This document provides an overview of the different types of scientific writings and how to write each type. It discusses editorials, original articles, review articles, case reports, letters to the editor, and other publication types. It also describes the typical structure of scientific papers, including titles, abstracts, introductions, methods, results, discussions, and references. Key requirements for submitting manuscripts such as authorship, formatting, and reviewing instructions to authors are also covered.

1. How to Write Scientific Papers
Dr Dipankar Dasgupta MS

2. How to Write Scientific Papers
Dr Dipankar Dasgupta MS

3. Types of Scientific Writings
• Editorial
• Original Article
• Review Article
• Case Reports
• Letter to Editor
• Personal Views
• Special Communication
• How I do it?
• Abstract
• Meta-Analysis

4. Editorial
An editorial is an article in a journal,
newspaper or magazine that expresses the
editor's personal bias.
EXAMPLE
How to Review an Article. Satish K. Shukla.
Indian Journal of Surgery Volume 72 Number
2, 93-96, 2010.
Bariatrics, Metabolic Dysfunction and the
Surgeon. Anil Sharma. Indian Journal of
Surgery Volume 72, Number 4, 283-284, 2010.

5. Original Article
Original article is the predominant type of
publication for articles.
EXAMPLE
•Quality-of-life: A study on patients of
carcinoma breast and its pitfalls in Indian
society. A.K. Shah and L.S. Vohra. Indian
Journal of Surgery Volume 72, Number 2 107-
111. Preoperative ultrasound guided needle
localisation for non-palpable breast lesions.
Kalyan Das. Diptendra Kumar Sarkar, Rejaul
Karim and Asim Kumar Manna. Indian Journal
of Surgery Volume 72, Number 2,2010.

6. A comprehensive article published after examination
of all available published material on a subject.
EXAMPLE
Triple assessment in the diagnosis of breast cancer
in Kashmir . Masooda Jan, Javed Ahmed Mattoo,
Nazir, Ahmed Salroo and Shahnawaz Ahangar.
Indian Journal of Surgery, Volume 72, Number
2,97-103. 2010. Rare cause of intestinal obstruction
- Vaginal enterocele. Dharmendra Mehta, Deval,
M B Shaam and J K Yadav. Indian Journal of
Surgery Volume 72, Number 2, 104-106,2010.

7. A clinical presentation that is followed by thorough
investigations and leads to a diagnosis.
EXAMPLE
 Primary hyperparathyroidism: A report of two unusual
cases. Sanoop K. Zachariah and P.A. Thomas. Indian Journal
of Surgery Volume 72 Number 2,135-137, 2010. •The
ileosigmoid knot. Rajaram Burrah, Arun Menon, H. Pathan,
R.Ravikanth and Arun Kilpadi. Indian Journal of Surgery
Volume 72 Number 2,140-142, 2010.
 Is hyperaldosteronism a pathognomonic feature of conn’s
syndrome? R. Nagaraj, K Kuberan, M.S. Senthil Kumar and
M. Chandresekaran. Indian Journal of Surgery Volume 72
Number 2,146-148, 2010.

8. If you are deeply concerned about something
you've seen, heard or read, write a passionate
point of view to the editor of the journal.
 The incidence of soft tissue sarcoma in Daskhina
Kannada: Study in a district government hospital. Bobby
V.M. Dasari Indian Journal of Surgery Volume 72
Number 2,146-148, 2010.
 Extended pancreatectomy for pancreatic cancer. Sagar
Sadhu and Manas Kr Roy. Indian Journal of Surgery
Volume 72 Number 2,168-169, 2010.

9.  Opinion essays require a combination of
personal and argumentative approach-
EXAMPLE
Hippocratic Oath, 21st Century. Anand Kumar. Indian
Journal of Surgery Volume 72 Number 2,171-175, 2010.

10. A work mostly related to a particular topic.
EXAMPLE
 FOR INSTITUTION AND SURGEONS
 Sir Astley Paston Cooper
History, English Surgeon and Anatomist . Rikki Singhal,
Rajinder Pal Singal, Amit Mittal, Sudeep Sangwan and
Nidhi Gupta. Indian Journal of Surgery Volume 72 Number
3, 93-96, 2010. (Online first)

11. ABOUT SURGICAL TECHNIQUES AND
INNOVATIONS
 Radiographic griding of subcutaneous soft tissue
metallic foreign bodies in emergency department.
Akhilesh Kr Agarwal, Utpal De, Udita Ray, Anshu
Agarwal and Pankaj Singodia. Indian Journal of
Surgery Volume 72 Number 2,133-134, 2010.
 The economical way to off-load diabetic foot ulcers
[Mandakini off-loading device]. Sunil V.Kari. Indian
Journal of Surgery Volume 72 Number 2,133-134, 2010.

