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IBM | spark.tc
Scotland Data Science Meetup
Spark SQL + DataFrames + Catalyst + Data Sources API
Chris Fregly, Principal Data Solutions Engineer
IBM Spark Technology Center
Oct 13, 2015
Power of data. Simplicity of design. Speed of innovation.
IBM | spark.tc
Announcements
Thanks to !
TechCube Incubator!!!
!
Georgia Boyle!
Organizer, London Spark Meetup!
!
IBM | spark.tc
Who am I?! !
Streaming Data Engineer!
Netflix Open Source Committer!
!
Data Solutions Engineer!
Apache Contributor!
!
Principal Data Solutions Engineer!
IBM Technology Center!
Meetup Organizer!
Advanced Apache Meetup!
Book Author!
Advanced Spark (2016)!
IBM | spark.tc
meetup.com/Advanced-Apache-Spark-Meetup/!
Total Spark Experts: 1200+ in only 3 mos!!
#5 most active Spark Meetup in the world!!
!
Goals!
Dig deep into the Spark & extended-Spark codebase!
!
Study integrations such as Cassandra, ElasticSearch,!
Tachyon, S3, BlinkDB, Mesos, YARN, Kafka, R, etc!
!
Surface and share the patterns and idioms of these !
well-designed, distributed, big data components!
IBM | spark.tc
Recent Events
Cassandra Summit 2015!
Real-time Advanced Analytics w/ Spark & Cassandra!
!
!
!
Strata NYC 2015!
Practical Data Science w/ Spark: Recommender Systems!
!
All Slides Available on !
Slideshare!
http://slideshare.net/cfregly!
IBM | spark.tc
Upcoming Advanced Apache Spark Meetups!
Project Tungsten Data Structs/Algos for CPU/Memory Optimization!
Nov 12th, 2015!
Text-based Advanced Analytics and Machine Learning!
Jan 14th, 2016!
ElasticSearch-Spark Connector w/ Costin Leau (Elastic.co) & Me!
Feb 16th, 2016!
Spark Internals Deep Dive!
Mar 24th, 2016!
Spark SQL Catalyst Optimizer Deep Dive !
Apr 21st, 2016!
IBM | spark.tc
Freg-a-palooza Upcoming World Tour
  London Spark Meetup (Oct 12th)!
  Scotland Data Science Meetup (Oct 13th)!
  Dublin Spark Meetup (Oct 15th)!
  Barcelona Spark Meetup (Oct 20th)!
  Madrid Spark/Big Data Meetup (Oct 22nd)!
  Paris Spark Meetup (Oct 26th)!
  Amsterdam Spark Summit (Oct 27th – Oct 29th)!
  Delft Dutch Data Science Meetup (Oct 29th) !
  Brussels Spark Meetup (Oct 30th)!
  Zurich Big Data Developers Meetup (Nov 2nd)!
High probability!
I’ll end up in jail!
or married!!
IBM | spark.tc
Slides and Videos
Slides!
Links posted in Meetup directly!
!
Videos!
Most talks are live streamed and/or video recorded!
Links posted in Meetup directly!
!
All Slides Available on Slideshare!
http://slideshare.net/cfregly!
IBM | spark.tc
Last Meetup (Spark Wins 100 TB Daytona GraySort)
On-disk only, in-memory caching disabled!!sortbenchmark.org/ApacheSpark2014.pdf!
Spark SQL + DataFrames

Catalyst + Data Sources API
IBM | spark.tc
Topics of this Talk!
 DataFrames!
 Catalyst Optimizer and Query Plans!
 Data Sources API!
 Creating and Contributing Custom Data Source!
!
 Partitions, Pruning, Pushdowns!
!
 Native + Third-Party Data Source Impls!
!
 Spark SQL Performance Tuning!
IBM | spark.tc
DataFrames!
Inspired by R and Pandas DataFrames!
Cross language support!
SQL, Python, Scala, Java, R!
Levels performance of Python, Scala, Java, and R!
Generates JVM bytecode vs serialize/pickle objects to Python!
DataFrame is Container for Logical Plan!
Transformations are lazy and represented as a tree!
Catalyst Optimizer creates physical plan!
DataFrame.rdd returns the underlying RDD if needed!
Custom UDF using registerFunction()
New, experimental UDAF support!
Use DataFrames !
instead of RDDs!!!
IBM | spark.tc
Catalyst Optimizer!
Converts logical plan to physical plan!
Manipulate & optimize DataFrame transformation tree!
Subquery elimination – use aliases to collapse subqueries!
Constant folding – replace expression with constant!
Simplify filters – remove unnecessary filters!
Predicate/filter pushdowns – avoid unnecessary data load!
Projection collapsing – avoid unnecessary projections!
Hooks for custom rules!
