School districts are highly dependent on local revenue generated through property taxes. The declining housing market has therefore taken a toll on school districts. Property values have declined in nearly 88 percent of the school districts located in the Long Island and Mid-Hudson regions. Since these districts derive roughly 75 percent of their revenue locally, reduced property values lead to revenue stress.
Sovereign Bancorp reported a 26% increase in net income and a 14% increase in earnings per share in the second quarter of 2004 compared to the same period in 2003. Commercial and consumer loans grew 7% and 25% respectively from the prior year. Fee revenue from commercial and consumer banking reached record highs. Expenses increased modestly while the efficiency ratio improved. The company remains well positioned for rising interest rates and continued growing its franchise through loans and deposits.
Regions Bank reported solid financial performance in the second quarter of 2007. Earnings per share were $0.69, excluding merger charges. Net interest margin was 3.82% and return on assets was 1.43%. Credit quality remained strong, with nonperforming assets at 0.62% of loans and net charge-offs at 0.23% of average loans. Regions also made good progress integrating its merger with AmSouth, exceeding cost savings targets and successfully converting branches in Alabama and Florida.
CSC reported strong revenue growth and financial results for the second quarter of fiscal year 2004. Revenue increased 32% to $3.59 billion compared to the same period last year, driven by growth in the federal government sector from the DynCorp acquisition. Net income was $108.1 million. For the third quarter, CSC expects revenue in the range of $3.6 billion and earnings per share between $0.68 to $0.70. CSC also highlighted major new contracts signed during the quarter with customers such as Providian Financial and the U.S. Air Force.
The document provides an overview of the City of Los Angeles' fiscal year 2012-13 budget presented by Miguel A. Santa Ana. It discusses that the general fund supports most municipal services while special funds are generated for specific purposes. It also notes that public safety accounts for over a third of general fund appropriations while pensions account for nearly a fifth. Additionally, it outlines challenges like the economy, federal actions, and pensions as well as potential solutions to address budget deficits.
The document discusses the growing federal budget deficit and debt in the United States. It notes that the fiscal year 2008 deficit of $455 billion was the largest ever for a single year, and that the total federal debt exceeded $10 trillion for the first time. It argues that while current deficits and debt levels alone may not be problematic, the underlying structural imbalance indicated by long-term deficits signals a need for entitlement reform given the unsustainable obligations of programs like Social Security.
Whitney Holding Corporation reported a net loss of $11.1 million for the first quarter of 2009 compared to a profit of $8.2 million in the previous quarter. The loss was attributed to lower net interest income from margin compression, higher credit costs from rising delinquencies, and increased expenses. Total loans declined by $129 million from the previous quarter due to weak demand. However, the company's capital position remained strong with a tangible common equity ratio of 6.68% at the end of the first quarter.
The Italian election resulted in a hung parliament, reducing the likelihood of structural reforms. A limited government will likely form, with new elections expected in 12 months. Meanwhile, France and the Netherlands abandoned the 3% deficit target, reducing fiscal austerity. In the US, automatic spending cuts were avoided temporarily. Portugal remains in recession but sentiment is slightly improving. Spain's budget deficit of 6.74% of GDP remained high, and further deficit reduction will likely be required after 2014.
City National Corp reported first quarter 2009 net income of $7.5 million, down from $44 million in first quarter 2008. Earnings per share were $0.04 compared to $0.91 in first quarter 2008. Total deposits reached a record high of $13.7 billion, up 16% from first quarter 2008. However, revenue was down 16% from first quarter 2008 due to declines in wealth management fees and securities losses. The board approved a quarterly dividend of $0.10 per share, down from the previous $0.25, reflecting current economic conditions. Credit quality continued to weaken in the first quarter as real estate values declined and unemployment rose in key markets.
Sovereign Bancorp reported a 26% increase in net income and a 14% increase in earnings per share in the second quarter of 2004 compared to the same period in 2003. Commercial and consumer loans grew 7% and 25% respectively from the prior year. Fee revenue from commercial and consumer banking reached record highs. Expenses increased modestly while the efficiency ratio improved. The company remains well positioned for rising interest rates and continued growing its franchise through loans and deposits.
Regions Bank reported solid financial performance in the second quarter of 2007. Earnings per share were $0.69, excluding merger charges. Net interest margin was 3.82% and return on assets was 1.43%. Credit quality remained strong, with nonperforming assets at 0.62% of loans and net charge-offs at 0.23% of average loans. Regions also made good progress integrating its merger with AmSouth, exceeding cost savings targets and successfully converting branches in Alabama and Florida.
CSC reported strong revenue growth and financial results for the second quarter of fiscal year 2004. Revenue increased 32% to $3.59 billion compared to the same period last year, driven by growth in the federal government sector from the DynCorp acquisition. Net income was $108.1 million. For the third quarter, CSC expects revenue in the range of $3.6 billion and earnings per share between $0.68 to $0.70. CSC also highlighted major new contracts signed during the quarter with customers such as Providian Financial and the U.S. Air Force.
The document provides an overview of the City of Los Angeles' fiscal year 2012-13 budget presented by Miguel A. Santa Ana. It discusses that the general fund supports most municipal services while special funds are generated for specific purposes. It also notes that public safety accounts for over a third of general fund appropriations while pensions account for nearly a fifth. Additionally, it outlines challenges like the economy, federal actions, and pensions as well as potential solutions to address budget deficits.
The document discusses the growing federal budget deficit and debt in the United States. It notes that the fiscal year 2008 deficit of $455 billion was the largest ever for a single year, and that the total federal debt exceeded $10 trillion for the first time. It argues that while current deficits and debt levels alone may not be problematic, the underlying structural imbalance indicated by long-term deficits signals a need for entitlement reform given the unsustainable obligations of programs like Social Security.
Whitney Holding Corporation reported a net loss of $11.1 million for the first quarter of 2009 compared to a profit of $8.2 million in the previous quarter. The loss was attributed to lower net interest income from margin compression, higher credit costs from rising delinquencies, and increased expenses. Total loans declined by $129 million from the previous quarter due to weak demand. However, the company's capital position remained strong with a tangible common equity ratio of 6.68% at the end of the first quarter.
The Italian election resulted in a hung parliament, reducing the likelihood of structural reforms. A limited government will likely form, with new elections expected in 12 months. Meanwhile, France and the Netherlands abandoned the 3% deficit target, reducing fiscal austerity. In the US, automatic spending cuts were avoided temporarily. Portugal remains in recession but sentiment is slightly improving. Spain's budget deficit of 6.74% of GDP remained high, and further deficit reduction will likely be required after 2014.
City National Corp reported first quarter 2009 net income of $7.5 million, down from $44 million in first quarter 2008. Earnings per share were $0.04 compared to $0.91 in first quarter 2008. Total deposits reached a record high of $13.7 billion, up 16% from first quarter 2008. However, revenue was down 16% from first quarter 2008 due to declines in wealth management fees and securities losses. The board approved a quarterly dividend of $0.10 per share, down from the previous $0.25, reflecting current economic conditions. Credit quality continued to weaken in the first quarter as real estate values declined and unemployment rose in key markets.
County Executive Presentation of the FY 2013 Advertised Budget PlanFairfax County
The document summarizes the FY 2013 budget recommendations for Fairfax County. It recommends a balanced budget with limited spending increases to cover critical needs like a 2.18% pay increase for employees. No real estate tax rate increase is proposed. Fees for stormwater and some services will increase. Strategic reductions were made while retaining core services, resulting in a $10.64 million decrease in agency expenditures and a net reduction of 2 positions.
This document provides line-by-line instructions for completing Schedule S of the Kansas individual income tax return. Schedule S is used to reconcile federal adjusted gross income with Kansas adjusted gross income by adding or subtracting certain income items. The instructions define each line item, providing details on what types of income to include and exclude from each line. Key additions include tax-exempt bond interest and contributions to public retirement plans. Key subtractions include interest on U.S. government obligations and exempt retirement benefits. The document also includes instructions for nonresidents to calculate the percentage of total income from Kansas sources.
JPMorgan Chase reported second quarter 2010 net income of $4.8 billion, up significantly from $2.7 billion in the second quarter of 2009. Revenue was $25.6 billion. While most businesses performed solidly with reduced credit costs, returns in consumer lending remained unacceptable. The bank maintained strong capital and liquidity positions. Looking ahead, Dimon noted regulatory reforms could impact clients and businesses, and implementation will require careful coordination.
The document summarizes Illinois' fiscal crisis and budget challenges. It notes that Illinois faces a $13.7 billion operating deficit for FY2011, equal to 52.2% of its general revenue fund appropriations. To address this, Illinois relies heavily on one-time revenues like debt issuance, fund sweeps, and federal stimulus funds. Over the long term, Illinois has seen the loss of high-paying manufacturing jobs replaced with lower paying service jobs without benefits. This has contributed to economic problems and budget deficits that Illinois has struggled to adequately address through recurring revenues and spending priorities.
JPMorgan Chase reported first quarter 2010 net income of $3.3 billion, up from $2.1 billion in the first quarter of 2009. The Investment Bank generated strong results driven by fixed income markets revenue. Retail Financial Services reported a net loss due to high credit costs, though Retail Banking saw higher profits. While credit costs remained elevated, the firm saw signs of stabilization and improvement in some consumer credit portfolios.
- Marshall & Ilsley Corporation reported a net loss of $0.50 per share for Q2 2009, compared to a net loss of $1.52 per share in Q2 2008.
- It aggressively addressed problem loans by writing down credits and strengthening its balance sheet, including a $468M loan loss provision and boosting its allowance to loans ratio to 2.83%.
- Financial results were impacted by a $49.2M FDIC insurance assessment, $82.7M in securities gains, an $18M tax benefit, and $25M in dividends paid to the U.S. Treasury.
Center for retirement research funding report 110525KernTax
The document summarizes the funding status of state and local pension plans in 2010. Key points:
- The funded ratio for 126 plans declined slightly from 79% in 2009 to 77% in 2010 when using the expected long-term yield to discount liabilities, but dropped from 53% to 51% when using a risk-free rate of 5% instead.
- The decline occurred because growth in liabilities outpaced growth in actuarial assets, which smooth market gains and losses over 5 years, so plans did not fully benefit from the stock market recovery in 2010.
- Funded levels varied significantly among individual plans, with some large plans like those in Illinois and Connecticut having ratios below 60%.
