The document discusses the history and epidemiology of schizophrenia. It notes that Emil Kraepelin first described the illness in 1887 and characterized its chronic and deteriorating course. Eugen Bleuler renamed it schizophrenia in 1911 and recognized its cognitive impairment. Kurt Schneider emphasized psychotic symptoms like hallucinations and delusions in diagnosis. Schizophrenia typically develops between ages 15-25 in males and later in females, with a prevalence of around 1% worldwide. It has both genetic and environmental risk factors.
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that generally appears in late adolescence or early adulthood - however, it can emerge at any time in life. It is one of many brain diseases that may include delusions, loss of personality (flat affect), confusion, agitation, social withdrawal, psychosis, and bizarre behavior.
• Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
• Paranoid Schizophrenia
After clicking a disorder, click the Diagnostic Overview tab in the left column. This will cover the major diagnostic features of the disorder. After that, click the DSM-5 Features tab. You can then go though the Case History, Interview, and Treatment sections on the website. Finally, in the Assessment section, you can complete an optional multiple-choice quiz. You have to write a case report for each case study.
The format for the sample report is as follows:
Your Name
Instructor's Name
Class/Section Number
Background
• Outline the major symptoms of this disorder.
• Briefly outline the client's background (age, race, occupations, etc.).
• Describe any factors in the client's background that might predispose him or her to this disorder.
Observations
• Describe any symptoms that you have observed that support the diagnosis. You can include direct quotes or behaviors that you may have observed.
• Describe any symptoms or behaviors that are inconsistent with the diagnosis.
• Provide any information that you have about the development of this disorder.
Diagnosis
• Did you observe any evidence of general medical conditions that might contribute to the development of this disorder?
• Did you observe any evidence of psychosocial and environmental problems that might contribute to this disorder?
• As per your observations, what is the client’s overall level of safety regarding potential harm to self or others (suicidality or homicidality)?
• What cross-cultural issues, if any, affect the differential diagnosis?
Therapeutic Intervention
• In your opinion, what are the appropriate short-term goals of this intervention?
• In your opinion, what are the appropriate long-term goals of this intervention?
• Which therapeutic strategy seems the most appropriate in this case? Why?
• Which therapeutic modality seems the most appropriate in this case? Why?
APA format
Diagnostic overview
Schizophrenia is the most debilitating form of mental illness . This disorder which can come on quite suddenly distorts a person thoughts , perceptions and mood, and leaves them unable to meet the ordinary demands of life .
There is no single test to determine who suffers from schizophrenia. Instead the diagnoses is made when a person expresses a collection set of symptoms. The symptoms can be divided into three categories. One positive symptoms two negative symptoms and three social dysfunction.
One positive sentence
Positive symptoms include overt behaviors that are unusual and that interferes with the persons ability to interact in a daily life. The Two most common types of positive symptoms include delusional and hallucinations. It is essential to understand the difference between these two.
A delusion is a firmly held beliefs that is not grounded in real life. There are many types of delusions for example when a person vastly overestimate his or her importance we would ...
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that generally appears in late adolescence or early adulthood - however, it can emerge at any time in life. It is one of many brain diseases that may include delusions, loss of personality (flat affect), confusion, agitation, social withdrawal, psychosis, and bizarre behavior.
• Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
• Paranoid Schizophrenia
After clicking a disorder, click the Diagnostic Overview tab in the left column. This will cover the major diagnostic features of the disorder. After that, click the DSM-5 Features tab. You can then go though the Case History, Interview, and Treatment sections on the website. Finally, in the Assessment section, you can complete an optional multiple-choice quiz. You have to write a case report for each case study.
The format for the sample report is as follows:
Your Name
Instructor's Name
Class/Section Number
Background
• Outline the major symptoms of this disorder.
• Briefly outline the client's background (age, race, occupations, etc.).
• Describe any factors in the client's background that might predispose him or her to this disorder.
Observations
• Describe any symptoms that you have observed that support the diagnosis. You can include direct quotes or behaviors that you may have observed.
• Describe any symptoms or behaviors that are inconsistent with the diagnosis.
• Provide any information that you have about the development of this disorder.
