attachment general microbiology course .pptxFiixaaBOlqabaa
This document provides an overview of the General Microbiology course offered at Wallaga University's Department of Biology in 2015/2022. It covers key topics including the definition and branches of microbiology, methods of culturing and identifying microorganisms, bacterial cell structure and growth conditions, microbial genetics, and an introduction to mutations. The course instructor is listed as kumsa.adm12@gmail.com and will take place in Room B9R20.
A Petri dish is a basic tool used in microbiology to culture microorganisms. It is a shallow, lidded glass or plastic dish containing a growth medium, such as agar. Individual microbes placed on the dish will grow into separate colonies, allowing microbiologists to isolate, study, and identify different organisms. The Petri dish remains an important diagnostic tool, as microbiologists use techniques like streaking to generate pure cultures from mixed samples in order to diagnose infectious diseases. Proper handling and labeling of Petri dishes is important for safety and to avoid contamination during experiments.
Bacteria Classification By Gram Staining EssayChristy Hunt
Bizzozero staining procedure involves classifying tissues into three categories based on their mitotic activity as seen under the microscope: category I tissues with low mitotic activity, category II tissues with moderate mitotic activity, and category III tissues with high mitotic activity. The staining procedure uses proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) to label proliferating cells and support Bizzozero's 1894 tissue classification system based on mitotic index determined by examining hematoxylin and eosin stained slides under the microscope. The experiment aims to evaluate if PCNA staining agrees with Bizzozero's original tissue categorization into
Culture K and J were identified through examination of their appearance on culture media, gram staining reactions, and catalase tests. Gram staining revealed that culture K was gram-positive, staining purple, while culture J was gram-negative, staining pink. Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell walls, staining purple with gram staining. Gram-negative bacteria have a thinner peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane, staining pink. Identification of the bacteria was achieved through analysis of cell structure and staining characteristics.
cultivation, isolation,purification and characterization of microorganism Amjad Afridi
Microorganisms can be studied through cultivation, isolation, purification, and characterization techniques. Samples are collected from various sources and streaked onto agar plates using aseptic technique to prevent contamination. Single colonies are picked and restreaked to obtain a pure culture of a single microbial species. The isolated microbes are then characterized through morphological examination, staining techniques, and biochemical tests to identify the microorganism.
General methods of studying microorganisms cultivation, isolation,purificatio...Amjad Afridi
Microorganisms can be studied through cultivation, isolation, purification, and characterization techniques. Samples are collected from various sources and streaked onto agar plates using aseptic technique to prevent contamination. Single colonies are then purified by streaking and incubating to obtain a pure culture of a single microbial species. The isolated microbe can be characterized through morphological analysis under a microscope, biochemical testing of metabolic activities, and other identification methods. This allows scientists to determine the type of microorganism being studied.
This research aimed to characterize bacteria isolated from soils in Puerto Rico. Two soil samples were collected and various tests were performed on the isolated bacteria, including Gram staining, DNA purification and amplification, and testing for antibiotic production. One isolated bacterium (S15UPRC-RISEAMGP30SP01A1) was identified as a gram-positive cocci resembling Staphylococcus and did not produce antibiotics. The other (S15UPRC-RISERBCR30P01A2) was a gram-positive Bacillus but did not produce antibiotics. Neither bacterium could be fully characterized due to negative PCR results, failing to confirm the hypothesis of positive antibiotic production. Further tests are needed to fully characterize the
attachment general microbiology course .pptxFiixaaBOlqabaa
This document provides an overview of the General Microbiology course offered at Wallaga University's Department of Biology in 2015/2022. It covers key topics including the definition and branches of microbiology, methods of culturing and identifying microorganisms, bacterial cell structure and growth conditions, microbial genetics, and an introduction to mutations. The course instructor is listed as kumsa.adm12@gmail.com and will take place in Room B9R20.
A Petri dish is a basic tool used in microbiology to culture microorganisms. It is a shallow, lidded glass or plastic dish containing a growth medium, such as agar. Individual microbes placed on the dish will grow into separate colonies, allowing microbiologists to isolate, study, and identify different organisms. The Petri dish remains an important diagnostic tool, as microbiologists use techniques like streaking to generate pure cultures from mixed samples in order to diagnose infectious diseases. Proper handling and labeling of Petri dishes is important for safety and to avoid contamination during experiments.
