This document provides an overview of ethics, privacy, and access to information. It begins with the presenter's background and then discusses the purpose of the presentation, which is to discuss principles of public sector ethics and conflicts of interest. It then discusses ethics in politics in the Anglo-Canadian system dating back to the Glorious Revolution and John Locke's philosophy of impartial government. It also discusses conflict of interest legislation, ethics commissioners, and analyses whether these regimes are effective at reducing conflicts of interest. It concludes by comparing systems in other jurisdictions like Europe and the US.
The document discusses the political and legal environments facing international business. It defines political systems and legal systems, outlines different types of political and legal systems around the world, and examines trends in these systems. It also profiles the concepts of political risk and intellectual property rights, and how they relate to conducting business internationally.
The document discusses lobbying and advocacy efforts around sex education. It notes both positive and negative outcomes from the 2006 midterm elections in terms of supporters for reproductive rights. However, it states that legislative progress has been slow with everything tied up in large bills and concerns over presidential vetoes. It provides examples of misleading claims from abstinence-only education programs and argues they are bad policy. The REAL ACT is highlighted as a way to fund sex education programs that have been shown to work and are supported by young people, teachers and medical experts. Tips are provided on effective lobbying techniques.
This document discusses the development and structure of the federal bureaucracy in the United States. It begins by outlining how the Constitution established executive departments and agencies to carry out laws and programs. Over time, new departments were created to address issues like industrialization, the Great Depression, and World War II. Today the federal bureaucracy includes Cabinet departments, independent agencies, regulatory commissions, and government corporations. The roles of political appointees and career civil servants in the bureaucracy are also examined.
The document provides information on the European Union institutions and decision making processes, as well as tips for effective lobbying. It outlines the key EU bodies like the European Commission, European Parliament, and Council of the European Union. It also describes the Lisbon Treaty reforms and decision making procedures. Further, it discusses what lobbying is and provides examples of both effective and ineffective lobbying campaigns. Lastly, the document gives advice on how to be an effective lobbyist, including tips like being transparent, following up on commitments, and meeting with various stakeholders.
Diversity and equity in american public administrationtaratoot
This document provides an overview of equity and diversity in public administration. It discusses key concepts like representativeness, diversity, and equity. Regarding diversity, the document notes its importance in mirroring a diverse population and improving service delivery. Regarding equity, it discusses the principle of equal treatment under law. The document also examines how the Supreme Court has interpreted discrimination and equal protection. Overall, it frames diversity and equity as important values for public administration to uphold.
The federal bureaucracy relates to animal rights through various agencies that regulate animal treatment. The key agencies are the Department of Agriculture, which enforces the Animal Welfare Act, and the Food and Drug Administration, which regulates antibiotic and hormone use in livestock. These agencies were established to protect both animal welfare and human health and safety. In 1985, the Executive Office of the President issued an animal welfare policy directing federal agencies to enforce standards that minimize animal pain and distress. However, some animal rights activists argue these protections do not go far enough and have threatened scientists.
Lobbying 2 0 Pdf (Personal democracy forum) in Barcellona 4 10 2010Massimo Micucci
This document discusses the shift from Lobbying 1.0 to Lobbying 2.0. Lobbying 1.0 aimed to directly influence decision-makers through closed-door meetings and relationships. Lobbying 2.0 utilizes social media and grassroots movements to have an open conversation with stakeholders about policy issues. It argues that decision-making power is now more distributed and transparent participation is key. Examples show how social media has helped amplify citizen concerns over nuclear power and media regulations to influence outcomes through public debate rather than private negotiation.
The document discusses the political and legal environments facing international business. It defines political systems and legal systems, outlines different types of political and legal systems around the world, and examines trends in these systems. It also profiles the concepts of political risk and intellectual property rights, and how they relate to conducting business internationally.
The document discusses lobbying and advocacy efforts around sex education. It notes both positive and negative outcomes from the 2006 midterm elections in terms of supporters for reproductive rights. However, it states that legislative progress has been slow with everything tied up in large bills and concerns over presidential vetoes. It provides examples of misleading claims from abstinence-only education programs and argues they are bad policy. The REAL ACT is highlighted as a way to fund sex education programs that have been shown to work and are supported by young people, teachers and medical experts. Tips are provided on effective lobbying techniques.
This document discusses the development and structure of the federal bureaucracy in the United States. It begins by outlining how the Constitution established executive departments and agencies to carry out laws and programs. Over time, new departments were created to address issues like industrialization, the Great Depression, and World War II. Today the federal bureaucracy includes Cabinet departments, independent agencies, regulatory commissions, and government corporations. The roles of political appointees and career civil servants in the bureaucracy are also examined.
The document provides information on the European Union institutions and decision making processes, as well as tips for effective lobbying. It outlines the key EU bodies like the European Commission, European Parliament, and Council of the European Union. It also describes the Lisbon Treaty reforms and decision making procedures. Further, it discusses what lobbying is and provides examples of both effective and ineffective lobbying campaigns. Lastly, the document gives advice on how to be an effective lobbyist, including tips like being transparent, following up on commitments, and meeting with various stakeholders.
Diversity and equity in american public administrationtaratoot
This document provides an overview of equity and diversity in public administration. It discusses key concepts like representativeness, diversity, and equity. Regarding diversity, the document notes its importance in mirroring a diverse population and improving service delivery. Regarding equity, it discusses the principle of equal treatment under law. The document also examines how the Supreme Court has interpreted discrimination and equal protection. Overall, it frames diversity and equity as important values for public administration to uphold.
The federal bureaucracy relates to animal rights through various agencies that regulate animal treatment. The key agencies are the Department of Agriculture, which enforces the Animal Welfare Act, and the Food and Drug Administration, which regulates antibiotic and hormone use in livestock. These agencies were established to protect both animal welfare and human health and safety. In 1985, the Executive Office of the President issued an animal welfare policy directing federal agencies to enforce standards that minimize animal pain and distress. However, some animal rights activists argue these protections do not go far enough and have threatened scientists.