Rules = Scala Case Classes!
val newPlan = MyFilterRule(analyzedPlan)
Implements!
oas.sql.catalyst.rules.Rule!
Apply to any
plan stage!
IBM | spark.tc
Plan Debugging!
gendersCsvDF.select($"id", $"gender").filter("gender != 'F'").filter("gender != 'M'").explain(true)!
Requires explain(true)!
DataFrame.queryExecution.logical!
DataFrame.queryExecution.analyzed!
DataFrame.queryExecution.optimizedPlan!
DataFrame.queryExecution.executedPlan!
IBM | spark.tc
Plan Visualization & Join/Aggregation Metrics!
Effectiveness !
of Filter!
Cost-based !
Optimization!
is Applied!
Peak Memory for!
Joins and Aggs!
Optimized !
CPU-cache-aware!
Binary Format!
Minimizes GC &!
Improves Join Perf!
(Project Tungsten)!
New in Spark 1.5!!
IBM | spark.tc
Data Sources API!
Relations (o.a.s.sql.sources.interfaces.scala)!
BaseRelation (abstract class): Provides schema of data!
TableScan (impl): Read all data from source, construct rows !
PrunedFilteredScan (impl): Read with column pruning & predicate pushdowns
InsertableRelation (impl): Insert or overwrite data based on SaveMode enum!
RelationProvider (trait/interface): Handles user options, creates BaseRelation!
Execution (o.a.s.sql.execution.commands.scala)!
RunnableCommand (trait/interface)!
ExplainCommand(impl: case class)!
CacheTableCommand(impl: case class)!
Filters (o.a.s.sql.sources.filters.scala)!
Filter (abstract class for all filter pushdowns for this data source)!
EqualTo (impl)!
GreaterThan (impl)!
StringStartsWith (impl)!
IBM | spark.tc
Creating a Custom Data Source!
Study Existing Native and Third-Party Data Source Impls!
!
Native: JDBC (o.a.s.sql.execution.datasources.jdbc)!
class JDBCRelation extends BaseRelation
with PrunedFilteredScan
with InsertableRelation
!
Third-Party: Cassandra (o.a.s.sql.cassandra)!
class CassandraSourceRelation extends BaseRelation
with PrunedFilteredScan
with InsertableRelation!
!
IBM | spark.tc
Contributing a Custom Data Source!
spark-packages.org!
Managed by!
Contains links to externally-managed github projects!
Ratings and comments!
Spark version requirements of each package!
Examples!
https://github.com/databricks/spark-csv!
https://github.com/databricks/spark-avro!
https://github.com/databricks/spark-redshift!
Partitions, Pruning, Pushdowns
IBM | spark.tc
Demo Dataset (from previous Spark After Dark talks)!
RATINGS !
========!
UserID,ProfileID,Rating !
(1-10)!
GENDERS!
========!
UserID,Gender !
(M,F,U)!
<-- Totally -->!
Anonymous !
IBM | spark.tc
Partitions!
Partition based on data usage patterns!
/genders.parquet/gender=M/…
/gender=F/… <-- Use case: access users by gender
/gender=U/…
Partition Discovery!
On read, infer partitions from organization of data (ie. gender=F)!
Dynamic Partitions!
Upon insert, dynamically create partitions!
Specify field to use for each partition (ie. gender)!
SQL: INSERT TABLE genders PARTITION (gender) SELECT …
DF: gendersDF.write.format(”parquet").partitionBy(”gender”).save(…)
IBM | spark.tc
Pruning!
Partition Pruning!
Filter out entire partitions of rows on partitioned data
SELECT id, gender FROM genders where gender = ‘U’
Column Pruning!
Filter out entire columns for all rows if not required!
Extremely useful for columnar storage formats!
Parquet, ORC!
SELECT id, gender FROM genders
!
IBM | spark.tc
Pushdowns!
Predicate (aka Filter) Pushdowns!
Predicate returns {true, false} for a given function/condition!
Filters rows as deep into the data source as possible!
Data Source must implement PrunedFilteredScan!
Native Spark SQL Data Sources
IBM | spark.tc
Spark SQL Native Data Sources - Source Code!
IBM | spark.tc
JSON Data Source!
DataFrame!
val ratingsDF = sqlContext.read.format("json")
.load("file:/root/pipeline/datasets/dating/ratings.json.bz2")
-- or --!
val ratingsDF = sqlContext.read.json
("file:/root/pipeline/datasets/dating/ratings.json.bz2")
SQL Code!
CREATE TABLE genders USING json
OPTIONS
(path "file:/root/pipeline/datasets/dating/genders.json.bz2")
Convenience Method
IBM | spark.tc
JDBC Data Source!
Add Driver to Spark JVM System Classpath!