Bacteria Classification By Gram Staining EssayChristy Hunt
Bizzozero staining procedure involves classifying tissues into three categories based on their mitotic activity as seen under the microscope: category I tissues with low mitotic activity, category II tissues with moderate mitotic activity, and category III tissues with high mitotic activity. The staining procedure uses proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) to label proliferating cells and support Bizzozero's 1894 tissue classification system based on mitotic index determined by examining hematoxylin and eosin stained slides under the microscope. The experiment aims to evaluate if PCNA staining agrees with Bizzozero's original tissue categorization into
Culture K and J were identified through examination of their appearance on culture media, gram staining reactions, and catalase tests. Gram staining revealed that culture K was gram-positive, staining purple, while culture J was gram-negative, staining pink. Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell walls, staining purple with gram staining. Gram-negative bacteria have a thinner peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane, staining pink. Identification of the bacteria was achieved through analysis of cell structure and staining characteristics.
cultivation, isolation,purification and characterization of microorganism Amjad Afridi
Microorganisms can be studied through cultivation, isolation, purification, and characterization techniques. Samples are collected from various sources and streaked onto agar plates using aseptic technique to prevent contamination. Single colonies are picked and restreaked to obtain a pure culture of a single microbial species. The isolated microbes are then characterized through morphological examination, staining techniques, and biochemical tests to identify the microorganism.
General methods of studying microorganisms cultivation, isolation,purificatio...Amjad Afridi
Microorganisms can be studied through cultivation, isolation, purification, and characterization techniques. Samples are collected from various sources and streaked onto agar plates using aseptic technique to prevent contamination. Single colonies are then purified by streaking and incubating to obtain a pure culture of a single microbial species. The isolated microbe can be characterized through morphological analysis under a microscope, biochemical testing of metabolic activities, and other identification methods. This allows scientists to determine the type of microorganism being studied.
This research aimed to characterize bacteria isolated from soils in Puerto Rico. Two soil samples were collected and various tests were performed on the isolated bacteria, including Gram staining, DNA purification and amplification, and testing for antibiotic production. One isolated bacterium (S15UPRC-RISEAMGP30SP01A1) was identified as a gram-positive cocci resembling Staphylococcus and did not produce antibiotics. The other (S15UPRC-RISERBCR30P01A2) was a gram-positive Bacillus but did not produce antibiotics. Neither bacterium could be fully characterized due to negative PCR results, failing to confirm the hypothesis of positive antibiotic production. Further tests are needed to fully characterize the
Characterization of Bacteria Isolated from Tropical Soils of Puerto Rico ramoncolon7
This document summarizes a student research project that aimed to characterize bacteria isolated from soils in Puerto Rico. Soil samples were collected and bacteria were isolated on agar plates before being purified through restreaking. Gram staining identified the bacteria as either gram-positive or gram-negative. Genomic DNA was extracted and amplified via PCR. However, when tested on indicator plates, the isolated bacteria did not show any antibiotic production against E. coli or M. luteus as hypothesized. While full characterization was not completed due to time constraints, the student plans future work identifying the bacteria through DNA sequencing.
This document provides an overview of microbiology and bacteria. It defines microbiology as the study of microorganisms using microscopes. It describes the basic structures and types of bacteria, including how they are classified by shape, staining properties, gas requirements, temperature dependence, and nutrition. It also discusses the importance of microorganisms, the history of microbiology, and the requirements and factors that enable bacteria to cause disease.
The document describes experiments conducted to isolate, characterize, and identify an unknown species of bacteria collected from soil in Flagstaff, Arizona. A series of tests were performed on the isolated bacteria, including Gram staining, endospore staining, catalase testing, carbohydrate testing, and more. Results of the tests were used to compare the unknown bacteria to known species in Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology in order to identify the bacteria. Preliminary analysis indicated the bacteria were adapted to the alkaline soil and climate conditions of Flagstaff's high altitude location.
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms like bacteria, fungi and viruses that are too small to be seen without magnification. There are several types of microorganisms that can be classified based on their shape, staining properties, temperature and nutritional requirements. Bacteria in particular can cause disease when they invade the body, produce toxins or enzymes, or form protective capsules. Factors that affect a host's susceptibility to microbial infections include their immune system status, wounds, medical implants and underlying illnesses. Understanding microbiology is important for controlling the spread of infectious diseases.