Lobbying 2 0 Pdf (Personal democracy forum) in Barcellona 4 10 2010Massimo Micucci
This document discusses the shift from Lobbying 1.0 to Lobbying 2.0. Lobbying 1.0 aimed to directly influence decision-makers through closed-door meetings and relationships. Lobbying 2.0 utilizes social media and grassroots movements to have an open conversation with stakeholders about policy issues. It argues that decision-making power is now more distributed and transparent participation is key. Examples show how social media has helped amplify citizen concerns over nuclear power and media regulations to influence outcomes through public debate rather than private negotiation.
This document discusses law reform in Australia. It provides examples of law reform processes that have occurred, including mandatory sentencing laws for assaults involving intoxication in NSW and debates around euthanasia. It outlines the various mechanisms of law reform, including law reform commissions, parliamentary committees, media, non-government organizations, and international bodies. Law reform aims to modernize and simplify laws, remedy injustices, and adapt to changing social values and new technologies.
The political, legal and Technological Environment 南臺科技大學
This document discusses the political, legal, and technological environment that multinational corporations operate within globally. It introduces different political ideologies and systems, the four foundations of global law, principles of international law, issues regarding technology and global production shifts, and how advances in certain technologies may impact developing nations.
The document discusses the structure and organization of the federal bureaucracy in the United States. It describes how the bureaucracy implements public policy through specialized staff selected based on expertise. It is organized hierarchically and aims to apply rules impartially. The bureaucracy has grown significantly over time and now includes cabinet departments, independent agencies, and government organizations. It implements the federal budget and is subject to congressional oversight while also having some autonomous authority.
The document discusses several key federal labor and employment laws in the United States, including:
1. The National Labor Relations Act of 1935, which established the right of employees to unionize and collectively bargain.
2. The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, which set standards for minimum wage, overtime pay, recordkeeping, and child labor.
3. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibited discrimination in employment based on race, color, religion, sex or national origin.
4. The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, which prohibits employment discrimination against qualified individuals with disabilities.
The document provides an overview of the purpose and requirements of these major federal statutes that form the
The document discusses issues faced by Yahoo China and challenges of operating internationally, including political and management missteps that hurt Yahoo's performance in China. It also covers different political philosophies like individualism, collectivism, and socialism that influence business environments, as well as ethics, human rights, technology, and other topics international companies must navigate.
The document discusses the political and legal environments that multinational enterprises must consider when operating in different countries. It covers various political systems like democracy and totalitarianism. It also discusses political risks companies may face like government actions that could negatively impact operations. The legal environment section focuses on different types of legal systems like common law and civil law. The document provides an overview of key factors in the political and legal environments that international businesses must analyze.
This document discusses laws, norms, and rules. It provides examples of rules from Lord of the Flies and discusses what norm Ralph broke by undressing on the beach. It defines what law is, explaining that rules create rights and responsibilities and need to be generally accepted and enforced. Questions are provided about following rules at school. The document discusses why laws are needed in society to regulate interactions and keep order. It notes that without road laws, driving would be dangerous. Overall, the document explores the purpose of rules, norms, laws and why they are important for orderly functioning of society.
Public Policy 301: Designing Your Legislative Intervention to Influence Publ...gjcpp
This document summarizes a workshop on designing legislative interventions to influence public policy. The workshop covers identifying issues and strategies, examples of past interventions, and legal and ethical considerations around lobbying legislators. It aims to help participants develop their own legislative intervention plans. The document provides an overview of the workshop sections and describes the presenter's background working in public policy advocacy.
The document provides information about business and free enterprise in the United States in response to several scout merit badge requirements. It defines key features of the free market system including private property, price system, market competition, and entrepreneurship. It also describes the differences between freedom and license. The document discusses important figures in business history like Henry Ford, Steve Jobs, and Sam Walton. It identifies five primary areas of business: value creation, marketing, sales, value delivery, and finance. It also discusses the history and importance of labor unions in the US and provides examples of major current unions. Finally, it describes how business impacts the local, national, and global economies.
Human Rights Fracture in Context--Differences in Approaches to Realizing Huma...Larry Catá Backer
The early fracture of the unity of human rights in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights into a focus on social economic and cultural rights on the one hand, and on political and civil rights on the other has deep implications for the focus and practice of human rights in context, especially within home states in multinational enterprise supply chain systems. These differences are more pronounced where the political context of home states may be different from accepted forms common in developed states. This is particularly the case with two of the most important emerging states--India and China. India provides an example of the approach to human rights protection in which economic and social rights are vindicated through the application of political and civil rights within a state in which individual rights are understood as constraints against state power and courts serve a critical mediating role. In China, on the other hand, civil and political rights are vindicated through the state and its role in ensuring the provision of social, economic and cultural rights through the administrative apparatus of the state, within a state in which individual welfare is understood as a core obligation fo the state to be vindicated through governmental action. These differences have important ramification for the way in which international human rights frameworks, like the UN Guiding Principles, may be successfully transposed in context. These are explored in the paper through examples from both states.
The Political, Legal, and Technological Environment of Global BusinessIsmam Shawon
The document provides an overview of the political, legal, and technological environments faced by global businesses. It discusses key aspects of these environments, including:
- The political situations in countries like China, Russia, Europe, and the Middle East that global businesses must navigate.
- The four main foundations of global law: Islamic law, socialist law, common law, and civil law.
- Important principles of international law around sovereignty, jurisdiction, and treatment of foreign citizens and businesses.
- Legal and regulatory issues such as the US Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and challenges of bureaucratic governments.
- How technological capabilities in e-business and telecommunications are shaping global shifts in production and commerce.
Polycentricity in South Asian Human Rights Law: On the Strategic and Simultan...Larry Catá Backer
This document summarizes a presentation on polycentricity in human rights law in South Asia related to multinational corporations (MNCs). It discusses the rise of multiple governance systems beyond the state that implement human rights, including private supplier codes of conduct, sovereign wealth funds, and international soft law. It examines this emerging polycentric framework in India, noting the country's rights-based legal discourse but also limitations of the judicial system. Alternative governance structures are opening up due to issues like distrust in state institutions and problems of caste and gender rights. The talk aims to analyze how individuals and MNCs can protect rights in this complex landscape through strategic litigation, as shown in two case studies.