12. Brief summary of a research article, thesis, review,
conference proceeding or any in-depth analysis of a
particular subject. It is a self-contained, short, and
powerful statement that describes a larger work.
Comparison of Ligasure Hemorrhoidectomy with Conventional
Ferguson’s Hemorrhoidectomy. Rahul Khanna, Seema Khanna,
Shilpi Bhadani, Sanjay Singh and Ajay K. Khanna
Abstract
Conventional hemorrhoidectomy for grade III and IV hemorrhoids is
a tedious procedure associated with significant morbidity and a
prolonged convalescence. We compared Ligasure™
hemorrhoidectomy with conventional ‘closed’ Ferguson’s
hemorrhoidectomy for the treatment of grade III and IV
hemorrhoids…………..
Keywords Hemorrhoidectomy - Ligasure - Ferguson’s

13.  consists of several studies using a quantitative method
of combining the results of independent studies drawn
from the published literature and synthesizing
summaries and conclusions which may be used to
evaluate therapeutic effectiveness or plan new studies.
 It is often an overview of clinical trials.
EXAMPLE
Meta-analysis of laparoscopic and open distal gastrectomy for gastric
carcinoma. Muhammad Ashraf Memon, Shahjahan Khan, Richard
Barr and Breda Memon. Surgical Endoscopy Volume 22, Number
8, 1781 – 1789, 2009.

14. HOUR GLASS STRUCTURE KING STRUCTURE

15.  Title
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Conclusions
 Acknowledgements
 References

16.  Short, specific but comprehensive
 No abbreviations
 Should be easy to catalogue

17.  Objective
 Design
 Setting
 Patients and methods
 Results
 Conclusions
 Key words
 Word limit

18.  Current status
 Highlight the gaps in knowledge which the
proposed research will fill.
 State what you intend to do and
 Give relevent references

19.  Study design
 What subjects/animals/specimens or techniques were
used?
 Reason for selecting the experimental design of the
study
 Statistical methods used for analysis
 Material and Methods - if inanimate specimens have
 been used.
 Numbers
 How are they grouped - (cases /controls)
 Exclusion and inclusion criteria
 Informed consent obtained

20.  Description of technique – confirm validity of
the method and results.
 Repeat the study to ascertain validity.
 Standard technique - give reference with any
modifications should be clearly explained
 Drug trial – complete description of trial

21.  Statistical methods or statistical package
employed for verification of results.
 (consult a statistician before starting the study)

22.  Presentation of facts, measurements,
 and observations gathered by the author
 Start with the results that are easier to
interpret
 Results should be set out in tables and figures

23.  Main results should be summarised at the
beginning of discussion
 Mention previous results or that can be
compared with the current study.
 What gaps in knowledge remain to be filled?
 Last paragraph - message of the article
 Where further research is needed
 Future work

24.  Thank all those who deserve recognition for
their contribution - staff and Institutions
providing financial support.

25. 1.Articles
Vega K., Pina I., Krevisky B. Heart transplantation is associated
with an increased risk for pancreaticobiliary disease. Ann Intern
Med 1996 Jun 1: 124(11): 980-3
2. Books
Phillips SJ, Whisnant JP. Hypertension and stroke. In: Laragh JH,
Bremier BM, editors. Hypertension: pathophysiology, diagnosis,
and management. 2nd ed. New York: Raven Press; 1995. P.465-78.
3. Thesis and Dissertation
Kaplan SJ. Post-hospital home health care: the elderly's access and
untilizaiion (dissertation]. St. Louis (MO): Washington Univ: 1995.
4. Electronic material
Morse SS. Factors in the emergence of infectious disease. Emerg
Inftect Dis [serial online] 1995 Jan-Mar (cited 1996 Jun 5]; 1(1): [24
screens]. Available from URL:
http:/www.cdc.gov/ncdod/EID/eid.htm

26.  authors should qualify for authorship

29.  Requirements for Submission of Manuscript -
Must Read Instructions to Authors -
requirements for submission of manuscripts
 Required number of copies/ figures / photos /
photographs
 Covering letter signed by all co-authors
 Approved by all authors and not been
submitted else where

30.  Choose an appropriate Journal – ask for
favourite journal of your Faculty.
 Go through the requirements for submission of
manuscripts.
 Write simple grammatically correct sentences
 Avoid irrelevant details
 Show the draft to colleagues – 5 times Rule
 Read final draft carefully
 No grammatical or typographic mistakes