$ export SPARK_CLASSPATH=<jdbc-driver.jar>
DataFrame!
val jdbcConfig = Map("driver" -> "org.postgresql.Driver",
"url" -> "jdbc:postgresql:hostname:port/database",
"dbtable" -> ”schema.tablename")
df.read.format("jdbc").options(jdbcConfig).load()
SQL!
CREATE TABLE genders USING jdbc
OPTIONS (url, dbtable, driver, …)
IBM | spark.tc
Parquet Data Source!
Configuration!
spark.sql.parquet.filterPushdown=true!
spark.sql.parquet.mergeSchema=true
spark.sql.parquet.cacheMetadata=true!
spark.sql.parquet.compression.codec=[uncompressed,snappy,gzip,lzo]
DataFrames!
val gendersDF = sqlContext.read.format("parquet")
.load("file:/root/pipeline/datasets/dating/genders.parquet")!
gendersDF.write.format("parquet").partitionBy("gender")
.save("file:/root/pipeline/datasets/dating/genders.parquet")
SQL!
CREATE TABLE genders USING parquet
OPTIONS
(path "file:/root/pipeline/datasets/dating/genders.parquet")
IBM | spark.tc
ORC Data Source!
Configuration!
spark.sql.orc.filterPushdown=true
DataFrames!
val gendersDF = sqlContext.read.format("orc")
.load("file:/root/pipeline/datasets/dating/genders")!
gendersDF.write.format("orc").partitionBy("gender")
.save("file:/root/pipeline/datasets/dating/genders")
SQL!
CREATE TABLE genders USING orc
OPTIONS
(path "file:/root/pipeline/datasets/dating/genders")
Third-Party Data Sources

spark-packages.org
IBM | spark.tc
CSV Data Source (Databricks)!
Github!
https://github.com/databricks/spark-csv!
!
Maven!
com.databricks:spark-csv_2.10:1.2.0!
!
Code!
val gendersCsvDF = sqlContext.read
.format("com.databricks.spark.csv")
.load("file:/root/pipeline/datasets/dating/gender.csv.bz2")
.toDF("id", "gender") toDF() defines column names!
IBM | spark.tc
Avro Data Source (Databricks)!
Github!
https://github.com/databricks/spark-avro!
!
Maven!
com.databricks:spark-avro_2.10:2.0.1!
!
Code!
val df = sqlContext.read
.format("com.databricks.spark.avro")
.load("file:/root/pipeline/datasets/dating/gender.avro")
!
IBM | spark.tc
ElasticSearch Data Source (Elastic.co)!
Github!
https://github.com/elastic/elasticsearch-hadoop!
Maven!
org.elasticsearch:elasticsearch-spark_2.10:2.1.0!
Code!
val esConfig = Map("pushdown" -> "true", "es.nodes" -> "<hostname>",
"es.port" -> "<port>")
df.write.format("org.elasticsearch.spark.sql”).mode(SaveMode.Overwrite)
.options(esConfig).save("<index>/<document>")
IBM | spark.tc
Cassandra Data Source (DataStax)!
Github!
https://github.com/datastax/spark-cassandra-connector!
Maven!
com.datastax.spark:spark-cassandra-connector_2.10:1.5.0-M1
Code!
ratingsDF.write
.format("org.apache.spark.sql.cassandra")
.mode(SaveMode.Append)
.options(Map("keyspace"->"<keyspace>",
"table"->"<table>")).save(…)
IBM | spark.tc
Cassandra Pushdown Rules!
Determines which filter predicates can be pushed down to Cassandra.!
* 1. Only push down no-partition key column predicates with =, >, <, >=, <= predicate!
* 2. Only push down primary key column predicates with = or IN predicate.!
* 3. If there are regular columns in the pushdown predicates, they should have!
* at least one EQ expression on an indexed column and no IN predicates.!
* 4. All partition column predicates must be included in the predicates to be pushed down,!
* only the last part of the partition key can be an IN predicate. For each partition column,!
* only one predicate is allowed.!
* 5. For cluster column predicates, only last predicate can be non-EQ predicate!
* including IN predicate, and preceding column predicates must be EQ predicates.!
* If there is only one cluster column predicate, the predicates could be any non-IN
predicate.!
* 6. There is no pushdown predicates if there is any OR condition or NOT IN condition.!
* 7. We're not allowed to push down multiple predicates for the same column if any of them!
* is equality or IN predicate.!
spark-cassandra-connector/…/o.a.s.sql.cassandra.PredicatePushDown.scala!
IBM | spark.tc
Special Thanks to DataStax!!!!
Russel Spitzer!
@RussSpitzer!
(He created the following few slides)!
(These guys built a lot of the connector.)!
IBM | spark.tc
Spark-Cassandra Architecture!
IBM | spark.tc
Spark-Cassandra Data Locality!