Isolation of bacteria is an important step in diagnosing bacterial infections. There are various methods used for isolating bacteria, including culture methods using solid or liquid media, and non-culture methods like PCR. For culture, appropriate specimens are collected and transported to the lab, where microscopy is first performed to view bacteria. The specimens are then plated on selective and non-selective media and incubated under optimal conditions for bacterial growth. Isolates are identified based on colony characteristics. Automated systems can also be used to more rapidly detect bacterial growth through liquid culture.
Isolation of bacteria is an important step in diagnosing bacterial infections. There are various methods used for isolating bacteria, including culture methods using solid or liquid media, and non-culture methods like PCR. For culture, appropriate specimens are collected and transported to the lab, where microscopy is first performed to view bacteria. The specimens are then plated on selective and non-selective media and incubated under optimal conditions for bacterial growth. Isolates are identified based on colony characteristics. Automated systems can also be used to more rapidly detect bacterial growth through liquid culture.
The document describes a lab experiment that tests how the addition of a pGLO plasmid affects the growth and characteristics of E. coli bacteria. The experiment involves transforming E. coli bacteria with the pGLO plasmid by adding it to a solution containing the bacteria. One solution receives the pGLO plasmid (+pGLO) while the other does not (-pGLO). The bacteria are then observed under UV light and incubated under various conditions to analyze effects on growth and gene expression.
Microbiology is the study of
living organisms of microscopic
size which includes bacteria ,
Fungi , Algae , Protozoa and Viruses. It is concerned with the forms, structure , reproduction , physiology , metabolism and classification.
Principle Of Microbiology
Medical microbiology deals with the causative agent of the infectious disease of the human , the ways in which they produce disease in the body and essential information for diagnosis and treatment.
Microbiology presentation MEDICAL COLLEGEdmfrmicro
The document provides an overview of a laboratory presentation on medical microbiology. It discusses several key areas:
1. The introduction defines a laboratory and lists its main departments including clinical chemistry, hematology, microbiology, and blood bank.
2. Microbiology is defined as the study of microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa and viruses. Medical microbiology deals with infectious disease causative agents.
3. The various fields of medical microbiology covered include bacteriology, virology, parasitology, mycology, and immunology. Common laboratory procedures in each field like microscopy, staining, culture and biochemical testing are summarized.
PURE CULTURE TECHNIQUE ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION PROCESS .pptxVishekKumar8
Pure culture technique
INTRODUCTION
PURE CULTIURE TECHNIQE
ISOLATION PROCESS
STREAK PLATE METHOD
POUR PLATE METHOD
SPREAD PLATE METHOD
IDENTIFICATION PROCESS
BIOCHEMICAL TEST
MOLECULAR METHOD
SEROGICAL TECHNIQUE
An Improved Slide Culture Technique for the Microscopic Identification of Fun...ijtsrd
Several phyto pathogenic fungi have been discovered by numerous researchers who continue to be saddled with the problem of proper identification of these fungal agents. The conventional method requires plating out the diseased tissues of such plant materials onto culture media and observing their gross morphological features on agar plates. As soon as their colonial characteristics have been studied, the microscopic examination of fungal reproductive structures spores and mycelia must be done as a confirmative method of identification which must be followed by Molecular identification in order to ensure complete identification. This step often disturbs the fragile spore hypha arrangements, thus, leading difficulties in interpretation of morphological results owing to the teasing effect in the preparation of wet mounts. The slide culture method of identification developed by Riddel in 1950 which uses an agar block of medium transferred to a glass slide and put in a moist petri dish have since been used with various modifications that have not really taken care of the slight disturbance of the mycelial arrangement of the study fungi that occurs during removal and replacement of coverslips during lactophenol cotton blue stain. We have developed a rapid slide culture method that can diminsh this problem to the barest minimum. Agu, Kingsley Chukwuebuka | Chidozie, Chiamaka Perpetua "An Improved Slide Culture Technique for the Microscopic Identification of Fungal Species" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45058.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/45058/an-improved-slide-culture-technique-for-the-microscopic-identification-of-fungal-species/agu-kingsley-chukwuebuka
The student was given an unknown mixed culture and used quadrant streaking to isolate a pure colony. A Gram stain showed the isolated bacteria was Gram positive. Motility tests found it was non-motile. A series of metabolic tests for properties like citrate utilization, carbohydrate fermentation, and catalase presence were done. By comparing the results to database entries, the unknown bacteria was identified as Staphylococcus.