JPMorgan Chase reported first quarter 2009 net income of $2.1 billion, down from $2.4 billion in the first quarter of 2008. Revenue was a record $26.9 billion driven by strong performance in the Investment Bank. The Investment Bank generated record revenue and net income due to #1 rankings in debt and equity underwriting. Retail Financial Services income was $474 million, improved from a loss the prior year, due to the Washington Mutual acquisition partially offset by higher credit costs. Credit costs increased across portfolios as housing prices declined and delinquencies rose. The company remains well capitalized with a Tier 1 capital ratio of 11.3% and loan loss reserves of $28 billion to withstand
52224246 ubl-annual-accounts-dec-2010-finalAtta Shah
- UBL achieved a 21% increase in profit after tax of Rs 11.2 billion for the year ended December 31, 2010.
- Despite challenges like inflation and interest rate increases, UBL improved its net interest margin to 7.1% and reduced its non-performing loan ratio to 2.3% through prudent lending.
- UBL continued expanding its digital services through projects like Omni branchless banking and the new core banking platform, while launching new accounts tailored for children and businesses.
This document provides an overview of Regions Bank, including:
1) Regions is among the largest US banks with $144 billion in assets and over 1,900 branches across its southeastern footprint.
2) It cautions that any forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially.
3) Regions has a strong market presence across the southeastern US, ranking first in several states for deposit market share.
JPMorgan Chase reported third quarter 2010 net income of $4.4 billion, up 23% from the third quarter of 2009. Revenue was $24.3 billion. The Investment Bank reported solid earnings and maintained its #1 ranking for global investment banking fees and global debt/equity. Retail Financial Services had strong mortgage production and continued branch expansion. Card Services saw increased sales volume and improved credit trends. Commercial Banking reported record revenue. Asset Management had $38 billion in net inflows. Credit costs declined but mortgage and credit card losses remained high. The Firm's capital and credit reserves remained strong.
GT Industry Intelligence Unit - Real Estate & Constructions 2012 AustraliaGrant Thornton
The document provides an overview of the residential property market in Australia, including:
- Housing prices have declined 4.5% since March 2011, a greater decline than during the GFC, with Brisbane experiencing the largest decrease.
- Key drivers of the market include low interest rates and population growth, while private debt levels, the Eurozone crisis, and bank lending policies act as restraints.
- The market is showing signs of stabilizing, with the first positive quarterly growth since 2010, though recovery is not expected until late 2012 or 2013.
- Building approvals have fallen 14.8% nationally since March 2011, close to 20-year lows, with all states experiencing declines except NSW
DuPont reported solid third quarter results for 2008. Sales increased 9% to $7.3 billion due to higher prices and currency benefits, though volume declined 4% due to weak demand and hurricanes. Earnings per share were $0.40 including hurricane charges, but were $0.56 excluding items, down from $0.59 in 2007 due to higher costs. Emerging markets sales grew 25% and accounted for 68% of total sales. The outlook for Q4 2008 EPS is $0.20-$0.25 and $3.25-$3.30 for full year 2008, excluding items.
Investment in inland transport infrastructure across the OECD has declined to a record low of 0.8% of GDP in 2013, falling back to 1995 levels. Investment levels in Central and Eastern European countries halved since 2009, accounting for 1% of GDP compared to 1.9% in 2009. Mature economies increasingly invest in rail while transition economies focus on roads. The volume of investment doubled in India since 2005 but its share of GDP declined as GDP grew faster than investment.
Nearly half of the City’s property is
tax exempt – 49.5 percent, compared to 32.0 percent for
the median city. This is due to the presence of Syracuse
University and other colleges, as well as hospitals and
government buildings. Meanwhile, eight percent of the
properties are tax delinquent.3 These factors limit the ability
of the City to fully collect property taxes, and force it to be
more dependent on other revenue sources.
"In 2013, the Non-Profit Revitalization Act was signed into law, and requires the adoption by non-profit corporations of robust financial oversight requirements, conflict-of-interest policies, and whistleblower policies. Although the Non-Profit Revitalization Act improved the accountability of New York’s non-profit corporations, including the CUNY college foundations, the New York Not-for-Profit Corporation Law (which the Act amended) does not provide specific guidance regarding how non-profit foundations use their assets."
MPI TechCon 14 - The Evolution of Audience Response SystemsJohn Pytel
This document discusses the evolution of audience response systems (ARS) and compares different types of ARS technologies. It begins with an introduction to ARS and their purpose in facilitating real-time engagement and participation between presenters and audiences. It then examines the advantages and disadvantages of the three main types of ARS: hardware-based systems, SMS-based systems, and web-based systems. It concludes that while all ARS types have improved, web-based systems now provide the best balance of accessibility, functionality, cost, and scalability.
This document provides an overview of Puerto Rico's financial challenges, including:
1) Puerto Rico has experienced 12 consecutive budget deficits and has a high and growing debt burden of 90% of GDP.
2) The economy entered recession in 2006 and has yet to emerge, exacerbating the financial problems.
3) Puerto Rico relies heavily on federal subsidies and has limited prospects for long-term growth due to its dependence on these subsidies and transfers.
On average, California’s public sector workers are more highly educated. Of full-time workers, 55% hold a four-year college degree in the public sector compared to 35% in the private sector. Educational attainment is the single most important predictor of earnings—thus it plays a vital role in this analysis. On average, California state and local governments pay college-educated labor less than private employers. The earnings differential is greatest for professional employees, lawyers and doctors. On the other hand, the public sector appears to set a floor on compensation. The earnings of those with a high school degree or less is higher in state and local government than it is for similar workers in the private sector. There are other significant personnel differences between the public and private sector workforces. The age (median) of a typical worker in state and local government is 44 compared to 40 in the private sector. Furthermore, the state and local government workforce has more women (55%) compared to the private sector (40%).
The Churchill School and Center (Churchill), located in New York City, is a private not-for-profit education corporation that includes the Churchill School (Churchill), the Churchill Center (Center), and a Development Office. Churchill provides special education services, pursuant to Section
853 of the State Education Law (Law), to children from kindergarten through the 12th grade
classified as having a learning disability and/or speech-language impairment. The Center offers
educational programs to non-Churchill students and professional development workshops to parents, teachers, and other service providers. The Development Office administers the fundraising,
endowment, marketing, special events, and alumni activities for the affiliated entities.
The document summarizes the results of a survey of corporate tax directors on state tax issues. It finds that California and New York are viewed as having the least fair and predictable tax environments due to their aggressive pursuit of tax revenue through tactics like asserting nexus and discretionary authority. States are increasingly looking to tax out-of-state businesses through economic nexus rules and by taxing a higher percentage of revenues from sales. The sourcing of taxable income from services is also an ongoing challenge and area of litigation as states disagree on the cost of performance vs. market-based approaches.
The Taylor Law (particularly the Triborough Amendment provision) expires on J...Luis Taveras EMBA, MS
The Taylor Law requires that the municipal administration of collective bargaining be “substantially equivalent” to administration of the Taylor Law by the Public Employee Relations Board (“PERB”).6 Accordingly, the New York City Collective Bargaining Law (“NYCCBL”), applicable to public employees in New York City, includes a provision analogous to the Triborough Amendment, and administration of this provision tracks with PERB’s administration of state law.
County Executive Presentation of the FY 2013 Advertised Budget PlanFairfax County
The document summarizes the FY 2013 budget recommendations for Fairfax County. It recommends a balanced budget with limited spending increases to cover critical needs like a 2.18% pay increase for employees. No real estate tax rate increase is proposed. Fees for stormwater and some services will increase. Strategic reductions were made while retaining core services, resulting in a $10.64 million decrease in agency expenditures and a net reduction of 2 positions.
This document provides line-by-line instructions for completing Schedule S of the Kansas individual income tax return. Schedule S is used to reconcile federal adjusted gross income with Kansas adjusted gross income by adding or subtracting certain income items. The instructions define each line item, providing details on what types of income to include and exclude from each line. Key additions include tax-exempt bond interest and contributions to public retirement plans. Key subtractions include interest on U.S. government obligations and exempt retirement benefits. The document also includes instructions for nonresidents to calculate the percentage of total income from Kansas sources.
JPMorgan Chase reported second quarter 2010 net income of $4.8 billion, up significantly from $2.7 billion in the second quarter of 2009. Revenue was $25.6 billion. While most businesses performed solidly with reduced credit costs, returns in consumer lending remained unacceptable. The bank maintained strong capital and liquidity positions. Looking ahead, Dimon noted regulatory reforms could impact clients and businesses, and implementation will require careful coordination.
The document summarizes Illinois' fiscal crisis and budget challenges. It notes that Illinois faces a $13.7 billion operating deficit for FY2011, equal to 52.2% of its general revenue fund appropriations. To address this, Illinois relies heavily on one-time revenues like debt issuance, fund sweeps, and federal stimulus funds. Over the long term, Illinois has seen the loss of high-paying manufacturing jobs replaced with lower paying service jobs without benefits. This has contributed to economic problems and budget deficits that Illinois has struggled to adequately address through recurring revenues and spending priorities.
JPMorgan Chase reported first quarter 2010 net income of $3.3 billion, up from $2.1 billion in the first quarter of 2009. The Investment Bank generated strong results driven by fixed income markets revenue. Retail Financial Services reported a net loss due to high credit costs, though Retail Banking saw higher profits. While credit costs remained elevated, the firm saw signs of stabilization and improvement in some consumer credit portfolios.
- Marshall & Ilsley Corporation reported a net loss of $0.50 per share for Q2 2009, compared to a net loss of $1.52 per share in Q2 2008.
- It aggressively addressed problem loans by writing down credits and strengthening its balance sheet, including a $468M loan loss provision and boosting its allowance to loans ratio to 2.83%.
- Financial results were impacted by a $49.2M FDIC insurance assessment, $82.7M in securities gains, an $18M tax benefit, and $25M in dividends paid to the U.S. Treasury.
Center for retirement research funding report 110525KernTax
The document summarizes the funding status of state and local pension plans in 2010. Key points:
- The funded ratio for 126 plans declined slightly from 79% in 2009 to 77% in 2010 when using the expected long-term yield to discount liabilities, but dropped from 53% to 51% when using a risk-free rate of 5% instead.
- The decline occurred because growth in liabilities outpaced growth in actuarial assets, which smooth market gains and losses over 5 years, so plans did not fully benefit from the stock market recovery in 2010.
- Funded levels varied significantly among individual plans, with some large plans like those in Illinois and Connecticut having ratios below 60%.
JPMorgan Chase reported first quarter 2009 net income of $2.1 billion, down from $2.4 billion in the first quarter of 2008. Revenue was a record $26.9 billion driven by strong performance in the Investment Bank. The Investment Bank generated record revenue and net income due to #1 rankings in debt and equity underwriting. Retail Financial Services income was $474 million, improved from a loss the prior year, due to the Washington Mutual acquisition partially offset by higher credit costs. Credit costs increased across portfolios as housing prices declined and delinquencies rose. The company remains well capitalized with a Tier 1 capital ratio of 11.3% and loan loss reserves of $28 billion to withstand
52224246 ubl-annual-accounts-dec-2010-finalAtta Shah
- UBL achieved a 21% increase in profit after tax of Rs 11.2 billion for the year ended December 31, 2010.