IBM | spark.tc
Spark-Cassandra Node-specific CQL Queries!
http://www.slideshare.net/CesareCugnasco/indexing-3dimensional-trajectories-apache-spark-and-cassandra-integration!
IBM | spark.tc
Spark-Cassandra Configuration:input.page.row.size
IBM | spark.tc
Spark-Cassandra Configuration: grouping.key!
IBM | spark.tc
Spark-Cassandra Configuration: size.rows/bytes!
IBM | spark.tc
Spark-Cassandra Configuration: batch.buffer.size!
IBM | spark.tc
Spark-Cassandra Configuration: concurrent.writes!
IBM | spark.tc
Spark-Cassandra Configuration: throughput_mb/s!
IBM | spark.tc
Spark-Cassandra Optimizatins and Next Steps!
By-pass CQL front door!
Bulk read/write directly to SSTables!
Rumored to be in existence!
DataStax Enterprise only?!
Closed Source Alert!!
IBM | spark.tc
Redshift Data Source (Databricks)!
Github!
https://github.com/databricks/spark-redshift!
Maven!
com.databricks:spark-redshift:0.5.0!
Code!
val df: DataFrame = sqlContext.read
.format("com.databricks.spark.redshift")
.option("url", "jdbc:redshift://<hostname>:<port>/<database>…")
.option("query", "select x, count(*) my_table group by x")
.option("tempdir", "s3n://tmpdir")
.load(...)
Copies to S3 for !
fast, parallel reads vs !
single Redshift Master bottleneck!
IBM | spark.tc
Cloudant Data Source (IBM)!
Github!
http://spark-packages.org/package/cloudant/spark-cloudant!
Maven!
com.datastax.spark:spark-cassandra-connector_2.10:1.5.0-M1
Code!
ratingsDF.write.format("com.cloudant.spark")
.mode(SaveMode.Append)
.options(Map("cloudant.host"->"<account>.cloudant.com",
"cloudant.username"->"<username>",
"cloudant.password"->"<password>"))
.save("<filename>")
IBM | spark.tc
DB2 and BigSQL Data Sources (IBM)!
Coming Soon!!
!
!
!
https://github.com/SparkTC/spark-db2!
https://github.com/SparkTC/spark-bigsql!
!
IBM | spark.tc
REST Data Source (Databricks)!
Coming Soon!!
https://github.com/databricks/spark-rest?!
Michael Armbrust!
Spark SQL Lead @ Databricks!
IBM | spark.tc
Simple Data Source (Me and You Guys)!
Coming Right Now!!!
Me!
IBM | spark.tc
SparkSQL Performance Tuning (oas.sql.SQLConf)!
spark.sql.inMemoryColumnarStorage.compressed=true!
Automatically selects column codec based on data!
spark.sql.inMemoryColumnarStorage.batchSize!
Increase as much as possible without OOM – improves compression and GC!
spark.sql.inMemoryPartitionPruning=true!
Enable partition pruning for in-memory partitions!
spark.sql.tungsten.enabled=true!
Code Gen for CPU and Memory Optimizations (Tungsten aka Unsafe Mode)!
spark.sql.shuffle.partitions!
Increase from default 200 for large joins and aggregations!
spark.sql.autoBroadcastJoinThreshold!
Increase to tune this cost-based, physical plan optimization!
spark.sql.hive.metastorePartitionPruning!
Predicate pushdown into the metastore to prune partitions early!
spark.sql.planner.sortMergeJoin!
Prefer sort-merge (vs. hash join) for large joins !
spark.sql.sources.partitionDiscovery.enabled !
& spark.sql.sources.parallelPartitionDiscovery.threshold!
IBM | spark.tc
Related Links!
https://github.com/datastax/spark-cassandra-connector!
http://blog.madhukaraphatak.com/anatomy-of-spark-dataframe-api/!
https://github.com/phatak-dev/anatomy_of_spark_dataframe_api!
https://databricks.com/blog/!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uxuLRiNoDio!
http://www.slideshare.net/RussellSpitzer!
IBM | spark.tc
Freg-a-palooza Upcoming World Tour
  London Spark Meetup (Oct 12th)!
  Scotland Data Science Meetup (Oct 13th)!
  Dublin Spark Meetup (Oct 15th)!
  Barcelona Spark Meetup (Oct 20th)!
  Madrid Spark/Big Data Meetup (Oct 22nd)!
  Paris Spark Meetup (Oct 26th)!
  Amsterdam Spark Summit (Oct 27th – Oct 29th)!
  Delft Dutch Data Science Meetup (Oct 29th) !
  Brussels Spark Meetup (Oct 30th)!
  Zurich Big Data Developers Meetup (Nov 2nd)!
High probability!