Media professionals need to understand media and communications law to avoid legal issues and protect themselves. The laws cover issues like privacy, defamation, contempt of court, and how journalists report on legal cases. Understanding the legal system and one's obligations is important for professionalism in communications work. While laws provide guidelines, their interpretation may change over time or differ from ethical standards. Staying aware of relevant laws helps navigating legal and ethical responsibilities.
This document discusses business ethics and law. It lists members of a group discussing ethics and law topics. It defines ethics and business ethics, then outlines the history of business ethics. It discusses current trends in corporate social responsibility. Examples of Enron and Nike's ethical issues are provided. The document defines law and various areas of business law. It compares ethics to law, noting that ethics are moral codes internal to individuals while law are rules enforced by the government.
This chapter discusses globalization and international linkages. It examines the major trends in global and regional economic integration. It also analyzes the changing balance of global economic power and shifts in trade and investment flows among countries. The chapter outlines the economic systems of different countries and recent developments that reflect those systems. It provides an overview of the economic performance and competitiveness of major world regions including North America, South America, Europe, Asia, and developing/emerging countries.
This chapter discusses key legal issues in employment for sport managers, including the employment-at-will doctrine, protections from discrimination, sexual harassment laws, and major federal employment legislation. It covers topics such as hiring, promotion, retention, injuries on the job, and protections for employees under the Civil Rights Act, Americans with Disabilities Act, and other laws regarding safety, medical coverage, leave, wages, and more. Employment law is an important area for sport managers to understand to properly manage their employees and avoid legal issues.
The document discusses the relationship between technology and crime, including how technology enables new forms of criminal behavior like cybercrime. It covers various types of cybercrimes, challenges in investigating computer crimes, and how technology is used by law enforcement to combat crime through tools like DNA analysis and computer forensics. The use of technology in both enabling crime and fighting crime is an ongoing challenge as each adapts to changes in the other.
This document provides an overview of business opportunities and challenges in China. It discusses China's large population and economic transition, as well as restrictions on foreign investment. Key sectors highlighted for opportunities include clean technology, healthcare, and services for an aging population. The document also outlines challenges such as a lack of protection for intellectual property, rising costs, and a need to understand Chinese culture and business practices.
This document discusses political ideologies and compares the platforms of liberalism, conservatism, and libertarianism. It provides samples of core beliefs and policy positions for each ideology, including views on taxes, the role of government, social issues, and the environment. Students engaged in activities to explore their own values and compare them to the different party platforms. They were assigned a reflection comparing whether they believe government should be smaller or larger, supported by examples from the reading.
The document provides an overview of a seminar on effective state government lobbying. It discusses:
1) The seminar covers methods, strategies, and skills for effective lobbying at the state level in legislatures and executive agencies.
2) Key aspects of effective legislative lobbying covered include assessing political strength, building infrastructure, crafting bills, working with staff, using procedures, gaining support, and motivating lawmakers.
3) Effective executive agency lobbying focuses on rulemaking, appeals processes, and technical/expert aspects of influencing agency decisions.
This document discusses law reform in Australia. It provides examples of law reform processes that have occurred, including mandatory sentencing laws for assaults involving intoxication in NSW and debates around euthanasia. It outlines the various mechanisms of law reform, including law reform commissions, parliamentary committees, media, non-government organizations, and international bodies. Law reform aims to modernize and simplify laws, remedy injustices, and adapt to changing social values and new technologies.
The political, legal and Technological Environment 南臺科技大學
This document discusses the political, legal, and technological environment that multinational corporations operate within globally. It introduces different political ideologies and systems, the four foundations of global law, principles of international law, issues regarding technology and global production shifts, and how advances in certain technologies may impact developing nations.
The document discusses the structure and organization of the federal bureaucracy in the United States. It describes how the bureaucracy implements public policy through specialized staff selected based on expertise. It is organized hierarchically and aims to apply rules impartially. The bureaucracy has grown significantly over time and now includes cabinet departments, independent agencies, and government organizations. It implements the federal budget and is subject to congressional oversight while also having some autonomous authority.
The document discusses several key federal labor and employment laws in the United States, including:
1. The National Labor Relations Act of 1935, which established the right of employees to unionize and collectively bargain.
2. The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, which set standards for minimum wage, overtime pay, recordkeeping, and child labor.
3. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibited discrimination in employment based on race, color, religion, sex or national origin.
4. The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, which prohibits employment discrimination against qualified individuals with disabilities.
The document provides an overview of the purpose and requirements of these major federal statutes that form the
The document discusses issues faced by Yahoo China and challenges of operating internationally, including political and management missteps that hurt Yahoo's performance in China. It also covers different political philosophies like individualism, collectivism, and socialism that influence business environments, as well as ethics, human rights, technology, and other topics international companies must navigate.
The document discusses the political and legal environments that multinational enterprises must consider when operating in different countries. It covers various political systems like democracy and totalitarianism. It also discusses political risks companies may face like government actions that could negatively impact operations. The legal environment section focuses on different types of legal systems like common law and civil law. The document provides an overview of key factors in the political and legal environments that international businesses must analyze.
This document discusses laws, norms, and rules. It provides examples of rules from Lord of the Flies and discusses what norm Ralph broke by undressing on the beach. It defines what law is, explaining that rules create rights and responsibilities and need to be generally accepted and enforced. Questions are provided about following rules at school. The document discusses why laws are needed in society to regulate interactions and keep order. It notes that without road laws, driving would be dangerous. Overall, the document explores the purpose of rules, norms, laws and why they are important for orderly functioning of society.