Diagnosis
• Did you observe any evidence of general medical conditions that might contribute to the development of this disorder?
• Did you observe any evidence of psychosocial and environmental problems that might contribute to this disorder?
• As per your observations, what is the client’s overall level of safety regarding potential harm to self or others (suicidality or homicidality)?
• What cross-cultural issues, if any, affect the differential diagnosis?
Therapeutic Intervention
• In your opinion, what are the appropriate short-term goals of this intervention?
• In your opinion, what are the appropriate long-term goals of this intervention?
• Which therapeutic strategy seems the most appropriate in this case? Why?
• Which therapeutic modality seems the most appropriate in this case? Why?
APA format
Diagnostic overview
Schizophrenia is the most debilitating form of mental illness . This disorder which can come on quite suddenly distorts a person thoughts , perceptions and mood, and leaves them unable to meet the ordinary demands of life .
There is no single test to determine who suffers from schizophrenia. Instead the diagnoses is made when a person expresses a collection set of symptoms. The symptoms can be divided into three categories. One positive symptoms two negative symptoms and three social dysfunction.
One positive sentence
Positive symptoms include overt behaviors that are unusual and that interferes with the persons ability to interact in a daily life. The Two most common types of positive symptoms include delusional and hallucinations. It is essential to understand the difference between these two.
A delusion is a firmly held beliefs that is not grounded in real life. There are many types of delusions for example when a person vastly overestimate his or her importance we would ...
It's a types of mental disorder , in which person leave as alone & hallucination & delusion is common factor of the mental health disorder.
for more info visit@ mindtotalk.in
Today Schizophrenia awareness week starts. (From 22 May 2022 to 28th May 2022). Theme for this year is "Connecting with Hope". I have tried my best to cover everything about schizophrenia a type of severe mental illness.
Downloaded on December 2, 2015 from httpwww.webmd.comschizoph.docxmadlynplamondon
Downloaded on December 2, 2015 from: http://www.webmd.com/schizophrenia/guide/schizophrenia-symptoms
Schizophrenia SymptomsIn this article
· Positive Symptoms
· Negative Symptoms
· Cognitive Symptoms
Schizophrenia changes how you think, feel, and act. Its symptoms will be different for everyone who gets the disease. The symptoms can come and go, too. No one will have all of them all of the time.
In general, there are three kinds:
· Positive (things that start to happen)
· Negative (things that stop happening)
· Cognitive (related to processing information)
They usually start between ages 16 and 30. Men often get them earlier than women.
When the disease is in full swing and symptoms are severe, the person with schizophrenia can't tell what's real and what's not. This happens less often as they get older.
People with the condition usually aren't aware that they have it until a doctor or counselor tells them. They won't even realize that something is seriously wrong. If they do happen to notice symptoms, like not being able to think straight, they might chalk it up to things like stress or being tired.
If you're concerned that you or someone you know is showing signs of schizophrenia, talk to a doctor or counselor.
Positive Symptoms
The changes you see are "add-ons" to normal behavior. The person starts thinking or doing things they didn't think or do before.
Hallucinations. They might hear, see, smell, or feel things no one else does. Most often they'll hear voices inside their heads. These might tell them what to do, warn them of danger, or say mean things to them. The voices might talk to each other.
Delusions. These are beliefs that seem strange to most people and are easy to prove wrong. The person affected might think someone is trying to control their brains through their TVs or that the FBI is out to get them. They might believe they're someone else, like a famous actor or the president, or that they have superpowers.
Confused thoughts and speech. People with schizophrenia can have a hard time organizing their thoughts. They might not be able to follow along when you talk to them. Instead, it might seem like they're zoning out or distracted. When they talk, their words can come out all jumbled and not make sense.
They can also have trouble concentrating. For example, they might lose track of what's going on in a TV show as they're watching.
Different movements. Someone with the condition can seem jumpy. Sometimes they'll make the same movements over and over again. But sometimes they might be perfectly still for hours at a stretch, which is called being catatonic. Contrary to popular belief, people with the disease usually aren't violent.
Negative Symptoms
You'll see changes because the person loses the interest in and ability to do things. These symptoms can be hard to spot, especially in teenagers, because it's normal for them to have big emotional swings between highs and lows.
