Scarlet fever
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Streptococcal scarlet fever is an upper respiratory infection caused by group A streptococcal bacteria, commonly affecting children ages 4-8. It has an incubation period of 3-6 days and is highly contagious, spreading through airborne droplets or contact. Symptoms include fever, vomiting, sore throat, and a diffuse rash that appears 24 hours after fever. Diagnosis is usually clinical but can be confirmed with throat culture, serology tests, or Dick testing. Complications can include rheumatic fever, ear infections, and kidney problems.
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Scarlet fever
Streptococcal scarlet fever is an upper respiratory infection caused by group A streptococcal bacteria, commonly affecting children ages 4-8. It has an incubation period of 3-6 days and is highly contagious, spreading through airborne droplets or contact. Symptoms include fever, vomiting, sore throat, and a diffuse rash that appears 24 hours after fever. Diagnosis is usually clinical but can be confirmed with throat culture, serology tests, or Dick testing. Complications can include rheumatic fever, ear infections, and kidney problems.
Scarlet fever ( infectious diseases )
is an upper respiratory tract bacterial infection associated with a characteristic rash, which is caused by an infection with pyrogenic exotoxin (erythrogenic toxin) -producing GAS in individuals who do not have antitoxin antibodies In the past.
scarlet fever was thought to reflect infection of an individual lacking toxin-specific immunity with a toxin-producing strain of GAS.
Subsequent studies have suggested that development of the scarlet fever rash may reflect a hypersensitivity reaction requiring prior exposure to the toxin.
Scarlet Fever Made Very Simple and Easy
A brief description of a very common illness caused by Bacteria, Streptococcus. Commonly affecting children and presenting with sore throat, fever and rash. Useful for medical students, doctors, nurses, dermatologists and pediatricians. Refrences form Rooks textbook of dermatology. Helpful for USMLE exams and MRCP , FCPS and MCPS exams worldwide.
Pertussis (whooping cough)
Pertussis : Highly contagious respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis
Outbreaks first described in 16th century
Bordetella pertussis isolated in 1906
Estimated >300,000 deaths annually worldwide
Before the availability of pertussis vaccine in the 1940s, public health experts reported more than 200,000 cases of pertussis annually.
Since widespread use of the vaccine began, incidence has decreased more than 75% compared with the pre-vaccine era.
In 2012, the last peak year, CDC reported 48,277 cases of pertussis.
Extremely contagious-attack rate 100%
Immunity is never complete
Protection begins to wane in 3-5 yrs after vaccination
Scarlet Fever
Scarlet fever is an upper respiratory tract infection associated with a characteristic rash caused by infection with pyrogenic exotoxin-producing group A streptococcus. The rash makes the skin have a goose-pimple appearance and the tongue appear strawberry-like. For patients with classic scarlet fever, antibiotic therapy with penicillin should be started immediately, as penicillin is the drug of choice. Erythromycin is recommended for patients allergic to penicillin.
Superficial pyodermas by aseem
Non-bullous impetigo is a superficial bacterial skin infection that causes clusters of vesicles or pustules that rupture, forming honey-colored crusts. Bullous impetigo causes larger bullae that rupture, leaving larger crusts. Ecthyma is a deeper skin infection than impetigo that can cause scarring. Folliculitis causes pustules in hair follicles while furuncles are deeper infected follicles and carbuncles involve connected furuncles. Erysipelas presents as shiny, raised plaques caused mainly by streptococci bacteria. Treatment focuses on good hygiene, treating predisposing factors, cleaning and antibiotics.
Scarlet fever
Scarlet fever is caused by Group A streptococcus bacteria and presents with a distinctive rash. It commonly affects children ages 4-8 and has an incubation period of 1-7 days. Symptoms include fever, sore throat, vomiting and a sandpaper-like rash that starts on the trunk and spreads to extremities. The rash is accompanied by a red tongue with enlarged papillae ("strawberry tongue"). Diagnosis involves clinical presentation plus throat or nasal culture. Treatment involves antibiotics while complications can include rheumatic fever if left untreated.
Diphtheria ppt
This document summarizes information about Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which causes diphtheria. It is a gram-positive, non-acid fast, non-motile bacterium. Diphtheria has an incubation period of 3-4 days and is transmitted through droplets, infected skin lesions, or contaminated objects. The toxin produced by C. diphtheriae causes tissue necrosis and can obstruct airways. Symptoms include sore throat, pseudomembrane formation, and difficulty breathing. Treatment involves antitoxin and antibiotics like penicillin or erythromycin. Vaccination through DPT or Tdap is recommended to prevent diphtheria.