Public Policy 301: Designing Your Legislative Intervention to Influence Publ...gjcpp
This document summarizes a workshop on designing legislative interventions to influence public policy. The workshop covers identifying issues and strategies, examples of past interventions, and legal and ethical considerations around lobbying legislators. It aims to help participants develop their own legislative intervention plans. The document provides an overview of the workshop sections and describes the presenter's background working in public policy advocacy.
The document provides information about business and free enterprise in the United States in response to several scout merit badge requirements. It defines key features of the free market system including private property, price system, market competition, and entrepreneurship. It also describes the differences between freedom and license. The document discusses important figures in business history like Henry Ford, Steve Jobs, and Sam Walton. It identifies five primary areas of business: value creation, marketing, sales, value delivery, and finance. It also discusses the history and importance of labor unions in the US and provides examples of major current unions. Finally, it describes how business impacts the local, national, and global economies.
Human Rights Fracture in Context--Differences in Approaches to Realizing Huma...Larry Catá Backer
The early fracture of the unity of human rights in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights into a focus on social economic and cultural rights on the one hand, and on political and civil rights on the other has deep implications for the focus and practice of human rights in context, especially within home states in multinational enterprise supply chain systems. These differences are more pronounced where the political context of home states may be different from accepted forms common in developed states. This is particularly the case with two of the most important emerging states--India and China. India provides an example of the approach to human rights protection in which economic and social rights are vindicated through the application of political and civil rights within a state in which individual rights are understood as constraints against state power and courts serve a critical mediating role. In China, on the other hand, civil and political rights are vindicated through the state and its role in ensuring the provision of social, economic and cultural rights through the administrative apparatus of the state, within a state in which individual welfare is understood as a core obligation fo the state to be vindicated through governmental action. These differences have important ramification for the way in which international human rights frameworks, like the UN Guiding Principles, may be successfully transposed in context. These are explored in the paper through examples from both states.
The Political, Legal, and Technological Environment of Global BusinessIsmam Shawon
The document provides an overview of the political, legal, and technological environments faced by global businesses. It discusses key aspects of these environments, including:
- The political situations in countries like China, Russia, Europe, and the Middle East that global businesses must navigate.
- The four main foundations of global law: Islamic law, socialist law, common law, and civil law.
- Important principles of international law around sovereignty, jurisdiction, and treatment of foreign citizens and businesses.
- Legal and regulatory issues such as the US Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and challenges of bureaucratic governments.
- How technological capabilities in e-business and telecommunications are shaping global shifts in production and commerce.
Polycentricity in South Asian Human Rights Law: On the Strategic and Simultan...Larry Catá Backer
This document summarizes a presentation on polycentricity in human rights law in South Asia related to multinational corporations (MNCs). It discusses the rise of multiple governance systems beyond the state that implement human rights, including private supplier codes of conduct, sovereign wealth funds, and international soft law. It examines this emerging polycentric framework in India, noting the country's rights-based legal discourse but also limitations of the judicial system. Alternative governance structures are opening up due to issues like distrust in state institutions and problems of caste and gender rights. The talk aims to analyze how individuals and MNCs can protect rights in this complex landscape through strategic litigation, as shown in two case studies.
Media professionals need to understand media and communications law to avoid legal issues and protect themselves. The laws cover issues like privacy, defamation, contempt of court, and how journalists report on legal cases. Understanding the legal system and one's obligations is important for professionalism in communications work. While laws provide guidelines, their interpretation may change over time or differ from ethical standards. Staying aware of relevant laws helps navigating legal and ethical responsibilities.
This document discusses business ethics and law. It lists members of a group discussing ethics and law topics. It defines ethics and business ethics, then outlines the history of business ethics. It discusses current trends in corporate social responsibility. Examples of Enron and Nike's ethical issues are provided. The document defines law and various areas of business law. It compares ethics to law, noting that ethics are moral codes internal to individuals while law are rules enforced by the government.
This chapter discusses globalization and international linkages. It examines the major trends in global and regional economic integration. It also analyzes the changing balance of global economic power and shifts in trade and investment flows among countries. The chapter outlines the economic systems of different countries and recent developments that reflect those systems. It provides an overview of the economic performance and competitiveness of major world regions including North America, South America, Europe, Asia, and developing/emerging countries.
This chapter discusses key legal issues in employment for sport managers, including the employment-at-will doctrine, protections from discrimination, sexual harassment laws, and major federal employment legislation. It covers topics such as hiring, promotion, retention, injuries on the job, and protections for employees under the Civil Rights Act, Americans with Disabilities Act, and other laws regarding safety, medical coverage, leave, wages, and more. Employment law is an important area for sport managers to understand to properly manage their employees and avoid legal issues.
The document discusses the relationship between technology and crime, including how technology enables new forms of criminal behavior like cybercrime. It covers various types of cybercrimes, challenges in investigating computer crimes, and how technology is used by law enforcement to combat crime through tools like DNA analysis and computer forensics. The use of technology in both enabling crime and fighting crime is an ongoing challenge as each adapts to changes in the other.
This document provides an overview of business opportunities and challenges in China. It discusses China's large population and economic transition, as well as restrictions on foreign investment. Key sectors highlighted for opportunities include clean technology, healthcare, and services for an aging population. The document also outlines challenges such as a lack of protection for intellectual property, rising costs, and a need to understand Chinese culture and business practices.
This document discusses political ideologies and compares the platforms of liberalism, conservatism, and libertarianism. It provides samples of core beliefs and policy positions for each ideology, including views on taxes, the role of government, social issues, and the environment. Students engaged in activities to explore their own values and compare them to the different party platforms. They were assigned a reflection comparing whether they believe government should be smaller or larger, supported by examples from the reading.
The document provides an overview of a seminar on effective state government lobbying. It discusses:
1) The seminar covers methods, strategies, and skills for effective lobbying at the state level in legislatures and executive agencies.
2) Key aspects of effective legislative lobbying covered include assessing political strength, building infrastructure, crafting bills, working with staff, using procedures, gaining support, and motivating lawmakers.
3) Effective executive agency lobbying focuses on rulemaking, appeals processes, and technical/expert aspects of influencing agency decisions.