Depression has some of the same symptoms, too.
Emotion ...
It's a types of mental disorder , in which person leave as alone & hallucination & delusion is common factor of the mental health disorder.
for more info visit@ mindtotalk.in
Today Schizophrenia awareness week starts. (From 22 May 2022 to 28th May 2022). Theme for this year is "Connecting with Hope". I have tried my best to cover everything about schizophrenia a type of severe mental illness.
Downloaded on December 2, 2015 from httpwww.webmd.comschizoph.docxmadlynplamondon
Downloaded on December 2, 2015 from: http://www.webmd.com/schizophrenia/guide/schizophrenia-symptoms
Schizophrenia SymptomsIn this article
· Positive Symptoms
· Negative Symptoms
· Cognitive Symptoms
Schizophrenia changes how you think, feel, and act. Its symptoms will be different for everyone who gets the disease. The symptoms can come and go, too. No one will have all of them all of the time.
In general, there are three kinds:
· Positive (things that start to happen)
· Negative (things that stop happening)
· Cognitive (related to processing information)
They usually start between ages 16 and 30. Men often get them earlier than women.
When the disease is in full swing and symptoms are severe, the person with schizophrenia can't tell what's real and what's not. This happens less often as they get older.
People with the condition usually aren't aware that they have it until a doctor or counselor tells them. They won't even realize that something is seriously wrong. If they do happen to notice symptoms, like not being able to think straight, they might chalk it up to things like stress or being tired.
If you're concerned that you or someone you know is showing signs of schizophrenia, talk to a doctor or counselor.
Positive Symptoms
The changes you see are "add-ons" to normal behavior. The person starts thinking or doing things they didn't think or do before.
Hallucinations. They might hear, see, smell, or feel things no one else does. Most often they'll hear voices inside their heads. These might tell them what to do, warn them of danger, or say mean things to them. The voices might talk to each other.
Delusions. These are beliefs that seem strange to most people and are easy to prove wrong. The person affected might think someone is trying to control their brains through their TVs or that the FBI is out to get them. They might believe they're someone else, like a famous actor or the president, or that they have superpowers.
Confused thoughts and speech. People with schizophrenia can have a hard time organizing their thoughts. They might not be able to follow along when you talk to them. Instead, it might seem like they're zoning out or distracted. When they talk, their words can come out all jumbled and not make sense.
They can also have trouble concentrating. For example, they might lose track of what's going on in a TV show as they're watching.
Different movements. Someone with the condition can seem jumpy. Sometimes they'll make the same movements over and over again. But sometimes they might be perfectly still for hours at a stretch, which is called being catatonic. Contrary to popular belief, people with the disease usually aren't violent.
Negative Symptoms
You'll see changes because the person loses the interest in and ability to do things. These symptoms can be hard to spot, especially in teenagers, because it's normal for them to have big emotional swings between highs and lows.
Depression has some of the same symptoms, too.
Emotion ...
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
2. anup.subedi10@gmail.com
Emil Kraepelin:
This illness develops relatively early in life, and its
course is likely deteriorating and chronic
It was not followed by any organic changes of the brain,
detectable at that time(1887).
3. anup.subedi10@gmail.com
Eugen Bleuler:
He renamed Kraepelin’s dementia praecox as schizophrenia
(1911);
He recognized the cognitive impairment in this illness,
which he named as a splitting of mind.
4. anup.subedi10@gmail.com
Kurt Schneider:
He emphasized the role of psychotic symptoms, as
hallucinations, delusions and gave them the privilege of
the first rank symptoms even in the concept of the
diagnosis of schizophrenia.
5. anup.subedi10@gmail.com
Symptoms usually begin between 15 to 25 yrs age for
male and with females develops later around 30 years
It is rare for a person to develop schizophrenia before 10
years of age and after 40 yrs of age.
It occurs in all societies regardless of class, color, religion,
culture etc
6. anup.subedi10@gmail.com
“A group of common major psychoses with a complex
syndromal presentation, affecting young adults (between
ages 16 and 30), showing chronic changes in behavior,
perception, thoughts and emotions, causing a fundamental
disorganization in personality and deterioration from
previous levels of functioning”
7. anup.subedi10@gmail.com
In the worldwide population, approximately 1% of
patients suffer from this severe condition.