Recommended
Scarlet fever
Streptococcal scarlet fever is an upper respiratory infection caused by group A streptococcal bacteria, commonly affecting children ages 4-8. It has an incubation period of 3-6 days and is highly contagious, spreading through airborne droplets or contact. Symptoms include fever, vomiting, sore throat, and a diffuse rash that appears 24 hours after fever. Diagnosis is usually clinical but can be confirmed with throat culture, serology tests, or Dick testing. Complications can include rheumatic fever, ear infections, and kidney problems.
Scarlet fever ( infectious diseases )
is an upper respiratory tract bacterial infection associated with a characteristic rash, which is caused by an infection with pyrogenic exotoxin (erythrogenic toxin) -producing GAS in individuals who do not have antitoxin antibodies In the past.
scarlet fever was thought to reflect infection of an individual lacking toxin-specific immunity with a toxin-producing strain of GAS.
Subsequent studies have suggested that development of the scarlet fever rash may reflect a hypersensitivity reaction requiring prior exposure to the toxin.
Scarlet Fever Made Very Simple and Easy
A brief description of a very common illness caused by Bacteria, Streptococcus. Commonly affecting children and presenting with sore throat, fever and rash. Useful for medical students, doctors, nurses, dermatologists and pediatricians. Refrences form Rooks textbook of dermatology. Helpful for USMLE exams and MRCP , FCPS and MCPS exams worldwide.
Pertussis (whooping cough)
Pertussis : Highly contagious respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis
Outbreaks first described in 16th century
Bordetella pertussis isolated in 1906
Estimated >300,000 deaths annually worldwide
Before the availability of pertussis vaccine in the 1940s, public health experts reported more than 200,000 cases of pertussis annually.
Since widespread use of the vaccine began, incidence has decreased more than 75% compared with the pre-vaccine era.
In 2012, the last peak year, CDC reported 48,277 cases of pertussis.
Extremely contagious-attack rate 100%
Immunity is never complete
Protection begins to wane in 3-5 yrs after vaccination
Scarlet Fever
Scarlet fever is an upper respiratory tract infection associated with a characteristic rash caused by infection with pyrogenic exotoxin-producing group A streptococcus. The rash makes the skin have a goose-pimple appearance and the tongue appear strawberry-like. For patients with classic scarlet fever, antibiotic therapy with penicillin should be started immediately, as penicillin is the drug of choice. Erythromycin is recommended for patients allergic to penicillin.
Superficial pyodermas by aseem
Non-bullous impetigo is a superficial bacterial skin infection that causes clusters of vesicles or pustules that rupture, forming honey-colored crusts. Bullous impetigo causes larger bullae that rupture, leaving larger crusts. Ecthyma is a deeper skin infection than impetigo that can cause scarring. Folliculitis causes pustules in hair follicles while furuncles are deeper infected follicles and carbuncles involve connected furuncles. Erysipelas presents as shiny, raised plaques caused mainly by streptococci bacteria. Treatment focuses on good hygiene, treating predisposing factors, cleaning and antibiotics.
Scarlet fever
Scarlet fever is caused by Group A streptococcus bacteria and presents with a distinctive rash. It commonly affects children ages 4-8 and has an incubation period of 1-7 days. Symptoms include fever, sore throat, vomiting and a sandpaper-like rash that starts on the trunk and spreads to extremities. The rash is accompanied by a red tongue with enlarged papillae ("strawberry tongue"). Diagnosis involves clinical presentation plus throat or nasal culture. Treatment involves antibiotics while complications can include rheumatic fever if left untreated.
Diphtheria ppt
This document summarizes information about Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which causes diphtheria. It is a gram-positive, non-acid fast, non-motile bacterium. Diphtheria has an incubation period of 3-4 days and is transmitted through droplets, infected skin lesions, or contaminated objects. The toxin produced by C. diphtheriae causes tissue necrosis and can obstruct airways. Symptoms include sore throat, pseudomembrane formation, and difficulty breathing. Treatment involves antitoxin and antibiotics like penicillin or erythromycin. Vaccination through DPT or Tdap is recommended to prevent diphtheria.
Pertussis/Whooping cough
Pertussis, or whooping cough, is an acute respiratory infection caused by the bacteria Bordetella pertussis. It is highly contagious and spreads through coughing or sneezing. Symptoms include violent coughing fits that can last for weeks. Complications are most common in infants under 6 months old and can include pneumonia, seizures, and even death. Treatment involves antibiotics and supportive care. Vaccination provides effective prevention.