Isolation and characterization of microbesmeenu sharma
This document discusses the isolation and characterization of microbes. It defines key terms like microbes, pure culture, mixed culture, species, and strain. It describes common methods used to isolate pure cultures from mixed populations, including streak plate technique, micromanipulator method, enrichment culture method, and serial dilution method. The document also discusses maintaining and preserving pure cultures through refrigeration, cryopreservation, and lyophilization. It explains how microbes can be characterized based on colony appearance, form, elevation, margins, and optical density.
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms that are microscopic and includes bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. Important early contributors included van Leeuwenhoek who discovered microbes in the 1600s using microscopes and Pasteur in the late 1800s who disproved spontaneous generation and developed vaccinations. The field has since developed techniques to culture and identify microbes and understand their roles in causing disease and their potential benefits.
The document discusses general principles for diagnosing infectious diseases, including:
1. Physical examination, clinical diagnosis, and epidemiological assessment help identify possible pathogens.
2. Laboratory tests are needed to confirm the causative agent, including microscopic examination, culture-based methods, and immunological or molecular detection techniques.
3. Proper specimen collection, transport, and timing are important for accurate diagnostic results.
The document provides an overview of microbiology and bacterial cell structure. It discusses that microbiology is the study of microorganisms too small to be seen with the naked eye. It then summarizes the different types of microorganisms studied in medical microbiology and branches of microbiology. Finally, it outlines the typical structures of a bacterial cell, including the cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, capsules, pili, flagella, and their functions.
This document summarizes a study conducted by researchers at the University of Puerto Rico at Cayey to identify soil bacteria capable of producing novel antibiotics. Soil samples were collected from two sites and diluted to isolate individual bacterial colonies. Colonies were purified, stained, and had their DNA analyzed. The isolated bacteria were tested for antibiotic resistance and their ability to inhibit the growth of other bacteria, which could indicate antibiotic production. The goal was to find bacteria producing compounds similar to teixobactin, a potent antibiotic discovered from uncultured soil bacteria.
This document describes a study conducted by researchers at the University of Puerto Rico at Cayey to identify soil-collected bacteria that could produce novel antibiotic compounds. Soil samples were collected from two sites and diluted to isolate individual bacterial colonies. Colonies showing growth were purified and analyzed using gram staining, freezing, electrophoresis, and tests for antibiotic resistance and production. Initial results identified distinct colony morphologies from the soil samples and showed growth from the undiluted, but not highly diluted, samples. Further analysis of purified colonies is planned to characterize the bacteria and determine their antibiotic properties.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
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Characterization of Bacteria Isolated from Tropical Soils of Puerto Rico ramoncolon7
This document summarizes a student research project that aimed to characterize bacteria isolated from soils in Puerto Rico. Soil samples were collected and bacteria were isolated on agar plates before being purified through restreaking. Gram staining identified the bacteria as either gram-positive or gram-negative. Genomic DNA was extracted and amplified via PCR. However, when tested on indicator plates, the isolated bacteria did not show any antibiotic production against E. coli or M. luteus as hypothesized. While full characterization was not completed due to time constraints, the student plans future work identifying the bacteria through DNA sequencing.
This document provides an overview of microbiology and bacteria. It defines microbiology as the study of microorganisms using microscopes. It describes the basic structures and types of bacteria, including how they are classified by shape, staining properties, gas requirements, temperature dependence, and nutrition. It also discusses the importance of microorganisms, the history of microbiology, and the requirements and factors that enable bacteria to cause disease.
The document describes experiments conducted to isolate, characterize, and identify an unknown species of bacteria collected from soil in Flagstaff, Arizona. A series of tests were performed on the isolated bacteria, including Gram staining, endospore staining, catalase testing, carbohydrate testing, and more. Results of the tests were used to compare the unknown bacteria to known species in Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology in order to identify the bacteria. Preliminary analysis indicated the bacteria were adapted to the alkaline soil and climate conditions of Flagstaff's high altitude location.
