Scientists Discover Giant Lake Underneath Bolivian Volcano
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Westbury, NY, resident Valerie Varnuska has a passion for learning, especially about science and technology. Rocks and earth science are of particular interest to Valerie Varnuska, who commonly follows major developments in the field of geology.
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Five or six processes
1. Weathering breaks down solid rock into smaller fragments through physical and chemical processes.
2. Erosion then transports these weathered products from their original location via gravity, water, wind, or ice. This includes mass wasting events and movement by running water.
3. Sediment is transported further by sliding, wind, or water in streams, rivers, or oceans, with clues in the sediment indicating the mode of transportation.
LIZGSA2013FINALPOSTERPRINT
The document analyzes foraminiferal assemblages from the basal Tropic Shale in south-central Utah, which records the westward expansion of the Western Interior Seaway during the latest Cenomanian-early Turonian transition. Samples were taken from where two specimens of the pliosaur Brachauchenius lucasi were excavated. Analysis found cyclical fluctuations in planktic/benthic ratios indicating dynamic neritic conditions, with possible changes in water temperature, salinity, or turbidity. Benthic assemblages dominated by infaunal Neobulimina suggest oxygen-stressed seafloor conditions from stratification or organic matter. The data indicates cycles of transgression/
Fan Delta Systems
Fan-deltas are alluvial fans that directly build into a standing body of water, consisting of fine-grained sediment that settles from suspension overlain by coarse-grained sediment from avalanching down the delta front and capped by braided fluvial deposits. Gilbert-type fan-deltas specifically have fine-grained pro-delta sediment overlain by coarse-grained foreset beds and then coarse-grained fluvial deposits.
Rivers
The document discusses rivers, including their definition, formation, and key processes. It notes that rivers are natural flowing watercourses that drain into oceans, lakes, or other bodies of water. Small rivers may have other names like stream or creek. Rivers form through the hydrological cycle as water collects from precipitation through drainage basins. The main processes in rivers are erosion, transportation, and deposition, which are driven by the river's energy. Erosion can make a river wider, deeper, or longer through various types of erosion. Transported materials are eventually deposited through sedimentation.
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Caves form through natural processes like erosion and solution in various rock types. They provide shelter for many unique species and have archaeological importance for learning about early humans. However, human activities like development, quarrying, and pollution threaten cave ecosystems. Conservation efforts aim to protect endangered cave-dwelling species and preserve fragile cave environments.
REVISION AS CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: RIVERS - DRAINAGE BASIN
A drainage basin is defined as the area of land drained by a river and its tributaries. Static factors that influence water movement through a basin and do not change over time include rock type, relief, soil type, shape and size of the basin, and drainage density. Dynamic factors that influence water movement through a basin and do vary over time include climate, vegetation, human activities, and previous conditions. All of the factors mentioned influence the amount of water stored in the basin and the rate at which water is transferred between stores.
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Fluvial deposition is the process by which a river deposits the material it carries. A river deposits its load when it loses energy, such as when entering a lake or sea or during periods of drought. The largest materials are deposited first as the river loses velocity. If a river suddenly gains a large additional load from an event like a landslide, it will use all its energy to transport material, but will deposit any excess it cannot carry.
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Random fill can pollute soil and groundwater by allowing rapid infiltration of contaminants. Random fill consists of mixed materials of different sizes and compaction, creating interfaces that can impede or accelerate water flow. This results in complex and preferential flow paths through the unsaturated zone and into groundwater. Pollutants deposited on the surface can then migrate quickly through cracks and voids in the random fill towards the groundwater table, reducing groundwater quality through infiltration and recharge.
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Five or six processes
1. Weathering breaks down solid rock into smaller fragments through physical and chemical processes.
2. Erosion then transports these weathered products from their original location via gravity, water, wind, or ice. This includes mass wasting events and movement by running water.
3. Sediment is transported further by sliding, wind, or water in streams, rivers, or oceans, with clues in the sediment indicating the mode of transportation.
LIZGSA2013FINALPOSTERPRINT
The document analyzes foraminiferal assemblages from the basal Tropic Shale in south-central Utah, which records the westward expansion of the Western Interior Seaway during the latest Cenomanian-early Turonian transition. Samples were taken from where two specimens of the pliosaur Brachauchenius lucasi were excavated. Analysis found cyclical fluctuations in planktic/benthic ratios indicating dynamic neritic conditions, with possible changes in water temperature, salinity, or turbidity. Benthic assemblages dominated by infaunal Neobulimina suggest oxygen-stressed seafloor conditions from stratification or organic matter. The data indicates cycles of transgression/
Fan Delta Systems
Fan-deltas are alluvial fans that directly build into a standing body of water, consisting of fine-grained sediment that settles from suspension overlain by coarse-grained sediment from avalanching down the delta front and capped by braided fluvial deposits. Gilbert-type fan-deltas specifically have fine-grained pro-delta sediment overlain by coarse-grained foreset beds and then coarse-grained fluvial deposits.
