, (GTS) is a representation of time based on the rock record of Earth. It is a system of chronological dating that uses chronostratigraphy (the process of relating strata to time) and geochronology (scientific branch of geology that aims to determine the age of rocks). It is used primarily by Earth scientists (including geologists, paleontologists, geophysicists, geochemists, and paleoclimatologists) to describe the timing and relationships of events in geologic history. The time scale has been developed through the study of rock layers and the observation of their relationships and identifying features such as lithologies, paleomagnetic properties, and fossils. The definition of standardized international units of geologic time is the responsibility of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS), a constituent body of the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS), whose primary objective[1] is to precisely define global chronostratigraphic units of the International Chronostratigraphic Chart (ICC)[2] that are used to define divisions of geologic time. The chronostratigraphic divisions are in turn used to define geochronologic units.[2]
While some regional terms are still in use,[3] the table of geologic time presented in this article conforms to the nomenclature, ages, and color codes set forth by the ICS as this is the standard, reference global geologic time scale – the International Geological Time Scale.[1][
History of Life on Earth (General Biology 2, 1st Semester, Quarter 1, Week 2A)RheaGulay3
Describe general features of the history of life on Earth, including generally accepted dates
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In this presentation, we delve into the captivating realm of Antarctica, Earth's southernmost continent. This icy wilderness stands as a testament to extremes, with record-breaking cold temperatures and vast expanses of pristine ice. Antarctica's landscape is dominated by towering glaciers, colossal icebergs, and expansive ice shelves. Yet, amidst this frozen expanse, a rich tapestry of unique wildlife thrives, including penguins, seals, and seabirds, all finely attuned to survive in this harsh environment. Beyond its natural wonders, Antarctica also serves as a vital hub for scientific exploration, providing invaluable insights into climate change and the Earth's history
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3. Precambrian History
13.1 Precambrian Time: Vast and Puzzling
The Precambrian encompasses immense
geological time, from Earth’s distant
beginnings 4.56 billion years ago until the
start of the Cambrian period, over 4 billion
years later.
Precambrian Rocks
• Shields are large, relatively flat expanses of
ancient metamorphic rock within the stable
continental interior.
• Much of what we know about Precambrian
rocks comes from ores mined from shields.
6. Precambrian History
13.1 Precambrian Time: Vast and Puzzling
Earth’s Atmosphere Evolves
• Earth’s original atmosphere was made up of
gases similar to those released in volcanic
eruptions today—water vapor, carbon dioxide,
nitrogen, and several trace gases, but no oxygen.
• Later, primary plants evolved that used
photosynthesis and released oxygen.
• Oxygen began to accumulate in the atmosphere
about 2.5 billion years ago.
7. Precambrian History
13.1 Precambrian Time: Vast and Puzzling
Precambrian Fossils
• The most common Precambrian fossils are
stromatolites.
• Stromatolites are distinctively layered mounds
or columns of calcium carbonate. They are not
the remains of actual organisms but are the
material deposited by algae.
• Many of these ancient fossils are preserved in
chert—a hard dense chemical sedimentary rock.
8. Early Paleozoic
13.2 Paleozoic Era: Life Explodes
Following the long Precambrian, the most
recent 540 million years of Earth’s history
are divided into three eras: Paleozoic,
Mesozoic, and Cenozoic.
9. Early Paleozoic
13.2 Paleozoic Era: Life Explodes
Early Paleozoic History
• During the Cambrian, Ordovician, and Silurian
periods, the vast southern continent of
Gondwana encompassed five continents (South
America, Africa, Australia, Antarctica, and part of
Asia).
13. Late Paleozoic
13.2 Paleozoic Era: Life Explodes
Late Paleozoic History
• Laurasia is the continental mass that formed the
northern portion of Pangaea, consisting of
present-day North America and Eurasia.
• By the end of the Paleozoic, all the continents
had fused into the supercontinent of Pangaea.
15. Late Paleozoic
13.2 Paleozoic Era: Life Explodes
Late Paleozoic Life
• Some 400 million years ago, plants that had
adapted to survive at the water’s edge began
to move inland, becoming land plants.
• The amphibians rapidly diversified because
they had minimal competition from other land
dwellers.
18. The Great Paleozoic Extinction
13.2 Paleozoic Era: Life Explodes
The world’s climate became very seasonal,
probably causing the dramatic extinction of
many species.
The late Paleozoic extinction was the
greatest of at least five mass extinctions to
occur over the past 500 million years.
19. Mesozoic Era
13.3 Mesozoic Era: Age of Reptiles
Dinosaurs were land-dwelling reptiles that
thrived during the Mesozoic era.
Mesozoic History
• A major event of the Mesozoic era was the breakup
of Pangaea.
20. Mesozoic Era
Mesozoic Life
13.3 Mesozoic Era: Age of Reptiles
• Gymnosperms are seed-bearing plants that do
not depend on free-standing water for
fertilization.
• The gymnosperms quickly became the dominant
plants of the Mesozoic era.
22. Mesozoic Era
The Shelled Egg
13.3 Mesozoic Era: Age of Reptiles
• Unlike amphibians, reptiles have shell-covered
eggs that can be laid on the land.
• The elimination of a water-dwelling stage (like
the tadpole stage in frogs) was an important
evolutionary step.
23. Mesozoic Era
Reptiles Dominate
13.3 Mesozoic Era: Age of Reptiles
• With the perfection of the shelled egg, reptiles
quickly became the dominant land animals.
• At the end of the Mesozoic era, many reptile
groups became extinct.
26. Cenozoic North America
The Cenozoic era is divided into two
periods of very unequal duration, the
Tertiary period and the Quaternary period.
13.4 Cenozoic Era: Age of Mammals
Plate interactions during the Cenozoic era
caused many events of mountain building,
volcanism, and earthquakes in the West.
27. Cenozoic Life
Mammals—animals that bear live young
and maintain a steady body temperature—
replaced reptiles as the dominant land
animals in the Cenozoic era.
13.4 Cenozoic Era: Age of Mammals
Angiosperms—flowering plants with
covered seeds—replaced gymnosperms as
the dominant land plants.
28. Cenozoic Life
Mammals Replace Reptiles
13.4 Cenozoic Era: Age of Mammals
• Adaptations like being warm blooded,
developing insulating body hair, and having
more efficient heart and lungs allow mammals
to lead more active lives than reptiles.
30. Cenozoic Life
Large Mammals and Extinction
13.4 Cenozoic Era: Age of Mammals
• In North America, the mastodon and mammoth,
both huge relatives of the elephant, became
extinct. In addition, saber-toothed cats, giant
beavers, large ground sloths, horses, camels,
giant bison, and others died out on the North
American continent.
• The reason for this recent wave of extinctions
puzzles scientists.