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms like bacteria, fungi and viruses that are too small to be seen without magnification. There are several types of microorganisms that can be classified based on their shape, staining properties, temperature and nutritional requirements. Bacteria in particular can cause disease when they invade the body, produce toxins or enzymes, or form protective capsules. Factors that affect a host's susceptibility to microbial infections include their immune system status, wounds, medical implants and underlying illnesses. Understanding microbiology is important for controlling the spread of infectious diseases.
Isolation of bacteria is an important step in diagnosing bacterial infections. There are various methods used for isolating bacteria, including culture methods using solid or liquid media, and non-culture methods like PCR. For culture, appropriate specimens are collected and transported to the lab, where microscopy is first performed to view bacteria. The specimens are then plated on selective and non-selective media and incubated under optimal conditions for bacterial growth. Isolates are identified based on colony characteristics. Automated systems can also be used to more rapidly detect bacterial growth through liquid culture.
Isolation of bacteria is an important step in diagnosing bacterial infections. There are various methods used for isolating bacteria, including culture methods using solid or liquid media, and non-culture methods like PCR. For culture, appropriate specimens are collected and transported to the lab, where microscopy is first performed to view bacteria. The specimens are then plated on selective and non-selective media and incubated under optimal conditions for bacterial growth. Isolates are identified based on colony characteristics. Automated systems can also be used to more rapidly detect bacterial growth through liquid culture.
The document describes a lab experiment that tests how the addition of a pGLO plasmid affects the growth and characteristics of E. coli bacteria. The experiment involves transforming E. coli bacteria with the pGLO plasmid by adding it to a solution containing the bacteria. One solution receives the pGLO plasmid (+pGLO) while the other does not (-pGLO). The bacteria are then observed under UV light and incubated under various conditions to analyze effects on growth and gene expression.
Microbiology is the study of
living organisms of microscopic
size which includes bacteria ,
Fungi , Algae , Protozoa and Viruses. It is concerned with the forms, structure , reproduction , physiology , metabolism and classification.
Principle Of Microbiology
Medical microbiology deals with the causative agent of the infectious disease of the human , the ways in which they produce disease in the body and essential information for diagnosis and treatment.
Microbiology presentation MEDICAL COLLEGEdmfrmicro
The document provides an overview of a laboratory presentation on medical microbiology. It discusses several key areas:
1. The introduction defines a laboratory and lists its main departments including clinical chemistry, hematology, microbiology, and blood bank.
2. Microbiology is defined as the study of microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa and viruses. Medical microbiology deals with infectious disease causative agents.
3. The various fields of medical microbiology covered include bacteriology, virology, parasitology, mycology, and immunology. Common laboratory procedures in each field like microscopy, staining, culture and biochemical testing are summarized.
PURE CULTURE TECHNIQUE ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION PROCESS .pptxVishekKumar8
Pure culture technique
INTRODUCTION
PURE CULTIURE TECHNIQE
ISOLATION PROCESS
STREAK PLATE METHOD
POUR PLATE METHOD
SPREAD PLATE METHOD
IDENTIFICATION PROCESS
BIOCHEMICAL TEST
MOLECULAR METHOD
SEROGICAL TECHNIQUE
An Improved Slide Culture Technique for the Microscopic Identification of Fun...ijtsrd
Several phyto pathogenic fungi have been discovered by numerous researchers who continue to be saddled with the problem of proper identification of these fungal agents. The conventional method requires plating out the diseased tissues of such plant materials onto culture media and observing their gross morphological features on agar plates. As soon as their colonial characteristics have been studied, the microscopic examination of fungal reproductive structures spores and mycelia must be done as a confirmative method of identification which must be followed by Molecular identification in order to ensure complete identification. This step often disturbs the fragile spore hypha arrangements, thus, leading difficulties in interpretation of morphological results owing to the teasing effect in the preparation of wet mounts. The slide culture method of identification developed by Riddel in 1950 which uses an agar block of medium transferred to a glass slide and put in a moist petri dish have since been used with various modifications that have not really taken care of the slight disturbance of the mycelial arrangement of the study fungi that occurs during removal and replacement of coverslips during lactophenol cotton blue stain. We have developed a rapid slide culture method that can diminsh this problem to the barest minimum. Agu, Kingsley Chukwuebuka | Chidozie, Chiamaka Perpetua "An Improved Slide Culture Technique for the Microscopic Identification of Fungal Species" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45058.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/45058/an-improved-slide-culture-technique-for-the-microscopic-identification-of-fungal-species/agu-kingsley-chukwuebuka
The student was given an unknown mixed culture and used quadrant streaking to isolate a pure colony. A Gram stain showed the isolated bacteria was Gram positive. Motility tests found it was non-motile. A series of metabolic tests for properties like citrate utilization, carbohydrate fermentation, and catalase presence were done. By comparing the results to database entries, the unknown bacteria was identified as Staphylococcus.