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The document discusses rivers, including their definition, formation, and key processes. It notes that rivers are natural flowing watercourses that drain into oceans, lakes, or other bodies of water. Small rivers may have other names like stream or creek. Rivers form through the hydrological cycle as water collects from precipitation through drainage basins. The main processes in rivers are erosion, transportation, and deposition, which are driven by the river's energy. Erosion can make a river wider, deeper, or longer through various types of erosion. Transported materials are eventually deposited through sedimentation.
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Caves form through natural processes like erosion and solution in various rock types. They provide shelter for many unique species and have archaeological importance for learning about early humans. However, human activities like development, quarrying, and pollution threaten cave ecosystems. Conservation efforts aim to protect endangered cave-dwelling species and preserve fragile cave environments.
REVISION AS CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: RIVERS - DRAINAGE BASIN
A drainage basin is defined as the area of land drained by a river and its tributaries. Static factors that influence water movement through a basin and do not change over time include rock type, relief, soil type, shape and size of the basin, and drainage density. Dynamic factors that influence water movement through a basin and do vary over time include climate, vegetation, human activities, and previous conditions. All of the factors mentioned influence the amount of water stored in the basin and the rate at which water is transferred between stores.
REVISION AS CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: RIVERS - FLUVIAL DEPOSITION
Fluvial deposition is the process by which a river deposits the material it carries. A river deposits its load when it loses energy, such as when entering a lake or sea or during periods of drought. The largest materials are deposited first as the river loses velocity. If a river suddenly gains a large additional load from an event like a landslide, it will use all its energy to transport material, but will deposit any excess it cannot carry.
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Random fill can pollute soil and groundwater by allowing rapid infiltration of contaminants. Random fill consists of mixed materials of different sizes and compaction, creating interfaces that can impede or accelerate water flow. This results in complex and preferential flow paths through the unsaturated zone and into groundwater. Pollutants deposited on the surface can then migrate quickly through cracks and voids in the random fill towards the groundwater table, reducing groundwater quality through infiltration and recharge.
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This document presents information on tidal currents and their mechanism at the mouth of an estuary. It defines an estuary and explains that tidal currents are horizontal water movements caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun during tidal changes. At the mouth of an estuary, tidal currents are strongest where salinity matches the adjacent sea. The tidal current pushes river water back up the estuary, and the penetration of salt depends on the relative volumes of salt and fresh water. If salt water volume is much greater, a salinity wedge will form, but if freshwater volume is greater, the fresh water will flow over the salt water in two distinct layers.
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The document discusses weathering, erosion, and deposition. Weathering is the process by which rocks and materials break down. There are two types of weathering - physical weathering caused by temperature changes and chemical weathering caused by chemicals. Erosion is when weathered rock is moved from one place to another by forces like gravity, water, wind, etc. Deposition is when eroded materials are deposited in another location. Landforms like meanders and sandbars are created through these geological processes.
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Stage 1 of river formation involves vertical erosion as potential energy is converted to kinetic energy. Large sediments like boulders are deposited due to low energy levels.
Stage 2 sees increased velocity and lateral erosion as the river gains kinetic energy. Smaller sediments result from attrition in the water allowing more material to be carried downstream.
Stage 3 has high kinetic energy but lower turbulence, so only small particles like silt and sand are deposited on the floodplain during flooding.
Soil mechanics
Soil deposits are affected by their mechanism of transport and deposition. There are several common mechanisms: gravity, ice, water, and wind. The mechanism of transport determines the size, shape, and grading of soil particles. For example, water carries particles of different sizes depending on flow speed, depositing silts and clays in lakes and sands and gravels in river beds. Wind also sorts particles by size, producing soils like dune sands and loess.
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Sedimentary rocks form through the processes of erosion, deposition, compaction, and cementation. Erosion breaks down rock into sediments that are transported and deposited by water, wind, or ice. The deposited sediments are then compacted under pressure and cemented together by minerals, forming sedimentary rock. There are two main types - clastic sedimentary rocks composed of fragments of preexisting rocks, and chemical sedimentary rocks formed by precipitation from water.
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Rivers
1. Rivers carry loads of materials like rocks, sand, leaves and dead fish. They flow through channels that can have high or low gradients and carry greater or lesser discharges of water.
2. Faster flowing water is able to carry heavier loads, including large bed loads that bounce along the bottom and smaller suspended loads. Chemical dissolved loads are also carried.
3. Rivers progress through youthful, mature and old stages based on factors like climate, gradient and load. Youthful rivers have steep gradients while old rivers are wide and form many meanders.
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Erosion and deposition are closely related processes where erosion involves the movement of rocks and sediment from one location to another under the forces of water, wind, or ice. Deposition then occurs when these agents carrying sediment slow down and drop their loads in a new location. Water is the primary agent of erosion, carrying sediment downstream as it erodes rocks and soil from higher elevations. As water velocity decreases, such as at the mouth of a river, its sediment load is deposited, potentially forming features like deltas or beaches over time. Wind is also an erosive force, picking up and transporting sediment which is later deposited in locations like sand dunes when winds calm.