- Despite challenges like inflation and interest rate increases, UBL improved its net interest margin to 7.1% and reduced its non-performing loan ratio to 2.3% through prudent lending.
- UBL continued expanding its digital services through projects like Omni branchless banking and the new core banking platform, while launching new accounts tailored for children and businesses.
This document provides an overview of Regions Bank, including:
1) Regions is among the largest US banks with $144 billion in assets and over 1,900 branches across its southeastern footprint.
2) It cautions that any forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially.
3) Regions has a strong market presence across the southeastern US, ranking first in several states for deposit market share.
JPMorgan Chase reported third quarter 2010 net income of $4.4 billion, up 23% from the third quarter of 2009. Revenue was $24.3 billion. The Investment Bank reported solid earnings and maintained its #1 ranking for global investment banking fees and global debt/equity. Retail Financial Services had strong mortgage production and continued branch expansion. Card Services saw increased sales volume and improved credit trends. Commercial Banking reported record revenue. Asset Management had $38 billion in net inflows. Credit costs declined but mortgage and credit card losses remained high. The Firm's capital and credit reserves remained strong.
GT Industry Intelligence Unit - Real Estate & Constructions 2012 AustraliaGrant Thornton
The document provides an overview of the residential property market in Australia, including:
- Housing prices have declined 4.5% since March 2011, a greater decline than during the GFC, with Brisbane experiencing the largest decrease.
- Key drivers of the market include low interest rates and population growth, while private debt levels, the Eurozone crisis, and bank lending policies act as restraints.
- The market is showing signs of stabilizing, with the first positive quarterly growth since 2010, though recovery is not expected until late 2012 or 2013.
- Building approvals have fallen 14.8% nationally since March 2011, close to 20-year lows, with all states experiencing declines except NSW
DuPont reported solid third quarter results for 2008. Sales increased 9% to $7.3 billion due to higher prices and currency benefits, though volume declined 4% due to weak demand and hurricanes. Earnings per share were $0.40 including hurricane charges, but were $0.56 excluding items, down from $0.59 in 2007 due to higher costs. Emerging markets sales grew 25% and accounted for 68% of total sales. The outlook for Q4 2008 EPS is $0.20-$0.25 and $3.25-$3.30 for full year 2008, excluding items.
Investment in inland transport infrastructure across the OECD has declined to a record low of 0.8% of GDP in 2013, falling back to 1995 levels. Investment levels in Central and Eastern European countries halved since 2009, accounting for 1% of GDP compared to 1.9% in 2009. Mature economies increasingly invest in rail while transition economies focus on roads. The volume of investment doubled in India since 2005 but its share of GDP declined as GDP grew faster than investment.
Nearly half of the City’s property is
tax exempt – 49.5 percent, compared to 32.0 percent for
the median city. This is due to the presence of Syracuse
University and other colleges, as well as hospitals and
government buildings. Meanwhile, eight percent of the
properties are tax delinquent.3 These factors limit the ability
of the City to fully collect property taxes, and force it to be
more dependent on other revenue sources.
"In 2013, the Non-Profit Revitalization Act was signed into law, and requires the adoption by non-profit corporations of robust financial oversight requirements, conflict-of-interest policies, and whistleblower policies. Although the Non-Profit Revitalization Act improved the accountability of New York’s non-profit corporations, including the CUNY college foundations, the New York Not-for-Profit Corporation Law (which the Act amended) does not provide specific guidance regarding how non-profit foundations use their assets."
MPI TechCon 14 - The Evolution of Audience Response SystemsJohn Pytel
This document discusses the evolution of audience response systems (ARS) and compares different types of ARS technologies. It begins with an introduction to ARS and their purpose in facilitating real-time engagement and participation between presenters and audiences. It then examines the advantages and disadvantages of the three main types of ARS: hardware-based systems, SMS-based systems, and web-based systems. It concludes that while all ARS types have improved, web-based systems now provide the best balance of accessibility, functionality, cost, and scalability.
This document provides an overview of Puerto Rico's financial challenges, including:
1) Puerto Rico has experienced 12 consecutive budget deficits and has a high and growing debt burden of 90% of GDP.
2) The economy entered recession in 2006 and has yet to emerge, exacerbating the financial problems.
3) Puerto Rico relies heavily on federal subsidies and has limited prospects for long-term growth due to its dependence on these subsidies and transfers.
On average, California’s public sector workers are more highly educated. Of full-time workers, 55% hold a four-year college degree in the public sector compared to 35% in the private sector. Educational attainment is the single most important predictor of earnings—thus it plays a vital role in this analysis. On average, California state and local governments pay college-educated labor less than private employers. The earnings differential is greatest for professional employees, lawyers and doctors. On the other hand, the public sector appears to set a floor on compensation. The earnings of those with a high school degree or less is higher in state and local government than it is for similar workers in the private sector. There are other significant personnel differences between the public and private sector workforces. The age (median) of a typical worker in state and local government is 44 compared to 40 in the private sector. Furthermore, the state and local government workforce has more women (55%) compared to the private sector (40%).
The Churchill School and Center (Churchill), located in New York City, is a private not-for-profit education corporation that includes the Churchill School (Churchill), the Churchill Center (Center), and a Development Office. Churchill provides special education services, pursuant to Section
853 of the State Education Law (Law), to children from kindergarten through the 12th grade
classified as having a learning disability and/or speech-language impairment. The Center offers
educational programs to non-Churchill students and professional development workshops to parents, teachers, and other service providers. The Development Office administers the fundraising,
endowment, marketing, special events, and alumni activities for the affiliated entities.
The document summarizes the results of a survey of corporate tax directors on state tax issues. It finds that California and New York are viewed as having the least fair and predictable tax environments due to their aggressive pursuit of tax revenue through tactics like asserting nexus and discretionary authority. States are increasingly looking to tax out-of-state businesses through economic nexus rules and by taxing a higher percentage of revenues from sales. The sourcing of taxable income from services is also an ongoing challenge and area of litigation as states disagree on the cost of performance vs. market-based approaches.
The Taylor Law (particularly the Triborough Amendment provision) expires on J...Luis Taveras EMBA, MS
The Taylor Law requires that the municipal administration of collective bargaining be “substantially equivalent” to administration of the Taylor Law by the Public Employee Relations Board (“PERB”).6 Accordingly, the New York City Collective Bargaining Law (“NYCCBL”), applicable to public employees in New York City, includes a provision analogous to the Triborough Amendment, and administration of this provision tracks with PERB’s administration of state law.
While the non-oil private sector is relatively small in Saudi Arabia, it has potential to drive much of the growth. Already during the 2003–13 period, the non-oil private sector outperformed the economy as a whole, albeit starting from a low base. It grew at about 10 percent annually, much faster than the overall 6 percent GDP growth rate. Growth was broadly based, with consumption-based sectors such as transport, communications, retail and wholesale trade, and business services growing the fastest.
The document summarizes Novell's roadmap for Open Enterprise Server 2 (OES2), including upcoming support pack 3 (SP3). SP3 will include enhancements to Domain Services for Windows, CIFS, QuickFinder, and iFolder. It also discusses the "Remote Office Appliance" which will help centrally manage remote sites. Long term, Novell is focusing on simplification, interoperability, and the "Ponderosa" vision of decoupling workloads and deploying appliances for the cloud or on-premise.
This handbook is a key document that sets out the financial framework for academy trusts reflecting their status as companies, charities and public bodies.
Texas has more immigrants than Oklahoma and New Mexico have people. Among states, only California has more immigrants than Texas; New York has a similar number.
Puerto Rico's true deficit has been shrinking and the Krueger Report shows that Puerto Rico can generate growing fiscal surpluses starting in 2017 through fiscal and structural reforms. The report outlines revenue increases of $3-4 billion annually by 2020-2025, expense cuts of $2-2.5 billion annually in the same period, and structural economic reforms. Puerto Rico has room to increase revenues through improved tax collection rates and increasing taxes in line with U.S. states. It also has opportunities to lower expenses given spending growth outpacing population decline. Historical examples show countries can achieve strong economic growth while implementing fiscal adjustments of 2% of GDP.
This document provides a summary of collective bargaining units in New York City government as of December 31, 2012. It includes the union name, job titles covered, headcount of positions, average compensation for those titles, and the estimated cost of a 1% salary increase for each bargaining unit. In total it represents 292,096 employees across 85 different unions with an average compensation of $103,239 and a total estimated cost of $301,556,939 for a 1% salary increase across all units.
NYC Comptroller's Office: Annual Summary Contracts Report for Fiscal Year 201...Luis Taveras EMBA, MS
The New York City Charter (“Charter”) requires that all contracts and agreements entered into by City agencies be registered by the Comptroller prior to implementation. This requirement also extends to all agreements memorializing the terms of franchises, revocable consents or concessions. The Comptroller’s Office is charged with a number of Charter-mandated responsibilities intended to safeguard the City’s financial health, including contract registration. The contract registration process ensures there is adequate funding in the City’s treasury (or under the control of the City) to cover the cost of contracts as well as to ensure that both the contracted vendors and process are free from corruption. The Bureau of Contract Administration (“BCA”) within the Comptroller’s Office fulfills this registration responsibility on behalf of the Comptroller by serving as the final oversight in the City’s procurement process.
The document discusses several key points about cyber warfare and coding:
1. Coding is a form of maneuver in cyber warfare, as code can be changed and adapted quickly to respond to new threats or vulnerabilities. Technological agility will be important in cyber warfare where there are no compensating physical assets.
2. Cyber situational awareness is different than traditional battlespace awareness, but they should still be related. Integrating cyber and physical target data will be important for coordination.
3. Culture is important in cyber operations and cannot be done in isolation. Participating in communities of practice and using open source tools and techniques will be necessary to learn from others and adapt quickly to changes.
This document examines how susceptible jobs are to computerization. It develops a new methodology to estimate the probability of computerization for 702 occupations based on their characteristics. The study finds that about 47% of US jobs are at risk of computerization. It also finds that wages and education levels are negatively correlated with an occupation's probability of being computerized. The document provides historical context on technological unemployment and reviews literature on how computerization has impacted jobs.
