Scientific method
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The document outlines the basic steps of the scientific method, using Louis Pasteur's experiment on bacterial growth as an example. It discusses the key components of an experiment, including manipulated, controlled, and responding variables. Pasteur's experiment aimed to test his hypothesis that airborne particles caused bacterial growth in broth by preventing or allowing air to reach sterilized broth samples. The results supported his hypothesis, as bacterial growth only occurred in samples exposed to air. This experimentation contributed to the development of the broader theory of germ theory.
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The document discusses food webs and their complexity. It notes that food chains oversimplify predator-prey relationships, as most organisms have multiple prey and predator species. A food web shows the multiple interconnected food chains within an ecological community. Some food webs, called grazing webs, begin with plants, while others called detrital webs begin with dead organic matter. There is often overlap between grazing and detrital webs. The stability of food webs depends on the number of species and links between them - webs with more complexity are less vulnerable to collapse from the removal of one species. Keystone species that greatly impact community structure if removed.
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The document discusses food webs and their complexity. It notes that food chains oversimplify predator-prey relationships, as most organisms have multiple prey and predator species. A food web shows the multiple interconnected food chains within an ecological community. Some food webs, called grazing webs, begin with plants, while others called detrital webs begin with dead organic matter. There is often overlap between grazing and detrital webs. The stability of food webs depends on the number of species and links between them - webs with more complexity are less vulnerable to collapse from the removal of one species. Keystone species that greatly impact community structure if removed.
Dichotomous key
The document is about a dichotomous key, which is a written tool used to identify plants and animals. It consists of a series of paired questions that leads the user down different paths through a sequence of choices until an identification is reached. Each choice directs the user to the next question couplet number to follow. Dichotomous keys break down classifications into a step-by-step process.
Chordates
The document summarizes several classes of chordates, including fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Key details are provided about characteristics such as respiration, reproduction, heart structure, skin/scales, metabolism and more. Examples like the barrier reef anemonefish, western spadefoot toad, komodo dragon, emperor penguin and blue whale are highlighted. The document concludes by discussing primates and humans, noting our large brains, bipedalism, tool use, and other distinguishing features.
Cell theory 2 (pasteur)
Louis Pasteur conducted experiments using swan-necked flasks that disproved the theory of spontaneous generation and supported the cell theory. Through his experiments, Pasteur showed that broth remained clear if no airborne particles could enter the flask, but would become cloudy if the flask was broken and dust entered, demonstrating that life arises only from pre-existing life and not from non-living matter. Pasteur's findings provided strong evidence for the cell theory that all living things are made of cells that only arise from pre-existing cells.
Homeostasis
An introduction to homeostatic biological systems. Thermoregulation and blood glucose levels are used as examples.
Cell Theory 1
The document lists several key characteristics of living things: they grow, use energy, are made of cells, can die, require nutrients, exchange gases with their environment, move, depend on other living things, and reproduce. It also notes that living things need water. These characteristics provide a definition of what constitutes a living thing.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Scientific method
- 2. Science works by using the scientific method to prove that ideas are wrong. cc licensed flickr photo by Image Editor: http://flickr.com/photos/11304375@N07/2769519295/
- 3. Steps in the scientific method: Step 1 - observation, questioning cc licensed flickr photo by Geek2Nurse: http://flickr.com/photos/ladylong/393625116/
- 4. Steps in the scientific method: Step 1 - observation, questioning Why are these bacteria growing here? cc licensed flickr photo by Geek2Nurse: http://flickr.com/photos/ladylong/393625116/
- 5. Step 2 - Research, Experimentation Types of variables in an experiment: • manipulated (independent) - are changed as part of experiment • controlled - held constant during the experiment • responding (dependent) - conditions that are observed to change during the experiment
- 7. In Pasteur’s experiment • manipulated - allowing/ preventing particles in air to reach broth
- 8. In Pasteur’s experiment • manipulated - allowing/ preventing particles in air to reach broth • controlled - sterile broth, same kind of container, same kind of broth,location of flask, how long was the broth left, volume of broth
- 9. In Pasteur’s experiment • manipulated - allowing/ preventing particles in air to reach broth • controlled - sterile broth, same kind of container, same kind of broth,location of flask, how long was the broth left, volume of broth • responding - growth of bacteria
- 10. An experiment tests a hypothesis (proposed explanation for the phenomenon) Pasteur suggested bacteria in the air caused the bacterial growth. cc licensed flickr photo by kaibara87: http://flickr.com/photos/kaibara/2234750993/
- 11. Step 3 - Observation What were the results of the experiment Pasteur saw bacterial growth only after the broth was infected by the dust from the air.
- 12. Step 4 - Development of a theory After repeated experimentation, a theory is developed which might then be tested further (back to Step 2)
- 13. A good theory: • explains observed phenomenon • makes predictions • is (scientifically) testable
- 14. Is cell theory a good theory?