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There are four main types of sediment transport:
1. Saltation occurs when loose material is lifted from the bed surface by wind or water and travels in ballistic trajectories before settling back onto the surface.
2. Traction involves the rolling or sliding of sand grains and larger clasts along the bed as they interact with the substrate.
3. Suspension is the transport of fine sediment particles that are small enough to remain continuously suspended in the flowing fluid.
4. Solution involves minerals dissolving in water and being carried along in solution.
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The document discusses weathering, erosion, and deposition. Weathering is the process by which rocks and materials break down. There are two types of weathering - physical weathering caused by temperature changes and chemical weathering caused by chemicals. Erosion is when weathered rock is moved from one place to another by forces like gravity, water, wind, etc. Deposition is when eroded materials are deposited in another location. Landforms like meanders and sandbars are created through these geological processes.
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Stage 1 of river formation involves vertical erosion as potential energy is converted to kinetic energy. Large sediments like boulders are deposited due to low energy levels.
Stage 2 sees increased velocity and lateral erosion as the river gains kinetic energy. Smaller sediments result from attrition in the water allowing more material to be carried downstream.
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Estuaries
An estuary is a body of water where freshwater from rivers and streams mixes with saltwater from the sea. Estuaries are productive ecosystems located at the interface between freshwater and saltwater influences. The salinity in estuaries varies depending on tides and seasons, with lower salinity during rainy seasons when freshwater influx is highest. Estuaries are classified into four main types: coastal plain, tectonic, bar-built, and fjord estuaries.
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Sedimentary rocks form through the processes of erosion, deposition, compaction, and cementation. Erosion breaks down rock into sediments that are transported and deposited by water, wind, or ice. The deposited sediments are then compacted under pressure and cemented together by minerals, forming sedimentary rock. There are two main types - clastic sedimentary rocks composed of fragments of preexisting rocks, and chemical sedimentary rocks formed by precipitation from water.
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This document discusses different types of bodies of water including lakes, ponds, streams, rivers, reservoirs, tube wells, and springs. Lakes and ponds are inland bodies of standing or slowly moving fresh water that vary in size from small ponds to large lakes. Streams flow due to gravity and provide benefits like drinking water but can also erode rock. Rivers are larger bodies of flowing water that drain into oceans or other bodies of water. Reservoirs are bodies of impounded water created by dams to regulate water supply. Tube wells and springs tap into underground sources of water.
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1. Rivers carry loads of materials like rocks, sand, leaves and dead fish. They flow through channels that can have high or low gradients and carry greater or lesser discharges of water.
2. Faster flowing water is able to carry heavier loads, including large bed loads that bounce along the bottom and smaller suspended loads. Chemical dissolved loads are also carried.
3. Rivers progress through youthful, mature and old stages based on factors like climate, gradient and load. Youthful rivers have steep gradients while old rivers are wide and form many meanders.
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The document summarizes various river, wind, and glacier processes. It discusses the three main types of processes that occur in rivers - erosion, transportation, and deposition. Erosion involves wearing away material from the river bed and banks. Transportation moves eroded material downstream, gradually reducing its size. Deposition occurs when energy levels drop and material is dropped from the river. Similar processes of erosion, transportation, and deposition occur for wind and glaciers.
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The document contains 4 questions and answers about hydrology and depositional landforms. It discusses how depositional landforms like levees are predominantly found in the lower course of rivers where the velocity decreases, encouraging sediment deposition. It explains that levees are formed through repeated flooding that causes material to build up on river banks. Finally, it lists deltas, alluvial fans, floodplains, oxbow lakes, and point bars as other examples of depositional landforms.
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Tides are periodic changes in the water level of oceans, gulfs and bays caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun. Most places experience two high tides and two low tides daily, called semi-diurnal tides, though some have only one per day, called diurnal tides. Tides were discovered over 300 years ago by Isaac Newton, who developed the Equilibrium Theory of Tides to explain how every object exerts a gravitational pull on every other object. There are two main types of tides: spring tides, which occur during full and new moons and have more extreme high and low tides, and neap tides, which happen during half moons and have the
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There are four main types of sediment transport:
1. Saltation occurs when loose material is lifted from the bed surface by wind or water and travels in ballistic trajectories before settling back onto the surface.
2. Traction involves the rolling or sliding of sand grains and larger clasts along the bed as they interact with the substrate.
3. Suspension is the transport of fine sediment particles that are small enough to remain continuously suspended in the flowing fluid.
4. Solution involves minerals dissolving in water and being carried along in solution.
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The document provides information about the geology of the Flin Flon area in Manitoba, Canada. It discusses the regional history and lithology of the Flin Flon greenstone belt and broader Trans-Hudson Orogen. Specifically, it focuses on map area 4 from a University of Saskatchewan field school in Flin Flon. It describes a rock sample from the area as a greenschist facies mafic metavolcanic rock that displays a porphyritic texture and subtle foliation from deformation.