I’ll end up in jail!
or married!!
http://spark.tc/datapalooza
IBM Spark Tech Center is Hiring! "
JOnly Fun, Collaborative People!! J
IBM | spark.tc
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Scotland Data Science Meetup Oct 13, 2015: Spark SQL, DataFrames, Catalyst, DataSources API, Spark Cassandra Connector, ORC, Parquet, JSON, CSV, REST, ElasticSearch, DynamoDB, RedShift, Cloudant, DB2

  • 1. IBM | spark.tc Scotland Data Science Meetup Spark SQL + DataFrames + Catalyst + Data Sources API Chris Fregly, Principal Data Solutions Engineer IBM Spark Technology Center Oct 13, 2015 Power of data. Simplicity of design. Speed of innovation.
  • 2. IBM | spark.tc Announcements Thanks to ! TechCube Incubator!!! ! Georgia Boyle! Organizer, London Spark Meetup! !
  • 3. IBM | spark.tc Who am I?! ! Streaming Data Engineer! Netflix Open Source Committer! ! Data Solutions Engineer! Apache Contributor! ! Principal Data Solutions Engineer! IBM Technology Center! Meetup Organizer! Advanced Apache Meetup! Book Author! Advanced Spark (2016)!
  • 4. IBM | spark.tc meetup.com/Advanced-Apache-Spark-Meetup/! Total Spark Experts: 1200+ in only 3 mos!! #5 most active Spark Meetup in the world!! ! Goals! Dig deep into the Spark & extended-Spark codebase! ! Study integrations such as Cassandra, ElasticSearch,! Tachyon, S3, BlinkDB, Mesos, YARN, Kafka, R, etc! ! Surface and share the patterns and idioms of these ! well-designed, distributed, big data components!
  • 5. IBM | spark.tc Recent Events Cassandra Summit 2015! Real-time Advanced Analytics w/ Spark & Cassandra! ! ! ! Strata NYC 2015! Practical Data Science w/ Spark: Recommender Systems! ! All Slides Available on ! Slideshare! http://slideshare.net/cfregly!
  • 6. IBM | spark.tc Upcoming Advanced Apache Spark Meetups! Project Tungsten Data Structs/Algos for CPU/Memory Optimization! Nov 12th, 2015! Text-based Advanced Analytics and Machine Learning! Jan 14th, 2016! ElasticSearch-Spark Connector w/ Costin Leau (Elastic.co) & Me! Feb 16th, 2016! Spark Internals Deep Dive! Mar 24th, 2016! Spark SQL Catalyst Optimizer Deep Dive ! Apr 21st, 2016!
  • 7. IBM | spark.tc Freg-a-palooza Upcoming World Tour   London Spark Meetup (Oct 12th)!   Scotland Data Science Meetup (Oct 13th)!   Dublin Spark Meetup (Oct 15th)!   Barcelona Spark Meetup (Oct 20th)!   Madrid Spark/Big Data Meetup (Oct 22nd)!   Paris Spark Meetup (Oct 26th)!   Amsterdam Spark Summit (Oct 27th – Oct 29th)!   Delft Dutch Data Science Meetup (Oct 29th) !   Brussels Spark Meetup (Oct 30th)!   Zurich Big Data Developers Meetup (Nov 2nd)! High probability! I’ll end up in jail! or married!!
  • 8. IBM | spark.tc Slides and Videos Slides! Links posted in Meetup directly! ! Videos! Most talks are live streamed and/or video recorded! Links posted in Meetup directly! ! All Slides Available on Slideshare! http://slideshare.net/cfregly!
  • 9. IBM | spark.tc Last Meetup (Spark Wins 100 TB Daytona GraySort) On-disk only, in-memory caching disabled!!sortbenchmark.org/ApacheSpark2014.pdf!
  • 10. Spark SQL + DataFrames Catalyst + Data Sources API
  • 11. IBM | spark.tc Topics of this Talk!  DataFrames!  Catalyst Optimizer and Query Plans!  Data Sources API!  Creating and Contributing Custom Data Source! !  Partitions, Pruning, Pushdowns! !  Native + Third-Party Data Source Impls! !  Spark SQL Performance Tuning!
  • 12. IBM | spark.tc DataFrames! Inspired by R and Pandas DataFrames! Cross language support! SQL, Python, Scala, Java, R! Levels performance of Python, Scala, Java, and R! Generates JVM bytecode vs serialize/pickle objects to Python! DataFrame is Container for Logical Plan! Transformations are lazy and represented as a tree! Catalyst Optimizer creates physical plan! DataFrame.rdd returns the underlying RDD if needed! Custom UDF using registerFunction() New, experimental UDAF support! Use DataFrames ! instead of RDDs!!!