This document summarizes the key rules around advocacy and political activities for charities and non-profits in Canada. It outlines the prevailing political environment, different regulatory structures for charities and NGOs, and relevant public ethics regimes around lobbying, political financing, anti-terrorism, and hospitality for officials. The document then focuses on specific rules around advocacy for recipients of government funds, political activities by Canadian charities, and acceptable advocacy by registered charities according to CRA guidelines.
This document provides an overview of the US political system and process. It discusses political ideology, party systems, the history and organization of political parties in the US including Democrats, Republicans, and third parties. It also covers public opinion, interest groups, voting, elections, and how a bill becomes law. Key aspects of the legislative and executive branches are outlined as well, including the organization and functions of political parties, Congress, the presidency, and federal bureaucracy.
The document discusses different perspectives on law and order policy in the UK, including liberal, authoritarian, Conservative, and Labour approaches. It outlines that historically Conservatives were seen as tougher on crime but since the 1990s both major parties have adopted increasingly authoritarian stances to "out tough" each other. While they agree on tougher policing and criminal justice policies, there are some divisions around balancing punishment with addressing social causes of crime and potential civil liberties infringements.
This document discusses political innovation in the UK, including:
1) Recent innovations include increasing transparency through websites like TheyWorkForYou that provide information on MPs, greater use of online tools by some MPs, and petition sites like 38 Degrees that allow citizens to email campaigns targeting politicians.
2) However, political culture in the UK remains relatively centralized and incremental in reform. Elected representatives are often resistant to online activity and transparency efforts are sometimes used more as political tools than for genuine democratic participation.
3) Future opportunities for innovation include open data initiatives that crowdsource analysis, co-design of policy, and using gaming and data analytics to better understand citizens' perspectives. However, democratic implications of new approaches
This document provides an overview of political science as an academic field of study. It discusses key concepts like how politics involves change over time and affects both governmental and personal lives. It also outlines different approaches to studying politics such as normative versus empirical, and tools used like traditionalism, behavioralism, and post-behavioralism. The document explains the subfields of political science and how politics is interconnected with economics and other actors beyond just governments.
This document provides an overview of political science as an academic field of study. It discusses key concepts like how politics involves change over time and affects both governmental and personal lives. It also outlines different approaches to studying politics such as normative versus empirical, and tools used like traditionalism, behavioralism, and post-behavioralism. The document explains the subfields of political science and how politics is interconnected with economics and other actors beyond just governments.
The document provides an overview of key concepts related to the US government, including the purposes of government, constitutional vocabulary, branches of government, federalism, political beliefs, women's suffrage movements, voter participation, elections, campaign finance, and institutions of government such as Congress, the Presidency, and bureaucracy. It defines important terms and provides examples for concepts like the roles and powers of the President.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in public health ethics. It discusses basic questions around balancing individual freedoms and social responsibilities. It also defines key terms like ethics, law, regulations, and rules. Additionally, it covers differences between western and eastern approaches to ethics. The document outlines some common ethical issues in public health like balancing individual vs. community rights, and acting on evidence versus not acting. It also discusses ethical principles of autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice as guides for public health action.
The document discusses different approaches to studying public administration and bureaucracy. It begins by noting how the federal bureaucracy impacts many aspects of citizens' daily lives. It then outlines four main approaches: the traditional managerial approach views administrators as apolitical and emphasizes efficiency; the new public management approach borrows from business and focuses on outcomes; the political approach sees administration as political and incremental; and the legal approach emphasizes applying the law fairly and protecting due process and individual rights. Each approach views the role of administrators, decision-making processes, organizational structures, and individuals differently.
This document discusses subsystem politics in public policymaking. It describes how policymaking is divided among specialized committees and subcommittees in Congress and within government agencies. Bureaucracies are divided into smaller subunits that focus on specific policy areas, while interest groups also work to influence policies within their issue areas. One influential arrangement is the "iron triangle" between relevant committees, agencies, and interest groups who benefit each other. The document also categorizes types of public policy according to Theodore Lowi's typology, including regulatory, redistributive, distributive, and constituent policies, and how they differ in their structures, discretion levels, and relationships with outside groups.
This document discusses several political topics in the United States, including the major parties, their stances on issues, and trends over time. The Democratic Party generally supports an active government role in society and the economy, while the Republican Party typically favors a limited government that allows the free market to operate. Specific issues covered include healthcare, taxes, the environment, guns, abortion, and same-sex marriage. Charts and maps are provided to illustrate how views and policies have changed regarding these topics.
The document outlines key concepts in politics and government from around the world. It discusses different political systems such as monarchies, authoritarianism, and democracy. It also covers topics like political parties, interest groups, and the role of money in politics. The purpose is to help students understand fundamental concepts in political science on a global scale.
This chapter discusses government ethics and laws. It describes committees that address ethics for the executive, legislative and judicial branches. These committees deal with issues like gifts, conflicts of interest and financial disclosure. Laws discussed include the 14th Amendment, Civil Rights Act, and HIPAA which protect individual rights like equal protection and privacy. The chapter examines how public policy on healthcare quality, research, referrals and advance directives uphold ethics. It also reviews the Sarbanes-Oxley Act passed after corporate scandals to increase accountability and transparency. The concept of "political malpractice" refers to negligent conduct by elected officials that harms the public, similar to medical malpractice.
Political science is the study of politics and government. It examines how governments are formed and how they function, as well as relationships between states. Political science has several subfields, including comparative politics, international relations, political theory, public administration, and public policy. There are also various political ideologies like democracy, socialism, communism, conservatism, liberalism, anarchism, fascism and Islamism. Power can take different forms such as coercive, reward, legitimate, expert and referent power. Political philosophy concerns debates around the ideal form of government and political leadership.
This document discusses key concepts related to politics and governance. It defines politics as the creation and maintenance of social norms and rules through the exercise of power and decision making. Governance refers to the process of governing a state or group of people through political leadership. The document outlines important actors and approaches in politics, as well as characteristics of good governance like participation, rule of law, transparency, and accountability.
