Food webs
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The document discusses food webs and their complexity. It notes that food chains oversimplify predator-prey relationships, as most organisms have multiple prey and predator species. A food web shows the multiple interconnected food chains within an ecological community. Some food webs, called grazing webs, begin with plants, while others called detrital webs begin with dead organic matter. There is often overlap between grazing and detrital webs. The stability of food webs depends on the number of species and links between them - webs with more complexity are less vulnerable to collapse from the removal of one species. Keystone species that greatly impact community structure if removed.
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A biome is a large geographical area defined by similar climate and abiotic factors that support dominant plants and animals. Key abiotic factors that define biomes include precipitation, latitude and radiant energy, altitude, geography and landforms, and soil type and composition. These non-living environmental conditions determine what types of plants and animals are able to survive within each biome.
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The document discusses homeostasis and thermoregulation through a series of diagrams and explanations. It begins by defining homeostasis as the property of a system to maintain stable internal conditions despite external changes. It then explains how thermoregulation works through receptors that detect blood temperature and skin temperature, a control center in the hypothalamus, and effectors like sweating and shivering that act to cool or warm the body. The document uses examples of thermoregulation, blood sugar regulation, and water balance in the kangaroo rat to illustrate the general components and mechanisms of homeostasis.
Scientific method
The document outlines the basic steps of the scientific method, using Louis Pasteur's experiment on bacterial growth as an example. It discusses the key components of an experiment, including manipulated, controlled, and responding variables. Pasteur's experiment aimed to test his hypothesis that airborne particles caused bacterial growth in broth by preventing or allowing air to reach sterilized broth samples. The results supported his hypothesis, as bacterial growth only occurred in samples exposed to air. This experimentation contributed to the development of the broader theory of germ theory.
Cell theory sept 2010
The document discusses the history of theories about the origin of life, from early ideas of spontaneous generation to the development of cell theory. It describes key experiments by Redi, Spallanzani, and Pasteur that disproved spontaneous generation by showing that living organisms arise only from other living organisms of the same kind. The development of microscopes allowed the discovery of cells, providing evidence that all living things are made of cells or cell products, leading to the modern cell theory.
Natural selection as theory
Natural selection is a good scientific theory because it explains observed phenomena such as how organisms adapt to their environments over generations, makes predictions about what types of traits will help organisms survive and reproduce, and can be scientifically tested by experiments and observations of nature.
Introsoil
Soil is formed from weathered rock and organic matter over long periods of time. It is composed of mineral particles from parent rock along with decayed plant and animal remains. Soil formation involves interactions between air, water, plants, animals, rocks, and chemicals that break down rock into smaller pieces that are mixed into the soil layer. Soil has a profile of distinct horizontal layers called horizons including topsoil, subsoil, and underlying bedrock that vary in composition and provide habitat for plant roots and microbes.
Habitat and niche
The document discusses habitat and niche. It defines habitat as the place where a population lives, obtains resources, and reproduces. Niche is defined as the set of interactions a population has within its community, including its role as a predator, prey, or through commensal/mutualistic relationships. A population's niche may also include its habitat, activity periods, and no two populations can occupy the same niche.
Food webs
The document discusses food webs and their complexity. It notes that food chains oversimplify predator-prey relationships, as most organisms have multiple prey and predator species. A food web shows the multiple interconnected food chains within an ecological community. Some food webs, called grazing webs, begin with plants, while others called detrital webs begin with dead organic matter. There is often overlap between grazing and detrital webs. The stability of food webs depends on the number of species and links between them - webs with more complexity are less vulnerable to collapse from the removal of one species. Keystone species that greatly impact community structure if removed.
Dichotomous key
The document is about a dichotomous key, which is a written tool used to identify plants and animals. It consists of a series of paired questions that leads the user down different paths through a sequence of choices until an identification is reached. Each choice directs the user to the next question couplet number to follow. Dichotomous keys break down classifications into a step-by-step process.
Chordates
The document summarizes several classes of chordates, including fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Key details are provided about characteristics such as respiration, reproduction, heart structure, skin/scales, metabolism and more. Examples like the barrier reef anemonefish, western spadefoot toad, komodo dragon, emperor penguin and blue whale are highlighted. The document concludes by discussing primates and humans, noting our large brains, bipedalism, tool use, and other distinguishing features.
Cell theory 2 (pasteur)
Louis Pasteur conducted experiments using swan-necked flasks that disproved the theory of spontaneous generation and supported the cell theory. Through his experiments, Pasteur showed that broth remained clear if no airborne particles could enter the flask, but would become cloudy if the flask was broken and dust entered, demonstrating that life arises only from pre-existing life and not from non-living matter. Pasteur's findings provided strong evidence for the cell theory that all living things are made of cells that only arise from pre-existing cells.
Homeostasis
An introduction to homeostatic biological systems. Thermoregulation and blood glucose levels are used as examples.
Cell Theory 1
The document lists several key characteristics of living things: they grow, use energy, are made of cells, can die, require nutrients, exchange gases with their environment, move, depend on other living things, and reproduce. It also notes that living things need water. These characteristics provide a definition of what constitutes a living thing.
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Food webs
- 1. Food Webs Mapping out predator-prey relationships
- 2. Food chains represent flow of energy in a community but over-simplify the predator-prey relationships. Most organisms have multiple prey species and multiple predators (they eat many different things and get eaten by many different things).
- 3. A food web shows multiple food chains within a community. cc licensed flickr photo by cicadas: http://flickr.com/photos/cicada/2569385115/
- 4. Some (parts of) food webs consist of food chains that begin with plants. These are called grazing webs cc licensed flickr photo by cicadas: http://flickr.com/photos/cicada/2569385115/
- 5. Some (parts of) food webs consist of food chains that begin with plants. These are called grazing webs cc licensed flickr photo by cicadas: http://flickr.com/photos/cicada/2569385115/
- 6. Some (parts of) food webs consist of food chains that begin with dead organic matter. These are called detrital webs cc licensed flickr photo by cicadas: http://flickr.com/photos/cicada/2569385115/
- 7. Some (parts of) food webs consist of food chains that begin with dead organic matter. These are called detrital webs cc licensed flickr photo by cicadas: http://flickr.com/photos/cicada/2569385115/
- 8. There is often overlap between the grazing and detrital food webs. Which populations here are part of both webs? Which are only in the grazing web? Which are only in the detrital web? cc licensed flickr photo by cicadas: http://flickr.com/photos/cicada/2569385115/
- 9. Food Web stability In some food webs, the populations in the web can survive if one species is removed. Other populations can fill in as prey or predator species. A food web with more populations in it and/or more links between populations is less likely to collapse due to the removal of one species. (A community collapses when all/most of the populations in the community suffer sudden, dramatic population decrease.) In some communities, there are species that, if removed, can lead to collapse of the entire community. These are called cc licensed flickr photo by Martin LaBar (going on hiatus): keystone species. http://flickr.com/photos/martinlabar/3376987854/
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