Why The Coalbed Methane
The Late Devonian Frasnian-Famennian mass extinction around 375 million years ago saw the loss of many marine species. New dating of volcanic rocks in Siberia called the Viluy traps suggests they were emplaced in multiple phases, with an early phase potentially contributing to the extinction event. Changes in Earth's systems during the Late Devonian support the role of volcanism in disrupting marine habitats through elevated atmospheric gases and ocean anoxia. An initial pulse of volcanism from the Viluy Traps may have caused marine anoxia and ultimately led to extinction of species.
Raised beaches and estuaries 2011
Scientists have mapped the remnants of a prehistoric landscape lying under the North Sea that was once above water. It contained human settlements, lakes, hills, coastlines, and rivers before being flooded by rising sea levels over 5,000 years ago at the end of the last ice age. The submerged landscape, called Doggerland, was larger than modern day Britain and was home to early humans and animals until it was overwhelmed by rising waters. Seismic data collected by oil companies revealed the sunken features of this lost world.
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actually thanks for the slideshare !!!!! i took a little help from yhis website so i log in to this to help others
Lab field assignment
This study examines Virginia Lake in Reno, NV and its surrounding environment. The report focuses on the lake's formation during the Great Depression, the evolution of plant and animal life around the lake, and different types of geological formations found in the area. Samples were taken of sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rocks near the lake. However, the study did not find any evidence of unconformities or examples of Steno's Law of Superposition due to the lake's recent construction.
Intraplate magmatism intraplate volcanism
This summary provides the key points from the document in 3 sentences:
The document discusses a study that proposes a new hypothesis for the origin of intraplate volcanism. The study suggests that some intraplate volcanic activity, like the Steens-Columbia River flood basalt, can be explained by tearing of subducting tectonic plates as they slow down, which allows rapid mantle upwelling. While this model may explain some cases of intraplate magmatism, it does not fully account for all aspects of some systems like Yellowstone, so the relationship between plate tectonics and intraplate volcanism remains an area of ongoing research.
Lake Berryessa Field Assignment
Lake Berryessa is located in Napa County, California and was formed by sediment deposition from the erosion of volcanic rocks. The sedimentary layers at Lake Berryessa are estimated to be 13 km thick and represent 80 million years of erosion. The mountain ranges surrounding the lake formed 150-130 million years ago. Great Egrets and Blue Oak trees are commonly seen in the area and have adapted over millions of years to the local environment. Sedimentary rocks like limestone and conglomerate can be seen around the lake and provide evidence of the geological history through principles of relative dating.
GEOGRAPHY YEAR 10: VOLCANIC ACTIVITY
1) Volcanoes form at boundaries where tectonic plates meet, such as where plates are subducting or spreading apart.
2) There are two main types of volcanoes - cone-shaped volcanoes which form from thick, slow-moving lava and shield volcanoes which have flatter slopes due to more fluid lava.
3) Examples of highly active volcanic regions include the Pacific Ring of Fire and areas around Alaska, Hawaii, and the Cascade Range in the western United States.
Volcanoes ppt
Volcanoes are formed when magma from the Earth's upper mantle works its way to the surface and erupts. They can erupt explosively, ejecting ash and rock fragments into the air, or effusively, oozing lava onto the surface. The largest active volcano is Mauna Loa in Hawaii. Major volcanic eruptions, like Krakatoa in 1883 and Mount Pelee in 1902, can have devastating impacts and cause loss of life. Plate tectonics and the movement of tectonic plates under the Earth's surface is a major factor in where volcanoes are located.
N.H. Platt and V.P. Wright (2019) – The flooding of a carbonate platform: the...
N.H. Platt and V.P. Wright (2019) – The flooding of a carbonate platform: the eastern Yucatan platform as a model for transgressive carbonates
crest of east pasific rise
this small pdf. will tell about how the crests rise in the east pacific and the life forms in those regions
15. the astonishing genesis flood, part 2
This document discusses evidence for the Genesis Flood described in the Bible. It summarizes five pieces of evidence from the document:
1) Abundant marine sediments are found on continents, which is unusual since continents normally float above denser rocks below oceans. This distribution of sediments is better explained by a worldwide flood bringing ocean sediments inland.
2) Turbidites and other deposits indicating rapid underwater activity and sediment movement are commonly found on continents far from oceans, suggesting past submergence.
3) Sediment layers show continent-wide currents dominated in one direction, rather than local flows in all directions as seen today, further indicating a large-scale catastrophic event.
4) Some fossil layers contain
Study - Ocean Biodiversity Remained Constant through Millions of Years
Hiking affords Valerie Varnuska of Westbury, New York, the time to interact and appreciate nature. Her fascination with nature makes Valerie Varnuska curious about the scientific discipline studied by paleontologists.
