The document describes various scientific instruments, including their purposes and basic functions. It discusses altimeters for measuring altitude, ammeters for measuring electric current, anemometers for measuring wind speed, wind vanes for indicating wind direction, rain gauges for measuring precipitation, and many other instruments like audiometers, auxanometers, barometers, compasses, densimeters, hygrometers, manometers, microscopes, odometers, pedometers, pH meters, protractors, seismometers, sonars, telescopes, thermometers, tachometers, and weighing scales. Each entry provides a brief definition of the instrument and what it is used to measure.

1. Scientific Instruments

2. Altimeter
Scientific
Instruments
An Altimeter or an altitude meter is an instrument used to measure the altitude of
an object above a fixed level. The measurement of altitude is called altimetry.

3. Ammeter
Scientific
Instruments
An Ammeter is a measuring instrument used to measure the electric current in a circuit.
Electric currents are measured in amperes (A), hence the name. Instruments used to
measure smaller currents, in the milliampere or microampere range, are designated as
milliammeters or microammeters.

4. Anemometer
Scientific
Instruments
An Anemometer or windmeter is a device used for measuring wind speed, and is a
common weather station instrument. The term is used to describe any air speed
measurement instrument used in meteorology or aerodynamics.

5. Wind Vane
Scientific
Instruments
A Wind Vane or weather vane or weathercock is an instrument for showing the
direction of the wind. They are typically used as an architectural ornament to the
highest point of a building.

6. Rain Gauge
Scientific
Instruments
A Rain Gauge (also known as an udometer, pluviometer, or an ombrometer) is a type
of instrument used by meteorologists and hydrologists to gather and measure the
amount of liquid precipitation (rain) over a set period of time.

7. Audiometer
Scientific
Instruments
An Audiometer is a machine used for evaluating hearing loss. Audiometers are
standard equipment at ENT (ear, nose, throat) clinics and in audiology centers.

8. Auxanometer
Scientific
Instruments
An Auxanometer is an apparatus for measuring increase or
rate of growth in plants.

9. Compass
Scientific
Instruments
A Compass is an instrument used for navigation and orientation that shows direction
relative to the geographic cardinal directions, or "points". Usually, a diagram called
a compass rose, which shows the directions north, south, east and west as abbreviated
initials marked on the compass.

10. Barometer
Scientific
Instruments
A Barometer is a scientific instrument used in meteorology to measure atmospheric
pressure. Pressure tendency can forecast short term changes in the weather. Numerous
measurements of air pressure are used within surface weather analysis to help find
surface troughs, high pressure systems and frontal boundaries.

11. Hygrometer
Scientific
Instruments
The Hygrometer is a device used for measuring the humidity content
in the atmosphere.

12. Manometer
Scientific
Instruments
A Manometer is an instrument that uses a column of liquid to measure pressure,
although the term is often used nowadays to mean any pressure measuring
instrument.

13. Tachometer
Scientific
Instruments
A Tachometer (revolution-counter, tach, rev-counter, RPM gauge) is an instrument
measuring the rotation speed of a shaft or disk, as in a motor or other machine. The device
usually displays the revolutions per minute (RPM) on a calibrated analogue dial, but digital
displays are increasingly common.

14. Cardiograph
Scientific
Instruments
Cardiograph is an application which measures your heart rate. Cardiograph uses your
device's built-in camera or dedicated sensor to calculate your heart's rhythm - the
same approach used by professional medical equipment!

15. Colorimeter
Scientific
Instruments
A Colorimeter is a device used for measuring colours, or colorimetry. It measures the
absorbance of different wavelengths of light in a solution. It can be used to measure
the concentration of a known solute.

16. Densimeter
Scientific
Instruments
Densimeter is an instrument used to measure density or specific gravity of liquids.

17. Lactometer
Scientific
Instruments
A Lactometer is used to measure the specific gravity of milk to determine
the purity of milk.

18. Diffractometer
Scientific
Instruments
A Diffractometer is a measuring instrument for analyzing the structure of a material
from the scattering pattern produced when a beam of radiation or particles
(such as X-rays or neutrons) interacts with it.

19. Ohmmeter
Scientific
Instruments
An Ohmmeter is an electrical instrument that measures electrical resistance, the
opposition to an electric current. The unit of measurement for resistance is ohms.

20. Magnetometer
Scientific
Instruments
Magnetometers are measurement instruments used for two general purposes: to
measure the magnetization of a magnetic material like a ferromagnet, or to measure
the strength and, in some cases, the direction of the magnetic field at a point in space.

21. Galvanometer
Scientific
Instruments
A Galvanometer is a type of sensitive ammeter: an instrument for detecting electric
current. It is an analog electromechanical actuator that produces a rotary deflection of
some type of pointer in response to electric current through its coil in a magnetic field.