Pertusis or Whooping cough class presentation
Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a highly contagious respiratory disease caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. It is characterized by severe coughing fits that can end in a "whooping" sound. It primarily affects children under 5 years old. The disease spreads through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It can be prevented through active immunization with the DPT vaccine, which is recommended in 5 doses for children up to age 6.
Erysipelas
Erysipelas is a bacterial skin infection caused by streptococci that extends into cutaneous lymphatics. It is characterized by a red, sharply demarcated, raised, and tender rash. The infection begins as a small erythematous patch that progresses and involves regional lymph nodes. Treatment involves antibiotics like penicillin for 10-20 days. Recurrence is common in patients with predisposing skin conditions. Complications can include abscesses, gangrene, and thrombophlebitis.
Pertussis
This document discusses pertussis (whooping cough), including its etiology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, complications, treatment, and prevention. Pertussis is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis and is highly contagious, especially in children ages 1-5 years old. It presents in stages including catarrhal, paroxysmal, and convalescent stages. Diagnosis is usually clinical based on paroxysmal coughing fits. Complications can include respiratory issues, seizures, and intracranial bleeding. Treatment involves erythromycin or similar antibiotics and supportive care. Prevention is through vaccination and prophylactic antibiotics for close contacts when
Diphtheria
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Viral skin infection
The document discusses several common viral skin diseases including measles, rubella, roseola infantum, erythema infectiosum, herpes simplex, varicella, and herpes zoster. It provides details on the causative viruses, symptoms, transmission, incubation periods, progression of rashes, and complications for each disease. Images of rashes, virus particles, and histological slides are included to illustrate features of the different conditions.
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Rheumatic fever
This document discusses rheumatic fever, including its etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and prognosis. Rheumatic fever is caused by an autoimmune reaction following a Group A streptococcal throat infection. It affects the heart, joints, brain, and skin. Diagnosis is based on clinical criteria including arthritis, heart involvement, chorea, and evidence of a prior streptococcal infection. Treatment involves bed rest, antibiotics to eradicate the infection, and anti-inflammatory drugs. Recurrences can be prevented with long-term antibiotic prophylaxis. Prognosis depends on the degree of cardiac damage, which can sometimes resolve but worsens with repeated episodes.
Bacterial infection of the skin
Bacterial infections of the skin can be either primary (caused by a single pathogen affecting normal skin) or secondary (occurring in already diseased skin). Common primary pathogens include Staphylococcus aureus, beta-hemolytic streptococci, and coryneform bacteria. S. aureus is responsible for infections like impetigo, folliculitis, furuncles, carbuncles, scalded skin syndrome, and toxic shock syndrome. Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci cause impetigo and cellulitis. Other bacterial infections include ecthyma, erysipelas, cellulitis, cutaneous abscesses, and necrotizing fasciitis. Laboratory diagnosis involves specimen collection
Measles
Measles is an acute viral infection characterized by a maculopapular rash accompanied by high fever. It is highly contagious, spreading via respiratory droplets. The infection begins with prodromal symptoms like fever and cough, followed by appearance of the pathognomonic Koplik spots. A red rash then develops on the face and spreads to the rest of the body over several days. Treatment is supportive with rest, fluids and fever relief. Complications can include pneumonia and death, so vaccination is recommended at 12-15 months with potential earlier vaccination in outbreak situations.
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Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria and results in painful muscle spasms. It is characterized by three main types: generalized, localized, and neonatal. The bacteria forms spores that can survive in soil for years and enter the body through wounds. The toxin it produces is transported to the central nervous system where it blocks neurotransmitter release, causing spasms. Treatment involves wound cleansing, antitoxin administration to neutralize toxin, antibiotics, and medications or paralysis to control spasms while providing respiratory support. Prevention centers on active immunization with tetanus toxoid vaccine. Prognosis depends on factors like age, incubation period, and vaccination history.
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Mumps
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This document discusses bacterial infections of the upper respiratory tract. It begins by listing the major bacteria that can cause infections in different parts of the upper respiratory tract, including Streptococcus pyogenes, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. It then focuses on streptococcal sore throat and diphtheria, describing the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of infections caused by these bacteria. Complications like rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis that can arise from untreated streptococcal infections are also outlined. The document emphasizes the importance of diagnosing and treating group A streptococcal pharyngitis.