A recent paleontological study challenged the belief that marine biodiversity has “continuously changed” over the past 200 million years. A research team from the University of Birmingham’s School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences used fossil data from the past two centuries to conclude that marine biodiversity has remained constant throughout the past 540 million years.
Previous studies of marine animal diversity have emphasized estimates of how global diversity has changed over time. In the University of Birmingham study, the research focused on regional spaces with fossil records of known times and places.
By comparison, geographic regions of similar sizes showed that marine animal diversity has changed over time and space. This localized approach also allowed researchers to look at the influence of other environmental factors.
Plate tectonics
Early evidence that led to the idea of continental drift included the matching coastlines of continents on opposite sides of the Atlantic Ocean. Alfred Wegener later proposed the hypothesis of continental drift, suggesting the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. Wegener provided additional evidence from rock and fossil distributions, but his hypothesis was rejected by most scientists at the time due to the lack of a proposed mechanism for continental movement. The development of technologies like sonar and magnetometers in the 1940s-50s revealed the structures of ocean ridges and trenches on the seafloor. Analysis of seafloor sediments and magnetic patterns from basalt flows provided evidence that the ocean floor spreads outward from mid-ocean ridges. This
Marine geology.pptx
Benthic organisms live on the sea floor and include animals like sea anemones, sponges, corals, sea stars, sea urchins, worms, bivalves and crabs. There is high diversity among benthic organisms, especially mollusks. However, plankton diversity in the water column is much lower, with far fewer pteropod snail species than benthic snails. Depth, food supply, salinity, temperature and oxygen levels all impact the distribution and types of benthic organisms that can survive on the sea floor. Benthic organisms leave behind traces of their activities through trails, tracks, burrows and bioturbation, which can provide clues about environmental
Enceladus Research Paper
This document compares and contrasts Yellowstone National Park and Hawaii. Both are home to active volcanoes, though Yellowstone has a supervolcano that could cause widespread destruction if it erupts, while Hawaii's volcanoes are currently forming new land. Yellowstone has geothermal features like geysers and hot springs, while Hawaii offers beaches and opportunities for scuba diving. Both attract many visitors each year for their natural beauty, despite the geological forces shaping the landscapes.
Volcanoes by Oliver Vladimir Vassallo, 3.04
The document discusses the origins and meanings of terms related to volcanoes such as "volcano", which comes from the Roman god Vulcan. It also provides information on the formation of volcanoes, types of volcanic eruptions, notable historic eruptions that have impacted humanity, and current scientific understanding of volcanoes.
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N.H. Platt and V.P. Wright (2019) – The flooding of a carbonate platform: the...
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Study - Ocean Biodiversity Remained Constant through Millions of Years
Study - Ocean Biodiversity Remained Constant through Millions of Years
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Some Ways Deep Sea Creatures Survive in Deep Water
Some deep-sea creatures like snailfish can survive in extreme depths by producing a chemical called TMAO that shields proteins from breaking down under intense pressure. They also have smaller, more flexible bones and cartilage to help them remain buoyant in the high-pressure environment. Most organisms cannot survive over 27,000 feet deep where the water pressure is over 800 times greater than atmospheric pressure and would crush gas bladders.
The Basic Types of Igneous Rock Formed from Magma
Based in Westbury, NY, Valerie Varnuska is a nature and outdoors enthusiast who enjoys exploring unique geologic formations in areas she visits. Among Valerie Varnuska’s interests is understanding what minerals, gems, and rocks are made of.
The Merits of Wearable Fitness Technology
Valerie Varnuska enjoys art, the theatre, and volunteering in her spare time. She particularly appreciates shows like the Taming of the Shrew, die Fledermaus, Pirates of Penzance, and Madama Butterfly. Valerie Varnuska resides in Westbury, NY but enjoys traveling to different places where she can experience nature and the health and fitness benefits it provides.
A good diet and exercise are contributing factors to living a healthy life, and one of the more common ways people record improvement is through wearable fitness technology (fitness trackers). Fitness trackers can track heart rate and metabolism and provide a list of goals a person can achieve health-wise such as the number of steps one should take in a day to improve fitness levels
New Species of Beetle Discovered in Poland
Nature enthusiast Valerie Varnuska is a resident of Westbury, NY. Given her interest in nature, Valerie Varnuska enjoys learning about several related subjects, including paleontology.
When scanning fossilized coprolite of a dinosaur relative that lived during the Triassic period in modern-day Poland, paleontologists discovered a new species of ancient beetle. This beetle was found using synchrotron microtomography, a method that is similar to how amber insects are scanned.
Synchrotron microtomography uses 3D technology that shows a high level of resolution and contrast so internal structures in fossils are more easily identified. Thanks to this detailed technology, the researchers saw the insect’s body, something that likely would have gone unnoticed using other scanning options.