Schizophrenia is still known as among incurable diseases
and its causes remain unknown.
8. anup.subedi10@gmail.com
The pathogenesis of schizophrenia is influenced by many
risk factors, both environmental and genetic.
The environmental factors includes:
1. Birth history
2. Infectious diseases,
3. Complications during pregnancy and delivery,
4. Substance abuse and stress.
9. anup.subedi10@gmail.com
At the present time, in addition to environmental factors,
Genetic factors are assumed to play a role in the
development of the schizophrenia.
The heritability of schizophrenia is up to 80%.
If one parent suffers from the condition, the probability
that it will be passed down to the offspring is 13%.
10. anup.subedi10@gmail.com
If it is present in both parents, the risk is more than 20%.
The opinions are varied as to the risk factors affecting the
development of schizophrenia.
11. anup.subedi10@gmail.com
It is a universal disease found in all countries and all
times with constant prevalence rates
Incidence: 15-20/ 100,000/year
Prevalence : 0.5 – 1%
Age : 15 to 45 years
Sex : Male : Female 1 : 1
Onset is earlier in men
Epidemiology and risk factors of schizophrenia
Neuroendocrinology Letters Volume 37 No. 1 2016 Jana Janoutová, MD., PhD.
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health
Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava
12. anup.subedi10@gmail.com
Some communities have high incidence :
1. Northern Sweden,
2. Western Ireland, Catholics in Canada,
3. Tamils of South India and Sri Lanka In Northern Sri
Lanka 34.6 / 100,000 / yr
Some communities have low incidence like:
1. Hutterites,
2. Anabaptist section of United States
13. anup.subedi10@gmail.com
Both parents 46%
One parent 15%
One sibling 10 – 14%
MZ twin 42%
DZ twin 10 – 14%
2nd degree relatives 2 -3 %
Not related 1%
14. anup.subedi10@gmail.com
In patients with the schizophrenia,
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
1. Reduction in volume of some brain structures (amygdala
and/or hippocampus)
2. Enlargement of brain ventricles
3. Loss of white matter (Butterworth 1998).
Schizophrenia is assumed to be associated with abnormalities
of information processing (White & Siegel 2015).
15. anup.subedi10@gmail.com
Neurotransmitter systems and intracellular signal
transduction are impaired.
Given the brain’s complexity and function, several
neurotransmitter systems are likely to be affected.
The most studied neurotransmitter in the relationship with
the schizophrenia is dopamine (Andreou et al. 2014),
with regard to both etiopathogenesis and therapeutic
options.
Another important neurotransmitter is glutamate
(Nanitsos et al. 2005; Šerý et al. 2015a).
18. anup.subedi10@gmail.com
Viral infection
- In utero influenza like virus
Birth trauma
- Hypoxia, cerebral injuries
Endocrine Factors
Postpartum psychosis
Later onset in females
Stress
Psychological – life events, trauma, migration
Physical – Viral encephalitis, Pyrexia,
anti-malarials, surgery
19. anup.subedi10@gmail.com
Sensory loss / deprivation due to
Head injury
Epilepsy
Drugs – amphetamines, L dopa, cannabis
Multisystem disorders
Socio – cultural aspects
Low socioeconomic state
Urban (Homeless, Prostitutes, Prisons)
Single, Unemployed
21. anup.subedi10@gmail.com
Over expression of dopamine receptor in brain
Or Excessive release of dopamine
Facts to support this hypothesis:
1. Dopamine modulators (Amphetamine, Levodopa,
Apomorphine) produce schizophrenia like symptoms in
normal
2. Dopa antagonist are found to relive such symptoms
24. anup.subedi10@gmail.com
Rarest type
Characterized by unusual sudden movements switching
between being active and still
Patient doesn’t talk much but might mimic others speech
and movement
25. anup.subedi10@gmail.com
Typically seen b/w age of 15 to 25 years
Disorganized thought and behaviors are highly common
Disorganized speech pattern difficult for other to
understand
Very little emotions, poor facial expression
Unusual voice tone and mannerism
26. anup.subedi10@gmail.com
Case of long term schizophrenia where most of the
symptoms have disappeared
Only negative symptoms remain like:
1. Slow movement
2. Poor memory
3. Lack of hygiene
4. Lack of concentration
29. anup.subedi10@gmail.com
Positive symptoms:
“Positive” symptoms are psychotic behaviors not
generally seen in healthy people.