Isolation and characterization of microbesmeenu sharma
This document discusses the isolation and characterization of microbes. It defines key terms like microbes, pure culture, mixed culture, species, and strain. It describes common methods used to isolate pure cultures from mixed populations, including streak plate technique, micromanipulator method, enrichment culture method, and serial dilution method. The document also discusses maintaining and preserving pure cultures through refrigeration, cryopreservation, and lyophilization. It explains how microbes can be characterized based on colony appearance, form, elevation, margins, and optical density.
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms that are microscopic and includes bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. Important early contributors included van Leeuwenhoek who discovered microbes in the 1600s using microscopes and Pasteur in the late 1800s who disproved spontaneous generation and developed vaccinations. The field has since developed techniques to culture and identify microbes and understand their roles in causing disease and their potential benefits.
The document discusses general principles for diagnosing infectious diseases, including:
1. Physical examination, clinical diagnosis, and epidemiological assessment help identify possible pathogens.
2. Laboratory tests are needed to confirm the causative agent, including microscopic examination, culture-based methods, and immunological or molecular detection techniques.
3. Proper specimen collection, transport, and timing are important for accurate diagnostic results.
The document provides an overview of microbiology and bacterial cell structure. It discusses that microbiology is the study of microorganisms too small to be seen with the naked eye. It then summarizes the different types of microorganisms studied in medical microbiology and branches of microbiology. Finally, it outlines the typical structures of a bacterial cell, including the cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, capsules, pili, flagella, and their functions.
This document summarizes a study conducted by researchers at the University of Puerto Rico at Cayey to identify soil bacteria capable of producing novel antibiotics. Soil samples were collected from two sites and diluted to isolate individual bacterial colonies. Colonies were purified, stained, and had their DNA analyzed. The isolated bacteria were tested for antibiotic resistance and their ability to inhibit the growth of other bacteria, which could indicate antibiotic production. The goal was to find bacteria producing compounds similar to teixobactin, a potent antibiotic discovered from uncultured soil bacteria.
This document describes a study conducted by researchers at the University of Puerto Rico at Cayey to identify soil-collected bacteria that could produce novel antibiotic compounds. Soil samples were collected from two sites and diluted to isolate individual bacterial colonies. Colonies showing growth were purified and analyzed using gram staining, freezing, electrophoresis, and tests for antibiotic resistance and production. Initial results identified distinct colony morphologies from the soil samples and showed growth from the undiluted, but not highly diluted, samples. Further analysis of purified colonies is planned to characterize the bacteria and determine their antibiotic properties.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
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Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
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The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...Sérgio Sacani
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
1. Ssusume Patrick - DSTVE Makerere University
MAKERERE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION AND EXTERNAL STUDIES
SCHOOL OF EDUCATION
FOUNDATION OF SCIENCE, TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION
NAME : SSUSUME PATRICK
REG No. : 20/U/1406
STUDENT’S No. : 2000701406
COURSE : BACHELORS OF SCIENCE WITH EDUCATION (BIOLOGICAL)
COURSE UNIT : MICROBIOLOGY, MYCOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY
(BACTERIOLOGY PRACTICAL)
COURSE CODE : BIO 3102
LECTURER : Dr. MULABI NICHOLAS ELIJAH
DATE : 22/11/2022
SEMISTER : 1
YEAR : 3
TITLE : CULTURING OF BACTERIA
AIM : TO CULTURE AND IDENTIFY DIFFERENT BACTERIAL
TYPES BASED ON THEIR MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
USING MIXED CULTURE TECHNIQUES
2. Ssusume Patrick - DSTVE Makerere University
INTRODUCTION
Bacteria are microscopic, simple single-celled, ubiquitous and mostly free-living organisms that
constitute a large domain of prokaryotic organisms. The goal of the experiment is to culture and
identify different bacteria based on their morphological characteristics using mixed culture
techniques. Bacterial identification has significant importance in many different industries
including the pharmaceutical industry when considering microbial contamination. Microbial