Most recently, the strengthening economy has improved the budgetary outlooks of most state and local governments, leading them to reduce their pace of fiscal tightening. At the same time, though, fiscal policy at the federal level has become significantly more restrictive. In particular, the expiration of the payroll tax cut, the enactment of tax increases, the effects of the budget caps on discretionary spending, the onset of the sequestration, and the declines in defense spending for overseas military operations are expected, collectively, to exert a substantial drag on the economy this year. The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimates that the deficit reduction policies in current law will slow the pace of real GDP growth by about 1-1/2 percentage points during 2013, relative to what it would have been otherwise.
Given the city’s relative fiscal health, is there a need to look to budget options? The simple answer is, “of course.” There is never enough money to meet all of the needs expressed by the city’s communities. And besides the need for more funds, there can be changes that could help improve equity and efficiency in the city’s spending and taxation—a benefit that could be associated with some of the budget options we present.
- The report analyzes Multnomah County's financial condition over the past 10 years. It found that while operating revenues have increased modestly, they have not kept pace with population growth, resulting in declining per capita spending. Intergovernmental revenues from federal and state governments remain a major funding source for county programs and services. Spending on health and human services has increased due to additional intergovernmental funding, while most other program spending is down. The county has generally maintained strong financial reserves in line with best practices.
County Budget Forecast FY 2014 and FY 2015Fairfax County
County Budget Forecast FY2014 and FY 2015
Joint Meeting of the Fairfax County Board of Supervisors and the Fairfax County School Board
November 27, 2012
The Case for AAA Underlying Municipal Bondsmauiwelch
This document provides an overview of the municipal bond market and makes a case for investing in bonds with underlying AAA credit ratings from states and municipalities. It notes that there is currently limited supply of bonds directly rated AAA. The strategy proposed is to create a portfolio of only AAA-rated underlying bonds to take advantage of their strong credit quality and limited supply. Key data on default rates and credit fundamentals are presented for AAA-rated states and municipalities to demonstrate the historically strong credit performance of these issues.
The less transparent, often misunderstood high yield municipal bond sector offers not only unusually high tax exempt income, but a mostly unrecognized source of long run diversification with the taxable high grade (re what the Fed says and does) bond market.
The Case for AAA Underlying Municipal BondsIan Welch
4
Intent
• Create AAA Underlying Portfolio
• Create Default Resistant Portfolio
• Take advantage of sell side pressure
• Take advantage of negative perception of municipal bond market to amass AAA bonds
San Joaquin Delta
Community College District
Office of Fiscal Services
5151 Pacific Avenue
Stockton, CA 95207
TO: Board of Trustees
Jeff Marsee Ph.D, Superintendent/President
District Leadership
FROM: Michael Hill, Administrative Consultant
Raquel Puentes-Griffith, Controller
SUBJECT: 2011-12 Adoption Budget
The budget development process has been much smoother this year than last. As you will see from the
presentation materials the changes from tentative to adoption are smaller in number and less dramatic
than 2010-2011. This is a more typical pattern for the unrestricted general fund portion of the budget.
The heavy lifting is normally done in preparation for the tentative budget. We do place added emphasis
on the restricted funds moving from the tentative to adoption budgets.
For the restricted funds there are no major surprises and with the effort made during this last year by the
fiscal services staff and program managers the restricted funds budgets are cleaner and reflect more
clearly the true status of programs.
Regarding the unrestricted general fund we are pleased to report that there is some revenue improvement
as a result of the state budget that was adopted but at the same time our estimate of the beginning fund
balance turned out to be higher than the actual results. We will expand on these points in this
memorandum.
We also want to provide you with a sense of what the current circumstance means for the 2012-2013
fiscal year. It has been the district strategy to approach the state funding loss in a multi-year plan and the
2011-12 budget represents the first year of the plan.
State Budget
The state budget had to confront a shortfall of $26 billion. About $13 billion was addressed back in
March through reduced funding of programs, the community colleges included. This became the best
case scenario in the evaluative process. Facing more cuts to close the gap for the remaining $13 billion,
extending taxes or a combination of both, the legislature and governor could not reach agreement on how
to proceed. The process bogged down in the usual political way.
The “May Revise” is that point where the state measures revenue flows and makes adjustments to the
revenue estimates for the next year. When that measurement occurred it was determined that the revenue
estimates could be increased which covered a portion of the $13 billion gap. In the final days of June to
get the budget out the door the revenue estimates were increased further but because there was a sense the
numbers were soft and unlikely to materialize, triggers were incorporated which would impose mid-year
cuts. The trigger date for making the determination is December 15, 2011. The triggers are as follows:
Tier 0
If between $3 and $4 billion of the new revenue materializes, no ad.
San Joaquin Delta
Community College District
Office of Fiscal Services
5151 Pacific Avenue
Stockton, CA 95207
TO: Board of Trustees
Jeff Marsee Ph.D, Superintendent/President
District Leadership
FROM: Michael Hill, Administrative Consultant
Raquel Puentes-Griffith, Controller
SUBJECT: 2011-12 Adoption Budget
The budget development process has been much smoother this year than last. As you will see from the
presentation materials the changes from tentative to adoption are smaller in number and less dramatic
than 2010-2011. This is a more typical pattern for the unrestricted general fund portion of the budget.
The heavy lifting is normally done in preparation for the tentative budget. We do place added emphasis
on the restricted funds moving from the tentative to adoption budgets.
For the restricted funds there are no major surprises and with the effort made during this last year by the
fiscal services staff and program managers the restricted funds budgets are cleaner and reflect more
clearly the true status of programs.
Regarding the unrestricted general fund we are pleased to report that there is some revenue improvement
as a result of the state budget that was adopted but at the same time our estimate of the beginning fund
balance turned out to be higher than the actual results. We will expand on these points in this
memorandum.
We also want to provide you with a sense of what the current circumstance means for the 2012-2013
fiscal year. It has been the district strategy to approach the state funding loss in a multi-year plan and the
2011-12 budget represents the first year of the plan.
State Budget
The state budget had to confront a shortfall of $26 billion. About $13 billion was addressed back in
March through reduced funding of programs, the community colleges included. This became the best
case scenario in the evaluative process. Facing more cuts to close the gap for the remaining $13 billion,
extending taxes or a combination of both, the legislature and governor could not reach agreement on how
to proceed. The process bogged down in the usual political way.
The “May Revise” is that point where the state measures revenue flows and makes adjustments to the
revenue estimates for the next year. When that measurement occurred it was determined that the revenue
estimates could be increased which covered a portion of the $13 billion gap. In the final days of June to
get the budget out the door the revenue estimates were increased further but because there was a sense the
numbers were soft and unlikely to materialize, triggers were incorporated which would impose mid-year
cuts. The trigger date for making the determination is December 15, 2011. The triggers are as follows:
Tier 0
If between $3 and $4 billion of the new revenue materializes, no ad ...
The document summarizes financing strategies for a $900 million riverfront development project in Dayton, Kentucky called Manhattan Harbour. It outlines public financing through tax increment financing of property, sales, and income taxes. Private financing will come from an equity fund, debt fund, and EB-5 immigration investor program. It also discusses using tax increment financing, a debt fund, equity fund, EB-5 program, and potential new market tax credits to finance the project.
The document summarizes Washington state's financial outlook and implications for K-12 funding. It states that the state is facing a $6.1 billion budget deficit for 2009-2011 that may increase to $8.5-9 billion. K-12 education accounts for 41% of the state budget but the Governor's proposed reductions would cut it by 16%. The Governor proposes eliminating COLA for K-12, reducing programs like I-728 and levy equalization, and cutting other funding. Federal stimulus funds may help but will not solve the entire deficit issue. Budget cuts for schools are very likely but may not be as deep as proposed.
The document provides an overview of the Vietnam and HCMC property markets. Recent economic growth in Vietnam has been around 5% annually. In HCMC, major residential developments that were recently completed included several large condominium projects totaling over 1,000 units each. Notable new infrastructure projects in HCMC include the Phu Long Bridge and Thu Thiem Tunnel. Office and retail markets were also discussed.
This paper investigates the barriers to innovation perceived by Polish manufacturing firms. It refers to the heterogeneity of innovation active firms. We introduce a taxonomy of innovative firms based on the frequency with which they introduce commercialised innovations using data from both CIS4 (for 2002-2004) and CIS5 (2004-2006). Two groups of innovation-active firms are distinguished: those which introduced innovation in both periods covered by both CIS (which we call persistent innovators) and those which introduced innovation either in CIS4 or CIS5 (which we call occasional innovators). We use a four step analysis covering binary correlations, Principal Component Analysis, probit model and correlations of disturbances. Two types of explanatory variables describing firms’ characteristics and innovation inputs used are considered. The paper shows that there are considerable differences in sensitivities to the perception of innovation barriers and in complementarities among barriers between persistent and occasional innovators. In the case of occasional innovators, a kind of innovation barrier chain is observed. This has an impact on differences in the frequency of innovation activities between the two groups of innovators and results in a diversification of innovators.
Authored by: Ewa Balcerowicz, Marek Pęczkowski, Anna Wziatek-Kubiak
Published in 2011
The document discusses how circuit breaker tax credits limit a taxpayer's total property tax liability to a fixed percentage of their assessed property value. It notes how the credits are funded by reductions in property tax revenues for all taxing units. HEA 1001 lowers the tax caps and expands eligibility, projected to significantly increase credits and reduce property tax collections. The shortfalls must be managed through spending cuts, cost sharing, fees or reducing authorized levies to lower overall tax rates and circuit breaker impacts.
Municipal bond prices moved lower during the second quarter, as fears about the Federal Reserve tapering its stimulus program rattled the financial markets. While a handful of states still face some budget pressure for the remainder of their 2013 fiscal year, 45 states reported that they are likely to meet or exceed their revenue projections for fiscal year 2013. Interest-rate volatility and the longer term prospect of higher rates have reinforced our bias toward a more limited duration stance. We continue to overweight essential-service revenue bonds, as well as the A-rated and BBB-rated segments of the market. Our outlook calls for defaults to remain low and continued gradual economic recovery.
This document summarizes the 2013 adopted budget for the Consolidated City of Indianapolis and Marion County. It describes the fiscal environment in 2012 including unexpected higher property tax and income tax revenues. For 2013, the budget faces a $65 million gap due to expected flat revenues from property and income taxes. Property tax revenue is projected to be flat as economic growth has not increased property values. Income tax revenue will be $3.2 million lower in 2013 due to reduced distributions from a stabilization account. The budget outlook is expected to improve in 2014 when a $20 million increase in income tax revenue is anticipated from resolving a state-local tax imbalance from 2008-2010.
The 2017 federal budget announced $4.4 billion in new initiatives over five years, one-fifth of the amount announced in the previous year. It focused on trimming inefficiencies rather than major policy changes. The budget projected a steady decline in the debt-to-GDP ratio from 31.5% to 30.9% by 2021/22. It included only small adjustments to taxes and spending rather than comprehensive reforms.