Named Triamyxa coprolithica, the new beetle is a semiaquatic specimen that belongs to the suborder Myxophaga in the daily Triamyxidae. It most likely lived in humid environments and was eaten by Silesaurus opolensis. Since Silesaurus opolensis was omnivorous, it’s unlikely that the beetle was its main source of food. Rather, it’s believed that it was simply part of its diet.
Mushrooms - Nature’s Overlooked Heroes
A resident of the Westbury, NY, area, Valerie Varnuska maintains a wide range of interests. Passionate about the arts and nature, Valerie Varnuska loves spending time outdoors and enjoying the natural wonders.
Mushrooms are one of nature’s most commonly overlooked benefactors. These organisms are extremely diverse and hold several different roles in natural functions. However, they cannot synthesize their own food from sunlight like plants can. This is because mushrooms lack chlorophyll. Instead, they derive their energy from other sources, like decaying organic matter.
Species that get energy by breaking down organic matter are known as saprophytes. Most species that grow on rotting wood or lawns are saprophytes. These types of mushrooms get their energy from decomposition, digesting the decaying organic matter that is around them while simultaneously feeding themselves and returning important nutrients to the soil.
There are also symbiotic mushrooms that grow on the forest floor near the roots of trees. The mushrooms and trees exchange nutrients via mycorrhiza and provide one another with nutrients that they cannot extract or synthesize on their own. Generally, the trees provide symbiotic mushrooms with sugar compounds, while the mushrooms share water and minerals extracted from the soil.
It’s important to note that some mushrooms are parasitic. In most cases, these species are microscopic, but they will either attack a healthy host or hasten the death of an unhealthy one.
Homo Erectus Fossil Unearthed in South Africa
A Westbury, NY-based nature enthusiast, Valerie Varnuska enjoys a variety of outdoor activities. Valerie Varnuska is also fascinated by the idea of connecting the present with the past. She keeps up with the latest news and advancements in paleontology.
Paleontology studies the history of life on earth as based on fossils. Recently, fossil remains were unearthed 40 kilometers north of Johannesburg in South Africa. Further arrangements of the fragments revealed one of the earliest known skulls of one of the earliest humans to walk the planet, the Homo erectus. Carbon dating of the fossil revealed an age of two million years old. The skull belongs to a child aged between 2 and 3 years at the time of death.
Today, Homo erectus fossils are rarely seen and exist only in puzzling fragments. Juvenile skulls are more susceptible to damage over time, which makes these types of discoveries remarkably rare. It is also more challenging to procure sufficient fragments to piece together into an intact skull.
The location in which the Homo erectus skull was found established a knowledge base that suggests a relationship between Homo erectus and other types of humans in South Africa. The findings were published in the International Journal of Science.
Analysis of Tyrannosaurus Rex Fossil Model Changed Scientists Belief
Based in Westbury, NY, Valerie Varnuska is a nature lover and enjoys exploring the natural world. Valerie Varnuska is also interested in astronomy and paleontology. Paleontology involves the study of the evolution of life on earth via the use of fossils.
Fossils of Tyrannosaurus rex revealed that the extinct apex predators possessed extremely strong bites, which earned T. rex a long-standing position as one of the world's most dangerous predators in history. According to scientists, T. rex had an optimum bite force of 12,000 pounds, which would be a powerful amount of force even for their large skull. In the past, scientists wondered how the predator managed to exert that amount of force without breaking its skull. They assumed that the T. rex’s Skull might have similar flexibility with the skulls of modern birds and reptiles, which would have manipulated the shape of the jaw when it crunches its teeth.
In 2019, the result of a study conducted at the University of Missouri suggested that T. Rex's jaw was actually stiff and fused in contrast to previous belief. In the study, scientists analyzed how the jaws of two modern relatives of T. rex worked when the predators chewed. The study concludes that the jaws of T. Rex were probably tightly fused, making the skull significantly rigid and indestructible by the tremendous force of its bite.
Three Trees That Offer Medicinal Benefits
Residing in the Westbury, New York area, Valerie Varnuska enjoys many outdoor activities, such as walking and also gazing at the night sky. Valerie Varnuska also enjoys studying and spending time in nature.
For millennia, trees have served as reliable herbal medicines and have played important roles in human lives. Different parts of trees, such as leaves, sap, bark, nuts, and berries, are used for certain medicinal purposes. The following are some herbal trees and their health/medicinal benefits.
1. Elder tree - in its entirety, all parts of this tree are useful. The berries are nutritious and can help fight the flu.
2. Silver birch - a special type of birch tree, the silver birch (Betula pendula) is known for its hardiness, elegance, and sweet fragrance (especially after rainfall). The leaves are traditionally used for treating gout and kidney stones, and the inner barks also cure fevers.
3. Pines - pines are good sources of vitamin C. All members of the pines are edible, although some taste better than others.
Shrinking Stars Cause the Largest Explosions
Situated in the area of Westbury, NY, Valerie Varnuska is a nature enthusiast. During her free time, Valerie Varnuska enjoys relaxing in natural settings such as the beach. She is also fond of studying astronomy.