contamination refers to the accidental introduction of infectious materials such as bacteria, yeast,
fungi or virus to the production line. The identification and characterization of bacteria is a vital
component in microbiology in both the scientific and clinical settings because they provide
valuable information regarding the microbial ecology of a specific environment, the metabolic
capabilities of a bacteria and their pathogenicity. This is useful in the clinical field in which
quick identification of bacteria provides information required to make a more accurate diagnosis,
prescribing an appropriate treatment and assessing the effectiveness of a treatment. By
identifying bacteria, sterilization of products can take place in the hope of removing pathogens
and reducing the risk of contamination. By inspecting for microbial contamination in products, it
ensures quality control as there will not be any damage in the way of chemical degradation,
which can lead to the loss efficacy as well as toxic side effects and medicine spoilage, all of
which can be detrimental to a patient’s life. Analytical techniques for example; morphological,
biochemical and genetical sequencing tests can be performed in order to identify different types
of microorganisms. Currently the identification of unknown bacteria by using biochemical and
physiological tests is considered for the most part obsolete because it is a process that can be
both labor intensive and time consuming carrying on days to weeks. Additionally, the test results
are never guaranteed to be completely accurate since bacteria mutate constantly to adapt to their
environments thus; they occasionally express genes that change a key biochemical or
morphological characteristics rendering this technique inadequate. In clinical setting, in which
speed is paramount, biochemical tests coupled with other immunological techniques are often the
preferred way to quickly assess whether a known specific bacterium is present or absent in a
sample. By sourcing the microbe’s identity, the growth and metabolism can be investigated with
the aim of finding an appropriate way to prevent it from growing any further and further
elimination; this is usually by recognizing the antibiotic which can destroy the cell membrane or
the function of the particular pathogen. In this experiment, mixed culture technique is used, that
3. Ssusume Patrick - DSTVE Makerere University
is; an inoculum expected to contain different bacterial strains picked anywhere is used owing to
their ubiquitous nature
MATERIALS USED
Nutrient agar Conical flask (250ml)
Microscope Beaker (100ml)
Glass slides and cover slips Inoculating wire loop
Weighing scale 70% ethanol
Water bath Petridish with cover (glass)
Autoclave Boiling tube
Cotton wool Stirring rod
Aluminium foil Methylene blue stain
PROCEDURE
Standardization of the medium
Nutrient agar (5g) was weighed and dissolved in 100ml of distilled water in a beaker. The
mixture was heated in a water bath while stirring to attain proper dissolution. The mixture in the
beaker was poured into a conical flask and tightly plugged with cotton wool. The conical flask
was covered up to the neck with aluminium foil (sheet)
Sterilization of culture medium and equipment
The petridishes and boiling tubes were covered with aluminium foil, the materials were sterilized
in an autoclave at 120o
C for 20 minutes to kill all pre-existing microbes.
Pour plating and slanting
The bench was swapped with 70% ethanol using cotton wool. The mouth of the conical flask
was swept in a flame to keep all floating microbes out of the culture medium. Nutrient agar was
4. Ssusume Patrick - DSTVE Makerere University
rapidly poured into the petridish opened at 450
angle. Nutrient agar was again poured in the
boiling tube held in a slanting position at an angle of about 45o
, the boiling tube and the petridish
containing the nutrient agar were covered immediately and the culture was left to solidify.
Inoculation of the sterilized culture medium
Dust (inoculum) was picked from a nearby window and the medium in petridish was touched
with dusty fingers and covered with a glass cover. This was as well done for the boiling tube.
The petridish and boiling tube were labeled with the source of the bacteria.
Incubation
The boiling tube and petridish (upside down) were placed in an incubator set at 38o
C for 3 days
for the microbes to reproduce.
Inspection of the plate and slant
After three days, the incubator was opened to check for the presence of bacterial colonies that
can be viewed with unaided eyes.
Microscopic techniques
Part of one bacterial colony was wiped with a sterilized inoculation wire loop and a thin smear
was made on a glass slide. The slide was placed on a staining rack over a sink and the smear was
flooded with methylene blue. The slide was left to stand for three minutes, the slide was gently
washed with tap water and the wet side blotted with a filter paper. The slide was covered with a
cover slip, an immersion oil drop applied and the slide was observed under high power of a
microscope.