Similar to School Districts Responding to Fiscal Challenges (20)
“The prosperity the United States enjoys today is due in no small part to investments the nation has made in research and development at universities, corporations, and national laboratories over the last 50 years.”
"Our $559,667 sample also included four coaching-related payment requests, totaling $12,530, for training and meeting expenses. We found that three of the four sampled coaching-related payments, totaling $4,135, were not adequately supported. None of these three payment requests contained copies of the bills for which NYCLA requested reimbursement, such as an invoice from the venue in which a meeting was held."
This audit report summarizes the findings of a follow-up audit to evaluate whether the New York City Department of Education (DOE) implemented recommendations from a prior 2014 audit related to inventory controls over computer hardware. The follow-up audit found that DOE did not improve its inventory controls and that its decentralized inventory records remained inaccurate and incomplete. Specifically, DOE could not account for 4,993 out of 14,329 pieces of computer hardware inspected at 9 sampled sites. The audit makes 19 recommendations for DOE to implement a centralized inventory system, conduct regular monitoring of site inventory records, determine locations of unaccounted hardware, and provide sites with training and resources to improve controls. In its response, DOE did not acknowledge the
"From 2014 through fiscal 2017, for the first time on
record, New York City’s pension contributions exceeded
actual and projected (mostly bond-financed) capital
expenditures. In other words, the city has been spending
more to meet its pension obligations than to build
and renovate bridges, parks, schools, and other public
assets. In fiscal 2018, roughly 57% of contributions will
be needed simply to continue paying down what the
city still owes its pension systems, in order to continue
paying benefits promised to retirees. The rest will
cover the “normal” cost of added benefits earned by
city employees. In other words, if the pension systems
had been fully funded in the past, the city would have
saved more than $5 billion."
American Competitiveness Initiative:Leading the World in Innovation aci06-b...Luis Taveras EMBA, MS
The document summarizes the American Competitiveness Initiative announced by President George W. Bush in 2006. The initiative commits $5.9 billion in 2007 and $137 billion over 10 years to strengthen the United States' position as a global leader in science and technology through increased investment in research and development, education reforms, and workforce training programs. Specifically, it aims to double funding for physical science and engineering research at agencies like the National Science Foundation and Department of Energy, improve K-12 math and science education, and provide training for 800,000 workers annually. The goal is to sustain American innovation, productivity, and economic competitiveness in the face of increasing challenges from abroad.
"Council Speaker Melissa Mark-Viverito, a Manhattan Democrat, and Council woman Julissa Ferreras-Copeland, a Queens Democrat who is chairwoman of the council’s Committee on Finance, praised the administration’s efforts to find cost-saving measures but said they remain concerned about rising shelter and pension costs."
"As consumers, Latinos wield more than $1.3 trillion in buying power, and the number of affluent Hispanic households is growing much faster than for the overall population: In 2015, there were approximately 370,000 US Latino households with incomes over $200,000, an increase of 187 percent since 2005."
" The Success Academy Board of Trustees failed to adequately monitor aspects of the finance affairs of SA and did not consistently follow the procedures for operation required by its bylaws"
This document provides information about a school advisory service firm called Optimization with an Impact (OpIm). It offers three levels of financial advisory services to help schools optimize their budgets and purchasing. The basic service focuses on budget management and purchasing optimization for $25,000. Additional services include budget management optimization for $20,000 and purchasing optimization for $15,000. The goal is to improve instruction, the school environment, and local community through efficient use of school financial resources.
“OpIm relieves instructional leaders of non-instructional tasks so they can focus on student achievement and professional development of the teaching staff.”
New York State depends on Wall Street tax revenues even more than New York City, because the State relies more heavily on
personal and business taxes and does not levy a property tax as the City does.
This document lists 8 references used in another work. The references are books published between 2012 and 2015 that discuss topics such as the relationship between the public and private sectors, the impact of technology on jobs, issues with the sharing economy and capitalism, tax policy, corruption, and national security.
"You would be surprised that in some schools, the restriction appears to be implicitly understood, since they neither have a line for temporarily restricted funds on their balance sheet nor the statement below in their respective financial statement notes".
The Educational Impact of Broadband Sudsidies for Schools Under ERateLuis Taveras EMBA, MS
"The “universal service fund” pays for E-Rate with a 17.9 percent tax on long distance telecommunications. The term may sound odd; “long distance” is an artifact of the past for most Americans. However, international calls over plain old telephone network are still made, mostly by Latin American migrants living in the U.S. The telecommunications levy hits them particularly hard. More affluent households, on the other hand, use Facetime, Skype and other apps that avoid the tax."
http://www.politico.com/agenda/story/2016/08/stop-spending-money-connecting-schools-to-the-internet-000191
A San Francisco tech worker wrote an open letter complaining about the city's homeless population. He referred to them as "riff-raff" and said their "pain, struggle and despair" made commuting unpleasant for "wealthy" residents. The letter sparked backlash for its lack of sympathy. Homeless individuals interviewed expressed frustration with wealthy tech workers who do not care about others and want to "grab anything they can get." While the tech worker apologized for his word choice, he faced criticism for failing to acknowledge the daily challenges of homelessness.
a) Maintaining approximate compensation parity among employees within the same employment categories (for example, among junior software engineers);
b. Maintaining certain compensation relationships among employees across different employment categories (for example, among junior software engineers relative to senior software engineers)
Even among tech companies, Apple's rates are low. And while the company has remade industries, ignited economic growth and delighted customers, it has also devised corporate strategies that take advantage of gaps in the tax code, according to former executives who helped create those strategies.
Gleevec, a drug that treats a rare form of leukemia, was approved in 2001 with a list price of $26,400 per year. Since then, its price has steadily increased, reaching over $120,000 per year currently. While the drug has competition now, its price increases were incremental at first and accelerated even before competitors entered the market. The price hikes have helped make Gleevec a top revenue drug for its manufacturer, Novartis, even though it was initially not expected to be a major moneymaker due to the small patient population. However, critics argue there is a lack of meaningful competition in the drug market that would normally drive prices down.
"Nationwide, charter schools reported an average graduation rate of 70 percent. Hawaii, Arizona, Indiana, Ohio and California have the highest percentages of low-graduation-rate charter high schools."
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
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How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
School Districts Responding to Fiscal Challenges
1. ResearchBrief
O F F I C E O F T H E N E W YO R K S TAT E C O M P T R O L L E R
D I V I S I O N O F LO C A L G O V E R N M E N T A N D S C H O O L A C C O U N TA B I L I T Y
Staying Ahead of the Curve:
School Districts Responding to Fiscal Challenges
Summary
• This report describes the fiscal challenges facing school districts in New York State. As with
other classes of government, school districts have struggled to maintain fiscal balance in the
midst of rising costs and declining economic conditions. A series of 22 financial indicators were
analyzed to assess the fiscal condition of school districts.
• School districts located in the Mid-Hudson and Long Island regions are showing signs of fiscal
stress on 16 of the 22 financial indicators examined—significantly more than any of the other
regions. These districts have been most impacted by the collapse in the housing market, higher
school costs on a per pupil basis, higher levels of debt, and reliance on declining local tax bases
to generate revenue.
• Many school districts are responding to current economic conditions by reducing spending.
General Fund expenditures declined in 33 percent of school districts in 2010. This represents
a six-fold increase over the number of districts that decreased spending in 2008.
• School districts are highly dependent on local revenue generated through property taxes. The
declining housing market has therefore taken a toll on school districts. Property values have
declined in nearly 88 percent of the school districts located in the Long Island and Mid-Hudson
regions. Since these districts derive roughly 75 percent of their revenue locally, reduced property
values lead to revenue stress. In addition, the ability of these districts to increase property tax
rates to maintain local revenues is limited as these districts already have high tax rates (as a
percentage of income)—for 32 percent of Long Island districts, property tax revenue exceeds
7 percent of income.
• Although many school districts have begun to react to these fiscal challenges, it is
imperative that districts employ cost savings and planning strategies moving
forward. Such strategies include taking advantage of multiyear planning
tools, streamlining and consolidating business practices where practical, and
investigating opportunities for cost savings via shared service agreements.
Thomas P. DiNapoli • State Comptroller
2. Introduction
Recent difficult economic conditions affected school districts across the State in different ways. For the
2009-10 school year, nearly 88 percent of school district revenues were generated through State aid or
real property taxes. Therefore, as property values continue to decline in the wake of the housing market
collapse, as State aid is reduced and federal stimulus funding is phased out, the financial condition of
school districts may become increasingly precarious. For instance, fiscal stress at the State level has
already led to reductions from planned State aid for school districts of $1 billion in 2010-11. According
to the Governor’s proposed budget, school districts could face additional cuts amounting to $1.5 billion
in 2011-12, due in part, to the phase-out of federal stimulus funds. In addition, there is a growing
intolerance for any increase in property taxes as a way to fill the gaps in other revenue sources.
In light of these realities, it is crucial that at the local level, school officials develop strategies to
effectively manage these challenges now to avoid fiscal crises in the future. Many school districts
appear to have taken some initial
steps by reducing the rate of State Aid and Property Taxes Account for 88 Percent of School
spending growth in 2010. This
report analyzes 22 indicators of
District Revenues
fiscal stress in multiple categories
such as spending patterns, cash
position, reserve levels, revenue
School Year
trends, debt burdens, and the 2009-10
impact of providing costly services State Aid Real Property
35% Taxes and
to high needs student populations. Assessments
Through this analysis, it is possible 53%
to identify the specific regions in
which school districts are most at Federal Aid
risk of facing severe fiscal stress in 7%
the future and to determine what Other Local
factors are driving the stress.1 Revenue
5%
Note: Real Property Taxes includes other property tax items such as PILOTS
1
A complete list of these indicators and the results by region are included in Appendix A.
2 Research Brief Office of the State Comptroller
3. Aggregate Results
School districts located in the
Mid-Hudson and Long Island Fiscal Stress Is More Widespread in Downstate Areas
regions are showing signs of
fiscal stress across multiple Number of fiscal indicators for which the region’s districts
are performing below the statewide average.
measures. Districts in these
regions ranked poorly on 16 of 18
Number of Indicators Flagged (Max=22)
the 22 fiscal stress indicators 16 16 16
16 15
selected for analysis. This is
14 2009 2010
especially evident where the
12 11 11
decline in the housing market 10
10 9 9 9
has been most severe. As 8 8 8 8
property values decline, merely 8 7
6 6 6
maintaining existing levels of 6
property tax revenue usually 4
means increasing tax rates, and 2
these increases are not politically 0
Capital Central
viable in many localities. As a District NY
Finger
Lakes
Long
Island
Mid- Mohawk North Southern Western
Hudson Valley Country Tier NY
result, fiscal capacity (e.g., the
practical ability to raise revenue)
is constrained.2
Districts in the Finger Lakes region were above average on 10 out of 22 indicators, while those in
Central New York, the Southern Tier and Western New York were above average on 9 out of 22
indicators examined. All of these regions have high rates of pupil need (as measured by the percentage
of students eligible for the free and reduced price lunch program), relatively low property wealth, are
highly dependent on State and/or federal revenues, and have high levels of debt.