This document outlines a presentation on public policy. It discusses three types of policy, three arenas where policy is made, and three types of policymakers. It describes the policy process and five ways that elected bodies make policy, including lawmaking, budgeting, rulemaking, oversight, and sunset reviews. It emphasizes that citizens and groups can influence policy by understanding the process and participating through contacting elected officials, organizing, protests, and other civic engagement activities.
This document discusses political ideologies and parties in the United States. It outlines the main differences between liberalism and conservatism as the two dominant political ideologies. Liberals generally believe in more individual freedom and government intervention in the economy, while conservatives believe in more traditional social values and less government intervention in the economy. The document also discusses the role of political parties in representing ideologies and electing candidates, the two-party system of Democrats and Republicans, and the functions and types of minor third parties.
Similar to Ethics, Privacy & Access to Information: PPAL 6120 3.0 (20)
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
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Ethics, Privacy & Access to Information: PPAL 6120 3.0
1. Ethics, Privacy and Access to
Information: PPAL 6120 3.0
Jan 8, 2013
Ian Greene
York University
School of Public Policy & Administration
2. My Background
• Grew up in Alberta
• BA: University of Alberta (political science)
• Graduate work: University of Toronto: law and politics
• Worked for the Alberta government for four years
(1972-3 and 1982-5)
• Always had an interest in ethics theory – issues around
growing up in a small town
• Got interested in practical ethics & ethical politics in
1986 at time of Sinclair Stevens inquiry
• Co-authored Honest Politics in 1997 with another
Albertan, David Shugarman
• Co-authored A Question of Ethics with Maureen
Mancuso and others
3. Purpose of Presentation
• to provide some observations about the
principles behind public sector ethics, the
Canadian system of Ethics Commissioners, and
links between conflict of interest regimes and
lobbyist legislation
• Ethics is the branch of philosophy that examines
theories about right and wrong. Practical ethics
is the application of ethical rules (derived in part
from the philosophy aspect) to particular
practices.
4. Ethics in Politics in the Anglo-Canadian
System
• Ethics has been an important consideration in any system
of government, whether present or absent. Ethics has
been a key part of the Anglo-Canadian system of
government at least since the Glorious Revolution in 1688
• Establishment of a constitutional monarchy, and
recognition of principles of the rule of law & social equality.
• John Locke: government should exercise power not
through “extemporary arbitrary decrees, but...by
promulgated standing laws, and known authorized
judges.... [The Laws are] not to be varied in particular
cases, but [there should be] one rule for rich and poor, for
the favorite at court, and the countryman at plough.”
5. Locke’s ethical philosophy
• Locke was a physician who was learned in
philosophy & theology.
• He believed that every human being is equal in
the sight of God, and therefore deserves to be
treated with respect by government. People also
have a duty to respect each other.
• Argued for a government based on the rule of
law -- representative legislatures should be the
only source of law.
• The rule of law is meaningless unless the law is
applied impartially - thus judicial independence.
6. Impartiality Principle
• Locke & rule of law theorists since then have
emphasized the importance of the impartial
application of the law by the executive and public
service.
• Dicey (1885): a biased application of the law is
abuse of power.
• Legislatures are supreme in the creation of law,
and should create laws that reflect the “will of
the people,” not narrow or special interests.
7. Shugarman-Greene Position
• Democracy is government based on the principle of mutual respect, which
implies:
– Social equality
– Deference to the majority
– Minority rights
– Freedom
– Integrity
• These principles imply ethical duties for public officials: impartiality,
fiduciary trust, and accountability & responsibility. The 5 principles and 3
ethical duties are supported by the legal principles of the rule of law, and
the doctrine of fairness.
• Ethics principles in the public sector are derived from mutual respect
8. Application to Lobbyists
• Lobbying and lobbyists have always existed; lobbying
as a specialization or profession is more recent.
• In 1972-3 I was assistant to an Alberta cabinet minister.
I met either professional lobbyists or people wanting
particular changes to government policy at least
weekly. They often had good ideas that if
implemented advanced the public interest.
• I did my best to consider their advice impartially before
making recommendations to the Minister. I was not
infrequently offered a free lunch or dinner or coffee –
always considered that wrong and never accepted. I
did not want either to appear to be beholden or feel
that I owed something in return. (Many found this
difficult to understand – “normal business practice.”)
9. Lobbyist Legislation
• “Close to iron rule of creation or amendment
of lobbyist legislation”: nearly always a
reaction to a scandal. There are a few
exceptions resulting from extraordinary
leadership: eg. Lynn Morrison (Ontario
Integrity Commissioner) has had some success
in proactive recommendations.
• First lobbyist legislation in Canada: federal
Lobbyist Registration Act in reaction to
concern about Frank Moores’ lobbying Air
Canada on behalf of Airbus Industries.
10. Airbus
• Moores: former Premier of Newfoundland; friend of
Brian Mulroney; worked with Carlheinz Schreiber in
the early 1980s to lobby Air Canada (then a crown
corporation) to purchase a fleet of aircraft from
Airbus Industries.
• Moores was also appointed, for a time (until the
conflict of interest became public) to the Board of Air
Canada.
• In reaction, Mulroney created a consultation process
re lobbyist regulation; federal Lobbyist Registration
enacted in 1988 (effective in 1989)
• Shenanigans from this period led to the Oliphant
commission that reported in 2010.
11. Ethics, lobbyists & conflicts of interest
• Because our political system and civil society stress
equality, impartiality and mutual respect, we tend to object
to “undue influence” – special interests trying to use
government for their own benefit rather than the general
public interest.
• If lobbyists behave secretively or unethically, many
members of the public sense this is wrong.
• Similarly, if public officials use public office for their own
advancement (conflict of interest), we sense this is wrong.
• Therefore lobbyist and conflict of interest rules are both
and essential part of a government ethics system that
promotes the rule of law, impartiality, equality & mutual
respect.