Safe dumping of cultures
The used cultures and all used apparatus were collected in an autoclave and sterilized at a
temperature of 120o
C to kill all the bacteria. The apparatus were then removed and cleaned while
the agar was disposed-off.
5. Ssusume Patrick - DSTVE Makerere University
OBSERVATIONS
After heating, the nutrient agar mixture appeared turbid and yellowish in colour. After the three
days of incubation, bacterial colonies were observed at every point of nutrient agar that was
touched with dusty fingers. The colonies were visible with unaided eyes.
Appearance of the bacterial colonies growing on nutrient agar
Appearance of bacterial cells as observed under high power of a light microscope.
6. Ssusume Patrick - DSTVE Makerere University
DISCUSSION
Colony morphology and nature of bacterial colonies
The colonies appeared as yellow patches of different sizes in the petridish, irregular in shape,
with translucent opacity and flat elevation; they were larger than 1mm (isolated colonies) with an
undulate margin and a flat smooth surface. Growth on agar was abundant with no pigmentation.
Majority of the bacterial colonies were combined forming patches larger than 1cm. This
indicated presence of bacterial cells in the dust (inoculum) which were able to reproduce in
presence of adequate nutrients, favourable PH of the agar medium and favourable temperature of
the incubator (38o
C) to form bacterial colonies.
Nature of individual cells
On observation under high power the microscope, it was observed that some bacterial cells
stained blue, some yellow and others did not stain with methylene blue; this indicated presence
of different bacterial strains in the inoculum, some had thick peptidoglycan layer and therefore
were able to trap the train and were stained while those that were not stained due to the high lipid
content of their cell walls that does not facilitate trapping of the stain.
Bacterial cells of different shapes were observed; some were spherical and occurred singly
(monococcus) and others were rod shaped and occurred singly (monobacillus), some cells were
oval shaped (coccobacillus). This implies that there were mixed bacterial strains in the inoculum.
There were no fungal hyphae observed indicating that the dust was free of fungal
contaminations, this because the inoculum (dust) used was dry and most fungi grow in moist
places.
7. Ssusume Patrick - DSTVE Makerere University
CONCLUSION
In this experiment, unknown bacteria types were cultured using mixed culture techniques and
bacteria of different morphology, staining properties and colony characteristics were identified as
observed under high power of a microscope. Steam sterilization was employed using an
autoclave. The type of bacteria cultured were mesophilic since incubation was done at 38o
C. The
types of bacteria identified were monococcus, monobacillus and coccobacillus. The technique
used is not very effective because it is labor intensive and time consuming carrying since it took
five days to observe the bacteria under a microscope. As well, the test results can’t be guaranteed
to be completely accurate since bacteria have ability to mutate constantly to adapt to varying
environments thus they occasionally express genes that change a key biochemical and
morphological characteristics rendering this technique inadequate especially in clinical settings.
RECOMMENDATIONS
During sterilization, a microwave oven or hot air oven should be used since some bacterial
strains are hyper thermophilic and may survive at temperatures above that of the autoclave used
and therefore be spread to organisms and some microbes on apparatus may survive and interfere
with results of bacterial colonies.
In the process of inoculation, the source of the inoculum is picked should be selected with much
care so as to prevent picking highly infectious bacterial strains which may turn out hazardous
once cultured in sub-standardized laboratories.
8. Ssusume Patrick - DSTVE Makerere University
REFERENCES
1. Campbell & Neil A (1993): Biology 3rd
edition (1993), Benjamin/cummings publishing
company inc. pg 418
2. Glenn and Suzzan Toole ( 1999 ): Understanding Biology,4th
edition pg 599-600
3. Prakash, P. Yegneswaran, K. Bhargava. (2016): a modified micro chamber agar spot
mixed culture technique for microscopic examination of bacteria accessed on 28 Nov
2022
4. S. Kumar (2012): Textbook of microbiology, Jaypee brothers medical publishers (P)
LTD. 1st
edition pg 20, pg 35-44, pg 57-67, pg 70-73.
5. Weaver, Hedrick (1997): Genetic WMC Broown Publishers, MC Graw-Hill Companies
Inc.