Overall, districts in the Capital Region, Mohawk Valley and the North Country exhibited the fewest
signs of fiscal stress, with districts in the Capital Region facing challenges related to higher than average
spending growth and high property taxes. Districts in the Mohawk Valley and North Country regions
face stress related to high debt levels, revenue-related risks and high levels of pupil need.
2
For this analysis, we benchmarked against the average. Because the average can be distorted by extreme values, school
districts that had fewer than 250 pupils or had per pupil expenditures greater than $30,000 were excluded from the analysis.
The regional summaries that are included in this report are therefore based on 630 of the State’s 697 school districts. Unless
otherwise noted, the New York City School District has been excluded.
Division of Local Government and School Accountability March 2011 3
4. Spending Trends
Growth in expenditures can be a sign of either fiscal strength or fiscal stress, and therefore should be
examined in context. Spending growth can reflect the fact that residents have a strong willingness,
and ability, to support a growing educational program. It can also indicate that demand for educational
services is increasing. School officials should be cognizant of such increases and assess whether they are
sustainable over time.
Alternatively, declining
expenditures may indicate service
How New York Compares: Current Expenditures per Pupil (2008)
reductions or program cuts that
could already signify some level $20,000
$17,173
of fiscal stress. From 2007 to $18,000 $16,491
2008, 34 districts (5.4 percent) $16,000
$14,300 $13,848
$13,454
reduced expenditures. In the $14,000
2009-10 school year, 209 school $12,000
$10,259
districts (33 percent) reduced $10,000
expenditures—over six times $8,000
more districts than in the earlier $6,000
period. As with other types $4,000
of government, reductions in $2,000
spending are becoming more $0
common in school districts. U.S.
Average
New York New
Jersey
Massachusetts Vermont Connecticut
While education spending Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Public Education Finances 2008
generally tends to be higher in
Northeastern states, New York’s
school districts spend more than Spending by Object, 2000 to 2010
any other state’s, and, in 2008,
spent nearly 1.7 times the U.S. $20
average. In 2010, New York’s $18
Salaries
education expenditures reached $16
nearly $22,000 per pupil. School $14
districts’ largest expense is $12
Billions
personnel, and as a result they $10
are impacted by rising health $8 Contractual
insurance and other employee $6 Employee Benefits
benefit costs. School district $4 Equipment and Capital Outlay
spending has increased by nearly $2
5 percent annually from 2007 to $0
Debt Service
2009, but slowed to less than 3 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
percent growth in 2010.
4 Research Brief Office of the State Comptroller
5. On average, the largest spending increases occurred among districts located on Long Island (3.0
percent) and in the Southern Tier (2.9 percent) and Western New York (2.7 percent). Roughly 25
percent of districts in Long Island and Western New York also experienced reductions in fund balance,
measured as a percentage of expenditures.
Districts in the Mohawk Valley, North Country and Finger Lakes regions were able to keep spending
growth below the statewide average of 2.5 percent. These districts generally spend less than the
statewide average on a per pupil basis as well.
Poor Operating Position
Operating position is another important indicator of fiscal stress. It represents a district’s ability to
balance its budget and pay bills on time while maintaining adequate lawful reserves to withstand short-
term fiscal pressures. Indicators of operating position include the size of the unreserved fund balance—
which represents the availability of “rainy-day funds” for unplanned expenses—and the amount of
liquidity—which represents the extent to which cash is available to cover budgetary liabilities.
In 2010, school districts, on average, had unreserved fund balances that amounted to 10.8 percent of
general fund expenditures. However, nearly 8 percent of districts had unreserved fund balances of less
than 5 percent.3 This rate represents an improvement over 2009, when more than 16 percent of districts
had low fund balance. The federal stimulus funds that became available to school districts in 2009
helped stabilize their budgets by mitigating reductions in State aid.
In general, school districts have enough liquidity to cover current expenses. However, 8 percent of
districts in Central New York and 7 percent in the Finger Lakes and Mohawk Valley regions had
liquidity ratios less than 1.5—indicating that cash flow may become a problem for these districts.4
3
Unreserved fund balance includes appropriated as well as unappropriated fund balance. School districts have a statutory cap
on the unappropriated portion of the fund balance which prevents them from annually retaining operating funds in excess
of 4 percent of current school year budget. It is important for school officials to carefully estimate future spending needs
when funding dedicated reserves, as these funds can only be used for specific purposes. For example, a recent audit found
that over $400 million more than necessary was held in reserved funds for employee benefits accrued liabilities (EBALR)
and generally the excess could only be transferred into other reserve funds.
4
The liquidity ratio represents current assets divided by current liabilities. It is a measure of cash position, indicating
the cash on hand in relation to current liabilities. The benchmark of 1.5 was chosen by OSC staff based on what is
reasonable for a school district.
Division of Local Government and School Accountability March 2011 5
6. Revenue Stress: State Aid Cuts and Declining Property Values
Factors that affect revenue
streams can also pose challenges Revenue by Source, 1999-2010
to school district budgets. For
school districts, property taxes $25
are the primary source of local Local
Revenue
revenue. Therefore, declining or $20
low property values, and high
taxes relative to income can be a Billions $15
source of constraint—especially State Aid
during tough economic times, $10
as taxpayers become more
$5
intolerant of rate increases. Federal
Additionally, fiscal difficulties Revenue
$0
at the State and federal levels
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
can lead to reductions in State
and federal aid, which especially
impact those districts that depend
heavily on governmental aid. Percentage of Districts with Property Value Decline by Region
In 2010, property tax revenues
averaged over 5 percent of Property Value Decline
Capital Became More
income statewide. However, 5.8%
Widespread in 2010.
Region 34.8%
there is significant variation in
2.0%
this measure around the State. Central NY
8.2%
Downstate (where property
0.0%
values and incomes are typically Finger Lakes
5.8%
much higher), property taxes
82.3%
represent a higher percentage of Long Island
87.5%
income. For Long Island school
42.1%
districts, property taxes exceed Mid-Hudson
87.4%
7 percent of income for 32
Mohawk 2.4%
percent of the districts. Valley 12.2%
2008 to 2009
North 3.6%
Country 5.5% 2009 to 2010
Southern 1.4%
Tier 9.6%
7.5%
Western NY
7.5%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
6 Research Brief Office of the State Comptroller
7. Property Value Decline Becomes More
Additionally, nearly 88 percent of Long Widespread from 2008 to 2010
Island and Mid-Hudson districts experienced
declines in property values from 2009 to
New York School Districts
2010. These factors are a source of revenue Percentage Change in
stress for downstate districts, especially Property Value
2007 to 2008
since they rely so heavily on their tax bases
for funding—with roughly 75 percent of
education revenue coming from local sources.
The housing market decline has become
more widespread since 2008—affecting Change in Full Value
upstate regions as well. The number of Decline (-77% to nearly 0%)
districts experiencing declines in property Flat to moderate growth (0% to 5%)
Strong growth (5% to 46%)
value has increased substantially from 2009 Not applicable
to 2010, especially in the Capital Region
where nearly 35 percent of the school
New York School Districts
districts experienced declines. Western New Percentage Change in
York is the only region where the percentage Property Value
2008 to 2009
of districts declining did not increase in 2010.
This is hardly unexpected, since the region
has had relatively low (and often lagging)
property values for some time, and has
therefore been less affected by the declining
housing market. Change in Full Value
Decline (-18% to nearly 0%)
Flat to moderate growth (0% to 5%)
State aid to schools increased by 9 percent Strong growth (more than 5% to 27%)
annually from 2006 to 2009, and then Not applicable
decreased by nearly 8 percent in 2010. While
State aid increases have enabled districts to
increase spending, dependence on revenues New York School Districts
from other governments can also pose a risk, Percentage Change in
Property Value
as aid gets reduced when fiscal problems 2009 to 2010
occur at the State or federal level. Indeed, the
2010-2011 State Fiscal Year Enacted Budget
reduced State Aid to school districts by 5.2
percent. In upstate regions, 56 percent of
revenue is derived from State and federal
sources, compared to only 25 percent for Change in Full Value
Decline (-76% to nearly 0%)
downstate districts—suggesting that school Flat to moderate growth (0% to 5%)
districts in upstate regions are more fiscally Strong growth (more than 5% to 77%)
Not applicable
vulnerable to reductions in State aid.
Division of Local Government and School Accountability March 2011 7
8. Reliance on federal
sources of aid also
poses risk. With the Percentage of School District
phase-out of federal Revenue from State or
stimulus funding Federal Aid, 2010
after the 2010-11
school year, school
districts could face
significant gaps
in 2011-12. The
recent award of
$697 million in
federal Race to the
Top funding may
Percentage of Revenue from Aid
fill some of this Up to 20%
gap, but the exact More than 20% to 40%
details concerning More than 40% to 50%
distribution and More than 50% to 65%
use of these funds More than 65% to 92%
remain uncertain.
High Debt Burden
The overall amounts of outstanding debt as well as the budgetary burden of the debt (debt service) are
important indicators of fiscal stress. School districts have little or no discretion in the amount of principal
and interest that must be repaid each year, and this obligation can become a significant burden.
School district debt increased by 8.2 percent annually from 2000 to 2010 as the rates of State Building
Aid reimbursements increased. On average, debt service represents 8.5 percent of annual school district
expenditures. However, the State reimburses a portion of these costs through building aid, which in 2010
represented 7.0 percent of expenditures. Therefore, the average effective debt burden is 1.5 percent.
In downstate regions, building aid provides less of an offset, and Long Island and Mid-Hudson districts
carry a heavier budgetary debt burden. However, total debt as a percentage of property value within
the school district,(which represents a key indicator of the long-term affordability of the debt) is much
higher in upstate regions.
8 Research Brief Office of the State Comptroller
9. High Cost Factors
Districts that face
higher-than-average
costs are also more Percentage of Students
susceptible to fiscal on Free or Reduced Price
stress. Children in Lunch Plans, 2010
poverty or those
in need of special
services usually place
greater budgetary
demands on school
district resources.