  • 13. IBM | spark.tc Catalyst Optimizer! Converts logical plan to physical plan! Manipulate & optimize DataFrame transformation tree! Subquery elimination – use aliases to collapse subqueries! Constant folding – replace expression with constant! Simplify filters – remove unnecessary filters! Predicate/filter pushdowns – avoid unnecessary data load! Projection collapsing – avoid unnecessary projections! Hooks for custom rules! Rules = Scala Case Classes! val newPlan = MyFilterRule(analyzedPlan) Implements! oas.sql.catalyst.rules.Rule! Apply to any plan stage!
  • 14. IBM | spark.tc Plan Debugging! gendersCsvDF.select($"id", $"gender").filter("gender != 'F'").filter("gender != 'M'").explain(true)! Requires explain(true)! DataFrame.queryExecution.logical! DataFrame.queryExecution.analyzed! DataFrame.queryExecution.optimizedPlan! DataFrame.queryExecution.executedPlan!
  • 15. IBM | spark.tc Plan Visualization & Join/Aggregation Metrics! Effectiveness ! of Filter! Cost-based ! Optimization! is Applied! Peak Memory for! Joins and Aggs! Optimized ! CPU-cache-aware! Binary Format! Minimizes GC &! Improves Join Perf! (Project Tungsten)! New in Spark 1.5!!
  • 16. IBM | spark.tc Data Sources API! Relations (o.a.s.sql.sources.interfaces.scala)! BaseRelation (abstract class): Provides schema of data! TableScan (impl): Read all data from source, construct rows ! PrunedFilteredScan (impl): Read with column pruning & predicate pushdowns InsertableRelation (impl): Insert or overwrite data based on SaveMode enum! RelationProvider (trait/interface): Handles user options, creates BaseRelation! Execution (o.a.s.sql.execution.commands.scala)! RunnableCommand (trait/interface)! ExplainCommand(impl: case class)! CacheTableCommand(impl: case class)! Filters (o.a.s.sql.sources.filters.scala)! Filter (abstract class for all filter pushdowns for this data source)! EqualTo (impl)! GreaterThan (impl)! StringStartsWith (impl)!
  • 17. IBM | spark.tc Creating a Custom Data Source! Study Existing Native and Third-Party Data Source Impls! ! Native: JDBC (o.a.s.sql.execution.datasources.jdbc)! class JDBCRelation extends BaseRelation with PrunedFilteredScan with InsertableRelation ! Third-Party: Cassandra (o.a.s.sql.cassandra)! class CassandraSourceRelation extends BaseRelation with PrunedFilteredScan with InsertableRelation! !
  • 18. IBM | spark.tc Contributing a Custom Data Source! spark-packages.org! Managed by! Contains links to externally-managed github projects! Ratings and comments! Spark version requirements of each package! Examples! https://github.com/databricks/spark-csv! https://github.com/databricks/spark-avro! https://github.com/databricks/spark-redshift!
  • 20. IBM | spark.tc Demo Dataset (from previous Spark After Dark talks)! RATINGS ! ========! UserID,ProfileID,Rating ! (1-10)! GENDERS! ========! UserID,Gender ! (M,F,U)! <-- Totally -->! Anonymous !
  • 21. IBM | spark.tc Partitions! Partition based on data usage patterns! /genders.parquet/gender=M/… /gender=F/… <-- Use case: access users by gender /gender=U/… Partition Discovery! On read, infer partitions from organization of data (ie. gender=F)! Dynamic Partitions! Upon insert, dynamically create partitions! Specify field to use for each partition (ie. gender)! SQL: INSERT TABLE genders PARTITION (gender) SELECT … DF: gendersDF.write.format(”parquet").partitionBy(”gender”).save(…)
  • 22. IBM | spark.tc Pruning! Partition Pruning! Filter out entire partitions of rows on partitioned data SELECT id, gender FROM genders where gender = ‘U’ Column Pruning! Filter out entire columns for all rows if not required! Extremely useful for columnar storage formats! Parquet, ORC! SELECT id, gender FROM genders !
  • 23. IBM | spark.tc Pushdowns! Predicate (aka Filter) Pushdowns! Predicate returns {true, false} for a given function/condition! Filters rows as deep into the data source as possible! Data Source must implement PrunedFilteredScan!
  • 24. Native Spark SQL Data Sources
  • 25. IBM | spark.tc Spark SQL Native Data Sources - Source Code!