Supernovas cause some of the biggest explosions, with each blast showering extreme brightness and setting off random motions of gases in the darkness of space. While supernovas are caused by various events, a well-understood explanation for many observed supernovae in astronomy is a dying star.
Stars, including the sun, are nuclear power reactors in space that fuse atoms of core matter and convert them into energy (heat and light). At the centers of massive stars, heat generates pressure which counteracts the effects of gravity and stops stars from collapsing. Extreme gravity tries to squeeze the stars into the tiniest possible bits, while outward pressure prevents this. When a star burns up all its nuclear fuel, which will eventually occur at some point in time, it cools off, and pressures drop, resulting in inevitable squeezing by gravity.
These collapses occur at rapid speeds, triggering large shock waves. Shock waves cause the outer parts of the star to explode into an expanding cloud of hot gases. However, at the star's core, gravity would have squeezed matter into the densest known objects in the universe known as black holes. Black holes are only created when the exploding star is at least 10 times the size of our sun.
Cayman Island Green and Loggerhead Sea Turtle Populations Recovering
Westbury, New York area resident Valerie Varnuska enjoys diverse personal interests, including cooking and performing arts. Valerie Varnuska spends time walking outdoors and learning about nature.
ScienceDaily recently reported on a nature-related research study completed by the Cayman Islands Department of Environment and the University of Exeter on sea turtle populations in the Cayman Islands. The study, which took place from 1998 to 2019, showed that loggerhead and green turtle populations, which were nearing extinction at the start of the research initiative, are now growing.
The number of loggerhead and green turtles on the islands has increased due to captive breeding programs and strategies that help protect the turtles. For example, illegal turtle hunting was reduced due to conservation officers patrolling nesting beaches, and restrictions were implemented to prevent the activities of a turtle fishery.
Loggerhead and green turtle populations are still lower than normal compared to historical records indicating the number of animals in the islands. Prior to the early 1800s, the Cayman Islands were home to the largest number of nesting sea turtles in the world.
Simple Tips for Observing the Moon with a Telescope
Valerie Varnuska from Westbury, New York enjoys nature and watching the night sky to learn astronomy. The document provides tips for using a telescope to observe the moon, including reducing light entering the telescope, using a lunar map to identify features, and viewing the moon when it is half-illuminated shortly after the first quarter phase.
The Ecological Recovery of the Former Island of Rats
Based in the Westbury, NY area, Valerie Varnuska appreciates the environment around her and enjoys spending time outside doing activities such as walking and stargazing. A science enthusiast, Valerie Varnuska likes to learn about nature in the Westbury, NY, area, and around the globe.
Nature has a powerful ability to restore itself to natural ecological balance under the right conditions, as was proven on the former Island of Rats. Located in the Aleutian archipelago of Alaska, the island was once called the Island of Rats due to its high population of rats. The rodents were unintentionally introduced to the area by shipwrecks and occupancy during World War II.
The rats thrived and seriously disturbed the natural ecological balance of the island by threatening native species. For example, they fed on shorebirds and their offspring, resulting in an increase in the population of herbivorous seashore invertebrates, which were the food source of the birds.
In 2008, a conservation effort carried out by Island Conservation, the US Fish and Wildlife Service, and The Nature Conservancy eradicated the rats. Today, the island, now called Hawadax Island, has shown remarkable recovery. Its native species have re-established their populations and the island’s food chain has returned to a normal state.
Phytoncides May Be Key to the Health Benefits of Nature
Westbury, New York area’s Valerie Varnuska pursues a number of outdoor hobbies. Valerie Varnuska appreciates the mental and physical benefits of spending time in nature.
The health benefits of spending time in nature are well-documented, although the reasons behind the benefits are less clear. According to research from Qing Li, a physician at Japan’s Nippon Medical School Hospital and the president of the Japanese Society of Forest Medicine, at least some of the benefits of spending time in nature can be attributed to phytoncides, which are released from trees and plants into the air.
These antibacterial and antimicrobial substances help fight disease and protect plants from harmful organisms. When people spend time in nature, we inhale phytoncides.
In several studies, phytoncides have shown to improve health, boost immune function, reduce stress hormone levels, and increase the production of anti-cancer proteins. Moreover, exposure to phytoncides helped subjects relax and experience improved moods.
Tips for Beginning Stargazers
Valerie Varnuska enjoys stargazing as a hobby from her home in Westbury, NY. The document provides tips for improving the stargazing experience, including using a star chart to identify constellations, networking with other stargazers to share observations, and being consistent with a stargazing schedule to develop knowledge of the night sky over time.
A Unique Bone Structure Supported Large Dinosaur Frames
Valerie Varnuska is a longtime resident of the Westbury, New York, area who regularly explores natural destinations in the local region. Attracted to diverse disciplines in the sciences, Valerie Varnuska considers paleontology one of her major areas of interest.
A recent Southern Methodist University research project involving paleontologists, as well as biomedical and mechanical engineers, uncovered the way in which dinosaur skeletons were able to supported larger loads than mammals.