These districts
may also be more
constrained in their Percentage of Students
Up to 15%
ability to obtain More than 15% to 30%
additional resources More than 30% to 40%
and support from More than 40% to 50%
taxpayers with limited More than 50% to 93%
capacity to increase N/A (Outliers and NYC)
their contributions.
On average, roughly one-third of pupils statewide are eligible for the free or reduced price lunch
program. This factor can be used as an indicator of pupil need, and suggests that districts with a higher-
than-average percentage of students with extra needs face greater demand to provide additional services.
In some rural regions (such as the North Country and the Southern Tier) this percentage often exceeds
45 percent. In some urban school districts, the number of pupils in need increases significantly—
exceeding 80 percent in the Rochester, Syracuse and Buffalo City School Districts.
Some districts in the Mid-Hudson and Long Island regions also tend to have greater-than-average
percentages of pupils with limited English proficiency—indicating that these districts may face similar
demands for specialized services.
Division of Local Government and School Accountability March 2011 9
10. Mitigating the Impact
The data presented here suggests a difficult road ahead for many of the State’s school districts. It is
imperative that districts begin to plan now to avoid severe fiscal stress that would necessitate disruptive
programmatic cutbacks in the future. There are a number of steps that school districts should take to
help manage fiscal stress, and many already are exploring the following opportunities.
Take Advantage of Multiyear Planning Tools – The Office of the State Comptroller (OSC) has
recently adapted existing multiyear planning tools for use by school district officials. By helping local
officials understand the impact of today’s decisions over time, multiyear planning is one way to begin
the process of managing the difficulties that lie ahead. These tools, which include an online tutorial
and spreadsheet templates, are available online at: www.osc.state.ny.us/localgov/training/modules/
myfp/index.htm.
Additionally, OSC-sponsored training sessions on multiyear planning are made available on a regular
basis. School officials may also attend a customized “hands-on” multiyear training seminar in which
they can work with OSC staff to build a multiyear plan using their own data. In 2010, 48 district business
officials and school board members attended these customized multiyear planning training sessions.
Identify Cost Savings Opportunities Through Improved Business Processes – In these difficult
times, many local governments and school districts are re-examining their current operations in order
to streamline existing business processes and utilize new technologies to cut expenses. Recently, the
Eldred Central School District instituted the use of virtual desktops to replace traditional computers.
Not only does the district stand to realize $21,300 in savings for every lab converted, but it will also
realize savings associated with decreased energy consumption and fewer maintenance calls.5
Investigate and Execute Shared Service Agreements – There are potential efficiencies to be realized
through the increased use of shared service agreements and consolidations of functions. School officials
should systematically evaluate all areas of operation in order to identify opportunities and potential
partners, especially in the area of back-office operations. Greater sharing of these central business office
functions could potentially save municipalities and school districts up to $765 million statewide.6
The fiscal difficulties now facing school districts have built up over a period of years and through a
variety of factors—declining economic situation, reductions in real property values, debt increases,
rising insurance costs, etc. Consequently, the budgetary difficulties stemming from these problems are
not likely to be resolved quickly. School districts will have to focus on employing multiple strategies and
engage in comprehensive planning to achieve fiscal stability—a process that will likely require several
years to complete.
5
http://www.osc.state.ny.us/localgov/audits/schools/2010/eldred.pdf
6
http://www.osc.state.ny.us/localgov/pubs/research/sharedservices.pdf
10 Research Brief Office of the State Comptroller
11. APPENDIX A
Fiscal Stress Indicators
Operating Position Indicators This Indicator Measures:
Average Unreserved Fund Balance as a Percentage of Total Size of fund balance
Expenditures (general fund only)
Percentage with Unreserved Fund Balance < 5% of General Fund Whether the fund balance is low
Expenditures
Liquidity (Current Assets / Current Liabilities) Cash position
Percentage of School Districts with Liquidity Ratio Less Than 1.5 Whether liquidity is low
Spending Pattern Indicators
General Fund Expenditures Per Pupil (2010) Spending level
Average Annual Change in Expenditures (2008 to 2010) Growth or decline in spending
Percentage Point Change in Unreserved Fund Balance as a Percentage Growth or decline in fund balance
of Expenditures (2008 to 2010)
Percentage of Districts with Decrease in UFB as a Percentage of Whether fund balance is decreasing for many
Expenditures districts in a region
Debt Indicators
Debt Service as a Percentage of Expenditures Indicator of the budgetary burden of debt
payments
Building Aid as a Percentage of Expenditures Indicator of the State-funded offset to debt
payments
Effective Debt Burden (Debt Service/exp - Bldg Aid/Exp) The true burden of the debt, taking into
account State contributions
Effective Debt Per Pupil True burden of the debt on a per pupil basis
Total Debt as a Percentage of Full Value Debt burden in relation to the school district’s
tax base
Revenue Stress Indicators
Property Tax Revenue as a Percentage of Adjusted Gross Income The size of the property tax burden.
Property taxes are a greater burden when
they consume a greater share of residential
income.
Percentage of Districts in Which Property Taxes Exceed 7% of Income The extent to which property taxes are a
burden within a region.
Average State and Federal Aid as a Percentage of Total Revenue Reliance on revenue from other governmental
sources. Being heavily dependent on State
and federal aid is a constraint when cuts are
made at the State or federal levels.
Median Full Value Per Pupil 2010 Property wealth
Average Full Value Change 2009 to 2010 Change in property value - indicates if a
school district’s property values are growing
or declining. Declining property values
threaten property tax revenue.
Percentage of Districts with Full Value Loss from 2008 to 2009 Magnitude of the full value decline for a
region’s school districts
Percentage of Districts with Full Value Loss from 2009 to 2010
High-Cost Factors
Percentage of Pupils Eligible for Free or Reduced Priced Lunch Poverty rate indicator--higher value indicates
greater pupil need
Percentage of Pupils with Limited English Proficiency Indicator of the need for additional academic
services
Division of Local Government and School Accountability March 2011 11
12. Selected Fiscal Stress Indicators for School Districts by Region (2009)
12
Selected Fiscal Stress Indicators for School Districts by Region (2009)
Operating Position Indicators Spending Pattern Indicators Debt Indicators
Average
Unreserved Percent with Liquidity
Percent with Percentage Effective Debt
Fund Balance / Unreserved Fund (Current Debt Service Building Aid Effective Total Debt
Liquidity Average Point Change Burden (Debt
Region Total Balance < 5% of Assets / as a % of as a % of Debt Per as a % of
Ratio Less Annual in Unreserved Service/exp -
Expenditure General Fund Current Expend. Expend. Pupil Full Value
Than 1.5 General Change in Fund Balance Percentage of Bldg Aid/Exp)
(general fund Expenditures Liabilities)
Research Brief
only) Fund Expend as a % of Districts with
Expend Per (2007 to Expend (2007 Decrease in UFB
Pupil (2009) 2009) to 2009) as a % of Expend
Capital Region 9.9% 11.6% 3.6 1.4% 17,725 5.3% 1.8% 27.5% 7.5% 6.3% 1.3% 249 2.5%
Central NY 7.3% 18.4% 3.3 10.2% 16,716 4.8% 2.6% 6.1% 8.7% 7.7% 1.1% 178 4.1%
Finger Lakes 7.2% 18.8% 3.7 7.2% 16,916 4.3% 1.6% 15.9% 9.3% 8.8% 0.5% 93 4.5%
Long Island 7.9% 15.0% 3.6 4.0% 21,418 5.2% 1.4% 28.0% 4.1% 2.1% 2.0% 489 0.9%
Mid-Hudson 7.7% 26.3% 3.1 9.5% 21,782 5.3% 1.6% 23.2% 5.8% 2.5% 3.3% 757 1.2%
Mohawk Valley 10.7% 19.0% 5.0 7.1% 16,837 4.1% 3.2% 23.8% 8.6% 7.8% 0.8% 183 4.4%
North Country 13.0% 11.3% 5.0 7.5% 17,559 4.4% 2.9% 26.4% 8.5% 9.2% -0.7% -104 3.7%
Southern Tier 9.1% 13.7% 3.9 5.5% 17,978 4.5% 2.8% 12.3% 9.3% 8.5% 0.7% 162 4.4%
Western NY 11.5% 11.3% 4.6 3.8% 16,635 3.9% 2.7% 23.8% 9.2% 8.9% 0.4% 56 5.5%
All Districts 9.2% 16.3% 3.9 6.0% 18,573 4.7% 2.2% 21.4% 7.6% 6.4% 1.2% 269 3.2%
Revenue Stress Indicators High-Cost Factors Number of
Doing
% of Indicators on
Worse than
Office of the State Comptroller
Average Districts Percentage Which Regional
the State
% of Districts in State and Average Full Average with Full Percentage of of Pupils with Average is
Avg on X of
Which Property Federal Aid / Median Full Value Full Value Value Loss Pupils Eligible for Limited Worse than
22
Property Tax Taxes Exceed 7% Total Value Per Change 2007 Change from 2008 to Free or Reduced English State Average
Indicators:
Rev / AGI of Income Revenue Pupil 2009 to 2008 2008 to 2009 2009 Priced Lunch Proficiency
Capital Region 5.3% 11.6% 44.7% $573,931 14.3% 6.6% 5.8% 31.7% 0.9% 8
Central NY 4.3% 2.0% 55.7% $327,196 7.1% 5.2% 2.0% 35.2% 0.7% 11
Finger Lakes 4.3% 0.0% 54.1% $321,663 4.7% 4.3% 0.0% 35.4% 1.3% 11
Long Island 5.7% 21.0% 24.7% $1,088,360 7.6% -2.3% 82.5% 19.1% 5.6% 15
Mid-Hudson 5.6% 20.0% 25.1% $1,052,953 10.9% 1.2% 41.1% 22.3% 4.4% 16
Mohawk Valley 4.7% 9.5% 59.2% $315,900 10.1% 7.5% 2.4% 42.8% 1.0% 8
North Country 4.9% 13.2% 61.9% $381,121 13.2% 8.0% 1.9% 45.5% 0.4% 8
Southern Tier 4.7% 8.2% 60.5% $350,352 11.6% 7.7% 1.4% 46.8% 0.6% 6
Western NY 3.9% 2.5% 57.9% $303,779 3.9% 3.0% 7.5% 38.8% 1.1% 8
All Districts 4.9% 10.8% 46.4% $491,592 9.1% 3.9% 21.2% 33.6% 2.5%
=Region is doing worse than the State average.
Of the 21 Indicators Examined, the Region's School Fiscal Stress is More Widespread in
Districts Are Doing Worse than the Statewide Average Downstate Areas
on:
18 Number of indicators for
16 18 which the region's districts
16 15 16 are performing below the
16 15
14 statewide average.