  • 26. IBM | spark.tc JSON Data Source! DataFrame! val ratingsDF = sqlContext.read.format("json") .load("file:/root/pipeline/datasets/dating/ratings.json.bz2") -- or --! val ratingsDF = sqlContext.read.json ("file:/root/pipeline/datasets/dating/ratings.json.bz2") SQL Code! CREATE TABLE genders USING json OPTIONS (path "file:/root/pipeline/datasets/dating/genders.json.bz2") Convenience Method
  • 27. IBM | spark.tc JDBC Data Source! Add Driver to Spark JVM System Classpath! $ export SPARK_CLASSPATH=<jdbc-driver.jar> DataFrame! val jdbcConfig = Map("driver" -> "org.postgresql.Driver", "url" -> "jdbc:postgresql:hostname:port/database", "dbtable" -> ”schema.tablename") df.read.format("jdbc").options(jdbcConfig).load() SQL! CREATE TABLE genders USING jdbc OPTIONS (url, dbtable, driver, …)
  • 28. IBM | spark.tc Parquet Data Source! Configuration! spark.sql.parquet.filterPushdown=true! spark.sql.parquet.mergeSchema=true spark.sql.parquet.cacheMetadata=true! spark.sql.parquet.compression.codec=[uncompressed,snappy,gzip,lzo] DataFrames! val gendersDF = sqlContext.read.format("parquet") .load("file:/root/pipeline/datasets/dating/genders.parquet")! gendersDF.write.format("parquet").partitionBy("gender") .save("file:/root/pipeline/datasets/dating/genders.parquet") SQL! CREATE TABLE genders USING parquet OPTIONS (path "file:/root/pipeline/datasets/dating/genders.parquet")
  • 29. IBM | spark.tc ORC Data Source! Configuration! spark.sql.orc.filterPushdown=true DataFrames! val gendersDF = sqlContext.read.format("orc") .load("file:/root/pipeline/datasets/dating/genders")! gendersDF.write.format("orc").partitionBy("gender") .save("file:/root/pipeline/datasets/dating/genders") SQL! CREATE TABLE genders USING orc OPTIONS (path "file:/root/pipeline/datasets/dating/genders")
  • 31. IBM | spark.tc CSV Data Source (Databricks)! Github! https://github.com/databricks/spark-csv! ! Maven! com.databricks:spark-csv_2.10:1.2.0! ! Code! val gendersCsvDF = sqlContext.read .format("com.databricks.spark.csv") .load("file:/root/pipeline/datasets/dating/gender.csv.bz2") .toDF("id", "gender") toDF() defines column names!
  • 32. IBM | spark.tc Avro Data Source (Databricks)! Github! https://github.com/databricks/spark-avro! ! Maven! com.databricks:spark-avro_2.10:2.0.1! ! Code! val df = sqlContext.read .format("com.databricks.spark.avro") .load("file:/root/pipeline/datasets/dating/gender.avro") !
  • 33. IBM | spark.tc ElasticSearch Data Source (Elastic.co)! Github! https://github.com/elastic/elasticsearch-hadoop! Maven! org.elasticsearch:elasticsearch-spark_2.10:2.1.0! Code! val esConfig = Map("pushdown" -> "true", "es.nodes" -> "<hostname>", "es.port" -> "<port>") df.write.format("org.elasticsearch.spark.sql”).mode(SaveMode.Overwrite) .options(esConfig).save("<index>/<document>")
  • 34. IBM | spark.tc Cassandra Data Source (DataStax)! Github! https://github.com/datastax/spark-cassandra-connector! Maven! com.datastax.spark:spark-cassandra-connector_2.10:1.5.0-M1 Code! ratingsDF.write .format("org.apache.spark.sql.cassandra") .mode(SaveMode.Append) .options(Map("keyspace"->"<keyspace>", "table"->"<table>")).save(…)
  • 35. IBM | spark.tc Cassandra Pushdown Rules! Determines which filter predicates can be pushed down to Cassandra.! * 1. Only push down no-partition key column predicates with =, >, <, >=, <= predicate! * 2. Only push down primary key column predicates with = or IN predicate.! * 3. If there are regular columns in the pushdown predicates, they should have! * at least one EQ expression on an indexed column and no IN predicates.! * 4. All partition column predicates must be included in the predicates to be pushed down,! * only the last part of the partition key can be an IN predicate. For each partition column,! * only one predicate is allowed.! * 5. For cluster column predicates, only last predicate can be non-EQ predicate! * including IN predicate, and preceding column predicates must be EQ predicates.! * If there is only one cluster column predicate, the predicates could be any non-IN predicate.! * 6. There is no pushdown predicates if there is any OR condition or NOT IN condition.! * 7. We're not allowed to push down multiple predicates for the same column if any of them! * is equality or IN predicate.! spark-cassandra-connector/…/o.a.s.sql.cassandra.PredicatePushDown.scala!
  • 36. IBM | spark.tc Special Thanks to DataStax!!!! Russel Spitzer! @RussSpitzer! (He created the following few slides)! (These guys built a lot of the connector.)!
  • 39. IBM | spark.tc Spark-Cassandra Node-specific CQL Queries! http://www.slideshare.net/CesareCugnasco/indexing-3dimensional-trajectories-apache-spark-and-cassandra-integration!