People with positive symptoms may “lose touch” with
some aspects of reality.
Hallucinations (Auditory,Visual, Olfactory, Tactile)
Delusions
30. anup.subedi10@gmail.com
Persecutory delusions. The feeling someone is after you
or that you’re being stalked, hunted.
Referential delusions. When a person believes that
public forms of communication, like song lyrics or a
gesture from a TV host, are a special message just for
them.
Somatic delusions. These center on the body. The person
thinks they have a terrible illness or bizarre health
problem like worms under the skin or damage from
cosmic rays.
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Erotomanic delusions. A person might be convinced a
celebrity is in love with them or that their partner is
cheating. Or they might think people they’re not attracted
to are pursuing them.
Religious delusions. Someone might think they have a
special relationship with a deity or that they’re possessed
by a demon.
Grandiose delusions. They consider themselves a major
figure on the world stage, like an entertainer or a
politician.
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Negative symptoms:
“Negative” symptoms are associated with disruptions to
normal emotions and behaviors.
Lack of emotions
Less energy
Less speaking
Lack of motivation
Loss of pleasure
Poor grooming
Withdraw from society and normal activities/ role
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Cognitive symptoms:
For some patients, the cognitive symptoms of
schizophrenia are subtle, but for others, they are more
severe and patients may notice changes in their memory
or other aspects of thinking.
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Subjective Sensory Distortions
Contrast Sensitivity: Decreased
Tilt After Effects: It is the observation of a temporary
change in the perceived orientation of lines after having
adapted to lines tilted in another direction.
Color Discrimination: More error than normal.
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Diagnosing schizophrenia is not easy. Sometimes using
drugs, such as methamphetamines or LSD, can cause a
person to have schizophrenia-like symptoms.
The difficulty of diagnosing this illness is compounded by
the fact that many people who are diagnosed do not
believe they have it.
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DSM-IV Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
Schizophrenia is according to lCD-10, defined from the
point of view of the presence and expression of primary
and/or secondary symptoms (at present covered by the
terms negative and positive symptoms)
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Helps to reintegrate
Training in
Self care, ADLs
Attending skills, Communication skills, Ability to
concentrate…
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Vocational training, working in a supportive environment
Helps in the management of
Negative symptoms
Dealing with resistant symptoms
Dependency / institutionalized syndrome
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• Nutrition
– Healthy Diet
– Avoid sugar, alcohol,
caffeine and
preservatives
– Add omega3 and
antioxidants
• Exercise
– Including yoga
– Improves physical and
mental health
• Stress Management
– Stress contributes to active
symptoms
– Learn to identify stressors
– Develop relaxation
techniques
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Lack of education
Lack of access to effective health care
Lack of funding for Schizophrenia and associated
diseases
Hopelessness and shame
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• We need to actively involve in treatment, and adapt a better
life for yourself.
• The Schizophrenics should be more optimistic and not live
in despair even though life challenges in many way.
•The society should play a vital role in accepting the patients
and give them their deserved chance in this material world.
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Epidemiology and risk factors of
schizophrenia Jana Janoutová 1, Petra Janáčková 1,
Omar Šerý 2,3, Tomáš Zeman 2,3, Petr Ambroz 1, Martina Kovalová 1,
Kateřina Vařechová 1, Ladislav Hosák 4,5, Vítězslav Jiřík 1, Vladimír
Janout 1. Jana Janoutová, MD., PhD.
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Faculty of Medicine, University
of Ostrava Syllabova 19, 703 00 Ostrava 3, Czech Republic. tel: +420 733 784
093; e-mail: jana.janoutova@osu.cz
Internet source
actually the neurophysiology of these processes involve deregulation of glutamatergic activity to dopamine receptors and interactions between magnocellular and parvocellular pathways.