14
12 11 11 11 11
12
10
8 8 8 8 10
8 8 8 8
8
6 8
6
6 6
4 4
2 2
0 0
Capital Central NY Finger Lakes Long Island Mid-Hudson Mohawk North Southern Western NY Capital Central NY Finger Long Island Mid-Hudson Mohawk North Southern Western NY
Region Valley Country Tier Region Lakes Valley Country Tier
13. Selected Fiscal Stress Indicators for School Districts by Region (2010)
Selected Fiscal Stress Indicators for School Districts by Region (2010)
Operating Position Indicators Spending Pattern Indicators Debt Indicators
Average Percentage
Percent with Point
Unreserved Liquidity
Unreserved Percent with Change in Effective Debt
Fund Balance (Current Debt Service Effective Total Debt
Fund Balance < Liquidity Unreserved Building Aid as a Burden (Debt
Region / Total Assets / as a % of Debt Per as a % of
5% of General Ratio Less Average Fund % of Expend. Service/exp -
Expenditure Current Expend. Pupil Full Value
Fund Than 1.5 Annual Balance as a Percentage of Bldg Aid/Exp)
(general fund Liabilities)
Expenditures General Fund Change in % of Expend Districts with
only)
Expend Per Expend (2008 (2008 to Decrease in UFB
Pupil (2010) to 2010) 2010) as a % of Expend
Capital Region 11.7% 7.2% 4.1 2.9% $18,278 2.6% 3.1% 23.2% 8.6% 7.2% 1.4% $319 2.5%
Central NY 8.7% 12.2% 4.0 8.2% $17,217 2.5% 3.0% 20.4% 9.6% 8.4% 1.2% $204 4.2%
Finger Lakes 8.5% 11.6% 4.7 7.2% $17,434 1.8% 2.1% 26.1% 10.4% 10.0% 0.4% $58 4.4%
Long Island 9.0% 10.1% 4.1 1.0% $21,765 3.0% 1.8% 25.3% 4.3% 2.3% 2.0% $451 1.0%
Mid-Hudson 8.7% 11.6% 3.5 3.2% $22,163 2.6% 1.7% 27.4% 5.9% 2.7% 3.1% $736 1.3%
Mohawk Valley 13.7% 0.0% 6.1 7.3% $16,905 1.8% 5.4% 9.8% 9.3% 9.6% -0.3% -$59 4.6%
North Country 16.4% 3.6% 7.0 1.8% $18,205 1.9% 5.9% 9.1% 9.0% 8.4% 0.5% $147 3.9%
Southern Tier 10.3% 8.2% 4.6 2.7% $18,828 2.9% 3.1% 9.6% 10.2% 9.4% 0.8% $154 4.6%
Western NY 13.4% 2.5% 5.3 1.3% $17,314 2.7% 3.6% 22.5% 12.2% 10.1% 2.1% $405 5.5%
All Districts 10.8% 7.9% 4.7 3.5% $19,082 2.5% 3.0% 20.5% 8.5% 7.0% 1.5% $317 3.3%
Total 2009
Revenue Stress Indicators High-Cost Factors Number of
Indicators on Doing Worse
Which than the
Average % of Districts % of Districts Percentage of Percentage of
Regional State Avg on
% of Districts in State and Average with Full with Full Pupils Eligible Pupils with
Average is X of 22
Which Property Federal Aid / Median Full Full Value Value Loss Value Loss for Free or Limited English
Worse Than Indicators:
Property Tax Taxes Exceed 7% Total Value Per Change from 2008 to from 2009 to Reduced Priced Proficiency
Rev / AGI of Income Revenue Pupil 2010 2009 to 2010 2009 2010 Lunch (2010) (2009) State Average:
Capital Region 5.8% 18.8% 44.5% $613,442 3.3% 5.8% 34.8% 34.3% 0.9% 7 8
Central NY 4.4% 2.1% 54.9% $342,890 4.0% 2.0% 8.2% 37.8% 0.7% 9 11
Finger Lakes 4.5% 2.9% 54.4% $344,136 2.8% 0.0% 5.8% 36.6% 1.3% 10 11
Long Island 6.2% 32.3% 24.2% $1,024,799 -4.7% 82.3% 87.5% 21.2% 5.6% 16 15
Mid-Hudson 6.1% 25.3% 24.6% $1,023,937 -3.1% 42.1% 87.4% 24.2% 4.4% 16 16
Mohawk Valley 4.7% 7.3% 60.2% $333,857 3.5% 2.4% 12.2% 43.7% 1.0% 6 8
North Country 5.1% 18.2% 61.8% $443,191 5.5% 3.6% 5.5% 47.6% 0.4% 6 8
Division of Local Government and School Accountability
Southern Tier 4.9% 9.6% 60.5% $384,161 5.8% 1.4% 9.6% 48.1% 0.6% 9 6
Western NY 3.9% 3.8% 58.4% $322,814 3.8% 7.5% 7.5% 41.3% 1.1% 9 8
All Districts 5.2% 15.1% 46.4% $513,991 1.7% 21.4% 35.1% 35.6% 2.5%
=Region is doing worse than the State average.
Of the 21 Indicators Examined, the Region's School Fiscal Stress is More Widespread in Downstate
Districts Are Doing Worse than the Statewide Average on: Areas
March 2011
Number of indicators for which the region's districts are
18 performing below the statewide average.
16 16 18
16 16 16
16 15
16 2009
14
14 2010
12 12 11 11
10 10
10 9 9 9 9 9 9
13
10
8 8 8 8
8 7 8 7
6 6 6 6 6
6 6
4 4
2 2
Number of Indicators Flagged (Max = 22)
0 0
Capital Central NY Finger Lakes Long Island Mid-Hudson Mohawk North Southern Western NY Capital RegionCentral NY Finger LakesLong Island Mid-Hudson ohawk Valley
M North Country
Southern Tier
Western NY
Region Valley Country Tier
14. Division of Local Government and School Accountability
Central Office Directory
(Area code for the following is 518 unless otherwise specified)
Executive ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 474-4037
Steven J. Hancox, Deputy Comptroller
Financial Reporting..................................................................................................................................................................... 474-4014
(Annual Financial Reports, Constitutional Limits, Real Property Tax Levies,
Local Government Approvals)
Information Services.................................................................................................................................................................. 474-6975
(Requests for Publications or Government Data)
Justice Court Fund.......................................................................................................................................................................473-6438
Audits and Local Services......................................................................................................................................................... 474-5404
(Audits, Technical Assistance)
Professional Standards............................................................................................................................................................. 474-5404
.
(Auditing and Accounting)
Research . ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 473-0617
Statewide and Regional Projects..................................................................................................................................607-721-8306
Training.............................................................................................................................................................................................473-0005
.
(Local Official Training, Teleconferences, DVDs)
Electronic Filing
Questions Regarding Electronic Filing of Annual Financial Reports ......................................................... 474-4014
Questions Regarding Electronic Filing of Justice Court Reports.................................................................. 486-3166
Office of the State Comptroller,
Mailing Address
110 State St., Albany, New York 12236
for all of the above:
email: localgov@osc.state.ny.us
14 Research Brief Office of the State Comptroller
15. Division of Local Government and School Accountability
Regional Office Directory
Steven J. Hancox, Deputy Comptroller (518) 474-4037
Cole H. Hickland, Director - Direct Services (518) 474-5480
Jack Dougherty, Director - Direct Services (518) 474-5480
ALBANY REGIONAL OFFICE – Kenneth Madej, Chief Examiner
22 Computer Drive West • Albany, New York 12205-1695
Tel (518) 438-0093 • Fax (518) 438-0367 • Email: Muni-Albany@osc.state.ny.us
Serving: Albany, Columbia, Dutchess, Greene, Schenectady, Ulster counties
BINGHAMTON REGIONAL OFFICE
State Office Building, Room 1702 • 44 Hawley Street • Binghamton, New York 13901-4417
Tel (607) 721-8306 • Fax (607) 721-8313 • Email: Muni-Binghamton@osc.state.ny.us
Serving: Broome, Chenango, Cortland, Delaware, Otsego, Schoharie, Sullivan, Tioga, Tompkins counties
BUFFALO REGIONAL OFFICE – Robert Meller, Chief Examiner
295 Main Street, Suite 1032 • Buffalo, New York 14203-2510
Tel (716) 847-3647 • Fax (716) 847-3643 • Email: Muni-Buffalo@osc.state.ny.us
Serving: Allegany, Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, Erie, Genesee, Niagara, Orleans, Wyoming counties
GLENS FALLS REGIONAL OFFICE
One Broad Street Plaza • Glens Falls, New York 12801-4396
Tel (518) 793-0057 • Fax (518) 793-5797 • Email: Muni-GlensFalls@osc.state.ny.us
Serving: Clinton, Essex, Franklin, Fulton, Hamilton, Montgomery, Rensselaer, Saratoga, Warren, Washington counties
HAUPPAUGE REGIONAL OFFICE – Ira McCracken, Chief Examiner
NYS Office Building, Room 3A10 • Veterans Memorial Highway • Hauppauge, New York 11788-5533
Tel (631) 952-6534 • Fax (631) 952-6530 • Email: Muni-Hauppauge@osc.state.ny.us
Serving: Nassau, Suffolk counties
NEWBURGH REGIONAL OFFICE – Christopher J. Ellis, Chief Examiner
33 Airport Center Drive, Suite 103 • New Windsor, New York 12553–4725
Tel (845) 567-0858 • Fax (845) 567-0080 • Email: Muni-Newburgh@osc.state.ny.us
Serving: Orange, Putnam, Rockland, Westchester counties
ROCHESTER REGIONAL OFFICE – Edward V. Grant, Jr., Chief Examiner
The Powers Building • 16 West Main Street – Suite 522 • Rochester, New York 14614-1608
Tel (585) 454-2460 • Fax (585) 454-3545 • Email: Muni-Rochester@osc.state.ny.us
Serving: Cayuga, Chemung, Livingston, Monroe, Ontario, Schuyler, Seneca, Steuben, Wayne, Yates counties
SYRACUSE REGIONAL OFFICE – Rebecca Wilcox, Chief Examiner
State Office Building, Room 409 • 333 E. Washington Street • Syracuse, New York 13202-1428
Tel (315) 428-4192 • Fax (315) 426-2119 • Email: Muni-Syracuse@osc.state.ny.us
Serving: Herkimer, Jefferson, Lewis, Madison, Oneida, Onondaga, Oswego, St. Lawrence counties
Division of Local Government and School Accountability March 2011 15
16.
17. New York State
Office of the State Comptroller
Division of Local Government and School Accountability
110 State Street, 12th Floor • Albany, New York 12236
March 2011