12. Conflict of interest legislation
• Late 1980s: numerous conflict of interest scandals
involving cabinet ministers in Ontario, BC and Ottawa.
• Sinclair Stevens scandal (1986) & Parker inquiry
• Ontario: Aird report recommended conflict of interest
legislation for cabinet, & and an independent ethics
commissioner.
• Peterson gov’t went further – legislation applied to all
MPPs. Political motives for this, but turned out to be a
good policy.
• This became the “Canadian Model”, which is now part of
every Canadian province, territory and Parliament, and
has spread to some cities and Australian states.
13. Establishment of Ethics Commissioners
in Canada
• Ontario 1988
• British Columbia 1990
• Nova Scotia 1991 (designated judge)
• Alberta 1992
• Newfd/Lab 1993
• Saskatchewan 1994
• NWT 1998
• PEI 1999
• New Brunswick 2000
• Nunavut 2000
• Manitoba 2002
• Yukon 2002
• Quebec 2002 (jurisconsult) 2011 Canadian Model
• House of Commons 2004
• Senate 2005
14. What do the ethics commissioners do?
• Educational role
– Meet with elected members soon after election
and annually to review legislation and personal
finances
– Disclosure
• Investigatory role
– Investigate complaints by elected members
– Sometimes investigate complaints from public
15. Controversy over whether these
regimes work
• Some academics: no evidence that these
regimes do any good. Possibly a waste of
money, just window dressing, therefore they
increase public cynicism
• Other academics: education can’t do any
harm; quick investigations of complaints
useful; there seem to be fewer conflict of
interest scandals
17. Conflict of Interest Events Index
Pre- and Post-Commissioner
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Index X 100
Ont B.C. N.S. AB Nfld Sask NB Man Canada
Jurisdiction
Pre-Com
Post-Com
18. Conflict of Interest Events Index
Pre- and Post-Commissioner
Total number of substantiated “events”
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Index X 100
Ont B.C. N.S. AB Nfld Sask NB Man Canada
Jurisdiction
Pre-Com
Post-Com
19. What does the evidence show?
• There has been a dramatic drop in the number of reported conflict of interest
media stories since the introduction of ethics commissioners.
• There has been an even more dramatic drop in the number of substantiated
events in most jurisdictions.
• There is more incentive to make a complaint, because there is a way of having the
complaint heard. Party whips should ensure that only bona fide complaints are
filed.
• Unlike in the pre-commissioner days, there is a quick and credible way of resolving
conflict of interest allegations.
• The amount of time taken up by conflict of interest stories on radio/tv, and the
number of columns in the print media, has been substantially reduced (except
regarding federal politics).
• Because there was no federal ethics commissioner until 2004, federal “events”
remained prominent until then. The Gomery commission kept federal “events”
newsworthy up to today.
• Now that Gomery has reported, and now that the federal ethics regime in place,
there is likely to be a substantial nation-wide decrease in the number of conflict of
interest media stories – as long as the federal regime remains stable. This will
result in greater public trust in the political system. The instability caused by
proposed FAA reforms may have the opposite effect.
20. Reg Bibby
The Bibby Report (1995), p. 110
• Confidence in Leadership
»1985 1990 1995
• Police 75% 70% 68%
• Business * 42% 38%
• Courts 49% 43% 35%
• Fed 30% 13% 25%
Gov’t
21. Differences between provincial and
federal regimes
• Regimes must cover two houses federally; only one in each
province/territory
• House of Commons has three to four (or more) times the number of
members of provincial/territorial legislatures. The educational task
becomes daunting
• Add to this the fact that the federal Ethics Commissioner is also
responsible for oversight of order in council appointments, and senior
public service appointments. This is an important degree of distinction.
• Personal relationship between commissioner and elected members
extremely important for system to function properly (at least from
provincial experience). The commissioner needs to be highly respected,
and needs to be able to meet personally with members annually and as
needed to advise.
22. Ethics issues are frequently complex
• Practical ethics is the application of general
principles to specific situations
• Often the application is unclear, underlining
the importance of the educational role of the
ethics commissioner
• Survey conducted by Maureen Mancuso and
colleagues in mid-1990s illustrates complexity
of some ethics issues
23. A Question of Ethics:
Canadians Speak Out (1998, 2006)
• Authors: Maureen Mancuso, Michael Atkinson,
Andre Blais, Ian Greene, Neil Nevitte
• Reports on a survey of more 1400 Canadians,
selected at random, about their attitudes toward
ethics issues in politics
• Questionnaire carefully designed to test attitudes
toward public sector conflicts of interest, gifts &
gains, patronage, and lying
24. Do you agree that MPs should have higher ethical standards than
the average person?
25. 1. A cabinet minister helps a builder get an important gov’t contract. In return,
minister gets free use of builder’s cottage for a week. On scale from 0 (not
acceptable) to 10 (totally acceptable), where do you place this?
2. An MP owns a clothing store
and votes for a bill to provide
loans to small businesses.
3. Min of Agriculture owns a large
farm.
4. Min of Tourism owns a large
hotel.
5. A senator with no outside
employment agrees to serve as
a corporate director for a small
fee.
26. Conflict of interest scenarios
1. An MP helps a restaurant owner
get a liquor license. The owner
sends the MP a cheque for $5000.
What should the MP do? (3
choices)
2. Brother of former Energy Min asks
former Min for advice re a tax
break for his oil company. What
should former Min do? (3 choices)
3. Cab min has a big debt after
election. Advisors say sponsor a
$500/plate breakfast where
attendees can talk to Min about
their concerns. What should Min
do (3 choices)
27. Cab Min helps builder get contract, gets free use of
builder’s cottage for a week
31. MP helps get liquor license, gets cheque for $5000
32. Lobbyist legislation
• Lobbyist legislation was slower to spread
• Why? My guess – more conflict of interest scandals for
governments to react to than scandals involving lobbyists
• Those intent on taking advantage of others for their own self-
interest will choose the easiest route; so sensible COI and
lobbyiest legislation are equally important
• Because of the nature of city government, and the
tremendous risk for undue influence, sensible ethics rules are
as important municipally as federally & provincially. Thanks to
the recommendations of the Bellamy Commission on the
computer leasing inquiry in Toronto, Toronto now has an
ethics commissioner and a lobbyist commissioner backed up
with complementary rules. This model is quickly spreading to
other municipalites across Canada, with the usual growing
challenges.