  • 40. IBM | spark.tc Spark-Cassandra Configuration:input.page.row.size
  • 41. IBM | spark.tc Spark-Cassandra Configuration: grouping.key!
  • 42. IBM | spark.tc Spark-Cassandra Configuration: size.rows/bytes!
  • 43. IBM | spark.tc Spark-Cassandra Configuration: batch.buffer.size!
  • 44. IBM | spark.tc Spark-Cassandra Configuration: concurrent.writes!
  • 45. IBM | spark.tc Spark-Cassandra Configuration: throughput_mb/s!
  • 46. IBM | spark.tc Spark-Cassandra Optimizatins and Next Steps! By-pass CQL front door! Bulk read/write directly to SSTables! Rumored to be in existence! DataStax Enterprise only?! Closed Source Alert!!
  • 47. IBM | spark.tc Redshift Data Source (Databricks)! Github! https://github.com/databricks/spark-redshift! Maven! com.databricks:spark-redshift:0.5.0! Code! val df: DataFrame = sqlContext.read .format("com.databricks.spark.redshift") .option("url", "jdbc:redshift://<hostname>:<port>/<database>…") .option("query", "select x, count(*) my_table group by x") .option("tempdir", "s3n://tmpdir") .load(...) Copies to S3 for ! fast, parallel reads vs ! single Redshift Master bottleneck!
  • 48. IBM | spark.tc Cloudant Data Source (IBM)! Github! http://spark-packages.org/package/cloudant/spark-cloudant! Maven! com.datastax.spark:spark-cassandra-connector_2.10:1.5.0-M1 Code! ratingsDF.write.format("com.cloudant.spark") .mode(SaveMode.Append) .options(Map("cloudant.host"->"<account>.cloudant.com", "cloudant.username"->"<username>", "cloudant.password"->"<password>")) .save("<filename>")
  • 49. IBM | spark.tc DB2 and BigSQL Data Sources (IBM)! Coming Soon!! ! ! ! https://github.com/SparkTC/spark-db2! https://github.com/SparkTC/spark-bigsql! !
  • 50. IBM | spark.tc REST Data Source (Databricks)! Coming Soon!! https://github.com/databricks/spark-rest?! Michael Armbrust! Spark SQL Lead @ Databricks!
  • 51. IBM | spark.tc Simple Data Source (Me and You Guys)! Coming Right Now!!! Me!
  • 52. IBM | spark.tc SparkSQL Performance Tuning (oas.sql.SQLConf)! spark.sql.inMemoryColumnarStorage.compressed=true! Automatically selects column codec based on data! spark.sql.inMemoryColumnarStorage.batchSize! Increase as much as possible without OOM – improves compression and GC! spark.sql.inMemoryPartitionPruning=true! Enable partition pruning for in-memory partitions! spark.sql.tungsten.enabled=true! Code Gen for CPU and Memory Optimizations (Tungsten aka Unsafe Mode)! spark.sql.shuffle.partitions! Increase from default 200 for large joins and aggregations! spark.sql.autoBroadcastJoinThreshold! Increase to tune this cost-based, physical plan optimization! spark.sql.hive.metastorePartitionPruning! Predicate pushdown into the metastore to prune partitions early! spark.sql.planner.sortMergeJoin! Prefer sort-merge (vs. hash join) for large joins ! spark.sql.sources.partitionDiscovery.enabled ! & spark.sql.sources.parallelPartitionDiscovery.threshold!
  • 53. IBM | spark.tc Related Links! https://github.com/datastax/spark-cassandra-connector! http://blog.madhukaraphatak.com/anatomy-of-spark-dataframe-api/! https://github.com/phatak-dev/anatomy_of_spark_dataframe_api! https://databricks.com/blog/! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uxuLRiNoDio! http://www.slideshare.net/RussellSpitzer!
  • 54. IBM | spark.tc Freg-a-palooza Upcoming World Tour   London Spark Meetup (Oct 12th)!   Scotland Data Science Meetup (Oct 13th)!   Dublin Spark Meetup (Oct 15th)!   Barcelona Spark Meetup (Oct 20th)!   Madrid Spark/Big Data Meetup (Oct 22nd)!   Paris Spark Meetup (Oct 26th)!   Amsterdam Spark Summit (Oct 27th – Oct 29th)!   Delft Dutch Data Science Meetup (Oct 29th) !   Brussels Spark Meetup (Oct 30th)!   Zurich Big Data Developers Meetup (Nov 2nd)! High probability! I’ll end up in jail! or married!!
  • 55. http://spark.tc/datapalooza IBM Spark Tech Center is Hiring! " JOnly Fun, Collaborative People!! J IBM | spark.tc Sign up for our newsletter at Thank You! Power of data. Simplicity of design. Speed of innovation. Coming to Your City!!!!
  • 56. Power of data. Simplicity of design. Speed of innovation. IBM Spark