Given their massive size, the largest dinosaurs experienced major gravitational loads on their skeletons. One unique aspect of dinosaurs was the composition of their trabecula, a spongy bone. In contrast to birds and mammals, the trabecular bone did not increase in thickness as dinosaur species evolved larger. Instead, the spongy bone’s density increased.
This represented a weight-saving adaptation that accommodated the massive skeletal structures of large species such as hadrosaurs. CT scans combined with engineering failure theories have explained this phenomenon, and a greater understanding of trabecular architecture mechanics has provided insights into lightweight and dense structure design.
Three Ways of Connecting With Nature When Indoors
Valerie Varnuska, a resident of Westbury, NY, firmly believes that connecting with nature fosters good health and wellness. When she can, Valerie Varnuska frequently spends time outdoors hiking..
While being outdoors reduces muscle tension, improves focus, and lowers heart rate, there are certain situations when getting outside is not an option. Fortunately, whether you’re home-bound due to weather, sickness, or any other reason, you can still connect with nature in the following ways:
Look at nature scenes
It may not seem like it, but looking at nature scenes does wonders for decreasing stress levels and boosting compassion, according to a study in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. This is likely due to the fact that viewing pictures of nature activates the parasympathetic nervous system, thus helping the body calm down.
Grow an indoor garden
There are plenty of plants that you can successfully grow indoors, from succulents to sweet potatoes. If you find yourself unable to enjoy nature outdoors, you can easily bring nature indoors by creating a terrarium or small garden at home. Having these plants in your home increases your attention and reduces both anxiety and stress.
Listen to nature sounds
Similar to looking at scenes of nature, listening to sounds from nature also has a relaxing effect on people. In fact, nature sounds reduce people’s stress, muscle tension, and heart rates more than listening to silence or classical music. Further, these benefits were seen after only about six minutes of listening to nature sounds.
Paleontology as a Profession
Valerie Varnuska lives in Westbury, New York and enjoys visiting the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, her favorite museum. Paleontologists play a key role in creating exhibits for the museum by studying fossils to understand evolution and the history of life on Earth. Those in this profession can specialize in areas like microfossils, plants, or human fossils and typically work as researchers or professors, publishing their findings.
How to Connect with Nature and Become More of a Conservationist
Valerie Varnuska enjoys the arts and nature. She spends her leisure time enjoying scenic areas around Westbury, NY. To connect with nature and become a conservationist, one can take a family hike on a local trail or visit a nature preserve to learn about the plants and wildlife. As you spend more time outdoors, you may feel motivated to join a conservation group or help with local conservation efforts through social media.
World’s Smallest Monkey Fossil Discovered in Peru
A team of researchers in Peru uncovered the 18-million-year-old tooth fossil of Parvimico materdei, one of the smallest monkey species to have existed. From this single tooth fossil, scientists were able to determine that this ancient monkey species likely weighed less than the modern pygmy marmoset and had a diet consisting primarily of fruit and insects. The discovery helps shed light on the evolution of monkey species in South America.
Top Nature Escapes in New York
This document discusses top nature escapes near New York City, including Riverside Park in Manhattan, the village of Cold Spring in the Hudson Valley, the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, and Breakneck Ridge which offers challenging hiking one hour north of NYC. These destinations provide opportunities for activities like running, biking, kayaking, hiking and enjoying natural scenery while surrounded by greenery, flowers, trees and views.
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Some Ways Deep Sea Creatures Survive in Deep Water
Some Ways Deep Sea Creatures Survive in Deep Water
Analysis of Tyrannosaurus Rex Fossil Model Changed Scientists Belief
Analysis of Tyrannosaurus Rex Fossil Model Changed Scientists Belief
Cayman Island Green and Loggerhead Sea Turtle Populations Recovering
Cayman Island Green and Loggerhead Sea Turtle Populations Recovering
Simple Tips for Observing the Moon with a Telescope
Simple Tips for Observing the Moon with a Telescope
The Ecological Recovery of the Former Island of Rats
The Ecological Recovery of the Former Island of Rats
Phytoncides May Be Key to the Health Benefits of Nature
Phytoncides May Be Key to the Health Benefits of Nature
A Unique Bone Structure Supported Large Dinosaur Frames
A Unique Bone Structure Supported Large Dinosaur Frames
How to Connect with Nature and Become More of a Conservationist
How to Connect with Nature and Become More of a Conservationist
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3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
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Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
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Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business MeetingEWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
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Scientists Discover Giant Lake Underneath Bolivian Volcano
- 2. Westbury, NY, resident Valerie Varnuska has a passion for learning, especially about science and technology. Rocks and earth science are of particular interest to Valerie Varnuska, who commonly follows major developments in the field of geology. Geologists from the University of Bristol and their international partners recently uncovered a large magmatic lake underneath a dormant volcano in Bolivia, the first discovery of this kind. The huge deposit is mostly molten rock, or magma.
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