33. Relation between Roles
• Some jurisdictions: separate conflict of
interest, and lobbyist commissioners
• Other jurisdictions: merger of roles
• Depends on size of jurisdiction (merger would
be unwise for Parliament) and historical
development (sometimes lobbyist registrar
came prior to COI commissioner)
• Regardless, parliamentary/legislative officers
with ethics roles need to develop a
coordinated strategy
34. Some other jurisdictions
• US: The concept of impartial regulation of
ethics rules is much less frequent than in
Canada because of more polarized politics
• Europe: far behind Canada because other
issues have been more pressing for them
• European Parliament: 1996: lobbyists who
registered could lobby within the precincts of
the Parliament. 2008: European Commission
created a parallel system; 2 systems merged in
2011
35. European States
• Some have fairly recent lobbyist registration legislation:
Germany, Lithuania, Poland, Hungary, France
• UK: voluntary registration system through the UK Public
Affairs Council, a nonprofit organization for lobbyists
• Australia: federal lobbyist registration legislation in 2008.
Similar to Canadian legislation. A long time in gestation.
• Canada is a world pioneer in government ethics legislation,
including lobbyist legislation. This means other jurisdictions
can learn from our experiments and mis-steps.
• A major challenge: what is not prohibited is often considered
acceptable by the unscrupulous – unless there is a code of
conduct that expands on the basic principles of ethics in
democracy.
36. Whistleblowing legislation
• Both Ontario and Canada (federal) have whistle-
blowing legislation
• Public servants must go through the regular channels
first, and if unsuccessful, can go to the
whistleblowing authority
• Whistleblowing authority may investigate and may
prevent firing in the mean time. Mediation is often
used.
• Small amounts of legal fees covered; often
whistleblowing authority’s legislation is too late to
help
37. Public servants: Alberta
• Part 4 of Code: Employees are expected in all regards to
conduce their duties with impartiality.
• Employees are required to disclose to their Deputy Head or
designate any situation involving them which is a conflict or
an apparent conflict of interest.
• Employees are in conflict of interest … if they
– a) take part in a decision… knowing that the decision might
further a private interest of the employee, their spouse or minor
child, or
– b) use their public role to influence or seek to influence a
Government decision which could further a private interest of
the employee, their spouse or minor child, or
– c) use or communicate information not available to the general
public that was gained by the employee in the course of carrying
out their duties, to further or seek to further a private interest
of the employee, their spouse or minor child.
38. Enforcement and education
• Employees are required to notify the manager of their unit
of a potential conflict of interest. The Deputy Head is
ultimately responsible for enforcing the Code and making
rulings about potential conflicts of interest and their
resolution.
• Rulings of the Deputy Head can be appealed to the Ethics
Commissioner.
• Could find nothing on the web page of the Personnel
Administration Office about education about the code, or
who to go to for clarification other than unit managers.
• What training do Deputy Heads and managers have about
the Code in general and conflicts of interest in particular?
• In some provinces, there are ethics advisors in every unit,
and they have received training regarding public service
ethics and the relevant codes in particular.
39. Some ethical dilemmas
• When I worked for Alberta Social Services (1982-
5) my wife worked for a CA firm that audited a
shelter for battered women, 80% funded by the
agency I supervised. Potential conflict of interest
here?
– Yes – I discussed with my manager and she talked to
her manager. Since she was not on that particular
audit, and since there was an internal “firewall” in the
accounting firm, both managers decided that there
were enough safeguards to prevent this potential
conflict from becoming a “real” conflict.
40. Confidentiality
• Canadian Press, March 8, 2011: Veterans Affairs
bureaucrats who rifled through the personal files of a
department critic were handed written reprimands and
three-day suspensions….
An internal investigation found 54 veterans bureaucrats
improperly snooped through Sean Bruyea's personal files,
including medical and psychiatric reports. Some of them
used the information to smear the outspoken critic.
The two-month internal investigation determined that 614
employees handled his file over a number of years, but
many had no need to do so.
41. Confidentiality – Alberta Code
• Part 4 of Alberta Code: The responsibility for
maintaining the confidentiality of information
or documents includes the responsibility of re-
ensuring that such information or documents
are not directly or indirectly made available to
unauthorized persons.
• Federal code contains similar provisions. Why
did not one of 614 employees raise objections
to misuse of confidential information?
42. Speaking publicly
• Part 4: Employees who speak or write publicly shall
ensure that they do not release information in
contravention of the oath of office set out in s 20 of the
Public Service Act.
• S. 20: I,_____ , do swear that I will execute according
to law and to the best of my ability the duties required
of me as an employee in the public service of Alberta
and that I will not, without due authorization, disclose
or make known any matter or thing which comes to my
knowledge by reason of my employment in the public
service.
43. Dirty Hands
• Dirty hands is the term for lying, and justifying
it in the public interest.
• Problem: “in the public interest” is sometimes
interpreted by elected politicians to be
something that is in their party’s interest.
Robocalls?
• In peace time, is it ever justifiable to lye, and
then justify it in the public interest?
44. Conclusion
• Democracy cannot thrive without being ethical
• Democracy is an attempt to put ethical principles -- including
mutual respect, the rule of law, social equality and
impartiality – into effect.
• Undue influence is contrary to these principles, and has been
at least since 1688
• There are new challenges to ethical politics that arise every
day. EG the fact that media lobbyists are unregulated and
have not code of conduct – and the media have a huge impact
on public policy.
• The Canadian system of lobbyist regulation is currently the
most advanced in the world. That puts an onus on all of us to
continually evaluate our situation and lobby for
improvements so as to present useful examples to others.