22. Voltmeter
Scientific
Instruments
A Voltmeter is an instrument used for measuring electrical potential difference between
two points in an electric circuit. Analog voltmeters move a pointer across a scale in
proportion to the voltage of the circuit; digital voltmeters give a numerical display of
voltage by use of an analog to digital converter.

23. Gramophone
Scientific
Instruments
A Gramophone is a device for recording and replaying sounds.

24. Seismometer
Scientific
Instruments
Seismometers are instruments that measure motion of the ground, including those
of seismic waves generated by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and other seismic sources.
Records of seismic waves allow seismologists to map the interior of the Earth, and locate
and measure the size of these different sources.

25. Lux Meter
Scientific
Instruments
A Lux meter is used for measuring illuminances in work places.

26. Photometer
Scientific
Instruments
A Photometer, generally, is an instrument that measures light intensity or optical
properties of solutions or surfaces. Photometers measure: Illuminance, Irradiance, Light
Absorption, Scattering of Light, Reflection of Light, Fluorescence, Phophorescence,
Luminescence.

27. Thermometer
Scientific
Instruments
A Thermometer is a device that measures temperature or temperature gradient. A
thermometer has two important elements: the temperature sensor (i.e., the bulb) in which
some physical change occurs with temperature, plus some means of converting this
physical change into a numerical value (i.e. the visible scale).

28. Pyrometer
Scientific
Instruments
A Pyrometer is a type of remote sensing thermometer used to measure temperature.
Various forms of pyrometers have historically existed. In the modern usage, it is a
non-contacting device that intercepts and measures thermal radiation, a process
known as pyrometry and sometimes radiometry.

29. Microscope
Scientific
Instruments
A Microscope is an instrument used to see objects that are too small for the naked
eye. The science of investigating small objects using such an instrument is called
microscopy. Microscopic means invisible to the eye unless aided by a microscope.

30. Speedometer
Scientific
Instruments
A Speedometer or a speed meter is a gauge that measures and displays the
instantaneous speed of a vehicle.

31. Odometer
Scientific
Instruments
An Odometer or odograph is an instrument that indicates distance traveled by a
vehicle, such as a bicycle or automobile. The device may be electronic, mechanical, or
a combination of the two.

32. Pedometer
Scientific
Instruments
A Pedometer is a device, usually portable and electronic or electromechanical, that
counts each step a person takes by detecting the motion of the person's hips.

33. pH Meter
Scientific
Instruments
A pH meter is an electronic device used for measuring the pH which is either the
concentration of Hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution or the activity of the Hydrogen ions
in an aqueous solution. The pH will indicate if the solution is acidic or basic, but is not a
measure of acidity or alkalinity.

34. Protractor
Scientific
Instruments
A Protractor is a rectangular, square, triangle, circular, octagon, oval or
semicircular measuring instrument, typically made of transparent plastic or glass, for
measuring angles. Most protractors measure angles in degrees (°).

35. Theodolite
Scientific
Instruments
Theodolite is a precision instrument for measuring angles in the horizontal and vertical
planes. Theodolites are used mainly for surveying applications, and have been adapted for
specialized purposes in fields like meteorology and rocket launch technology.

36. Sonar
Scientific
Instruments
Sonar (originally an acronym for Sound Navigation And Ranging) is a technique that uses
sound propagation (usually underwater, as in submarine navigation) to navigate,
communicate with or detect objects on or under the surface of the water,
such as other vessels.

37. Telescope
Scientific
Instruments
A Telescope is an instrument that aids in the observation of remote objects by
collecting electromagnetic radiation (such as visible light). They found use in
terrestrial applications and astronomy.

38. Weighing Scale
Scientific
Instruments
Weighing scales are used in supermarkets and other perishable goods departments.
Supermarket scales can print labels and receipts, mark weight/count, unit price,
total price, etc.

39. Vernier Scale
Scientific
Instruments
A Vernier scale is a device that lets the user measure more precisely than could be done
unaided when reading a uniformly-divided straight or circular measurement scale. It is
a scale that indicates where the measurement lies in between two of the marks on the
main scale.

40. Micrometer
Scientific
Instruments
A Micrometer, sometimes known as a micrometer screw gauge, is a device incorporating a
calibrated screw widely used for precise measurement of components in mechanical
engineering and machining as well as most mechanical trades.

41. Sound Level Meter
Scientific
Instruments
A Sound Level Meter or sound meter is an instrument that measures sound pressure
level, commonly used in noise pollution studies for the quantification of different kinds
of noise, especially for industrial, environmental and aircraft noise.

42. This presentation is a result of my experiences while I was
helping out my son with his school assignments and project
work. I am happy to share this with other students and their
parents. Hope you find this informative and useful. Thank you.
- Prashant Mahajan -
All pictures belong to their original authors, photographers.