Streptococcus
Group A streptococci cause a variety of diseases including streptococcal pharyngitis, tonsillitis, impetigo, scarlet fever, pneumonia, and rarely necrotizing fasciitis and toxic shock syndrome. They are transmitted through respiratory droplets or direct contact. Complications can include acute glomerulonephritis, acute rheumatic fever, and rheumatic heart disease. Control involves proper diagnosis, antibiotic treatment, isolating infected individuals, and preventing transmission.
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Pertussis/Whooping cough
Pertussis, or whooping cough, is an acute respiratory infection caused by the bacteria Bordetella pertussis. It is highly contagious and spreads through coughing or sneezing. Symptoms include violent coughing fits that can last for weeks. Complications are most common in infants under 6 months old and can include pneumonia, seizures, and even death. Treatment involves antibiotics and supportive care. Vaccination provides effective prevention.
Pertusis or Whooping cough class presentation
Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a highly contagious respiratory disease caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. It is characterized by severe coughing fits that can end in a "whooping" sound. It primarily affects children under 5 years old. The disease spreads through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It can be prevented through active immunization with the DPT vaccine, which is recommended in 5 doses for children up to age 6.
Erysipelas
Erysipelas is a bacterial skin infection caused by streptococci that extends into cutaneous lymphatics. It is characterized by a red, sharply demarcated, raised, and tender rash. The infection begins as a small erythematous patch that progresses and involves regional lymph nodes. Treatment involves antibiotics like penicillin for 10-20 days. Recurrence is common in patients with predisposing skin conditions. Complications can include abscesses, gangrene, and thrombophlebitis.
Pertussis
This document discusses pertussis (whooping cough), including its etiology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, complications, treatment, and prevention. Pertussis is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis and is highly contagious, especially in children ages 1-5 years old. It presents in stages including catarrhal, paroxysmal, and convalescent stages. Diagnosis is usually clinical based on paroxysmal coughing fits. Complications can include respiratory issues, seizures, and intracranial bleeding. Treatment involves erythromycin or similar antibiotics and supportive care. Prevention is through vaccination and prophylactic antibiotics for close contacts when
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The document discusses several common viral skin diseases including measles, rubella, roseola infantum, erythema infectiosum, herpes simplex, varicella, and herpes zoster. It provides details on the causative viruses, symptoms, transmission, incubation periods, progression of rashes, and complications for each disease. Images of rashes, virus particles, and histological slides are included to illustrate features of the different conditions.
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This document discusses rheumatic fever, including its etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and prognosis. Rheumatic fever is caused by an autoimmune reaction following a Group A streptococcal throat infection. It affects the heart, joints, brain, and skin. Diagnosis is based on clinical criteria including arthritis, heart involvement, chorea, and evidence of a prior streptococcal infection. Treatment involves bed rest, antibiotics to eradicate the infection, and anti-inflammatory drugs. Recurrences can be prevented with long-term antibiotic prophylaxis. Prognosis depends on the degree of cardiac damage, which can sometimes resolve but worsens with repeated episodes.
Bacterial infection of the skin
Bacterial infections of the skin can be either primary (caused by a single pathogen affecting normal skin) or secondary (occurring in already diseased skin). Common primary pathogens include Staphylococcus aureus, beta-hemolytic streptococci, and coryneform bacteria. S. aureus is responsible for infections like impetigo, folliculitis, furuncles, carbuncles, scalded skin syndrome, and toxic shock syndrome. Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci cause impetigo and cellulitis. Other bacterial infections include ecthyma, erysipelas, cellulitis, cutaneous abscesses, and necrotizing fasciitis. Laboratory diagnosis involves specimen collection
Measles
Measles is an acute viral infection characterized by a maculopapular rash accompanied by high fever. It is highly contagious, spreading via respiratory droplets. The infection begins with prodromal symptoms like fever and cough, followed by appearance of the pathognomonic Koplik spots. A red rash then develops on the face and spreads to the rest of the body over several days. Treatment is supportive with rest, fluids and fever relief. Complications can include pneumonia and death, so vaccination is recommended at 12-15 months with potential earlier vaccination in outbreak situations.
Tetanus
Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria and results in painful muscle spasms. It is characterized by three main types: generalized, localized, and neonatal. The bacteria forms spores that can survive in soil for years and enter the body through wounds. The toxin it produces is transported to the central nervous system where it blocks neurotransmitter release, causing spasms. Treatment involves wound cleansing, antitoxin administration to neutralize toxin, antibiotics, and medications or paralysis to control spasms while providing respiratory support. Prevention centers on active immunization with tetanus toxoid vaccine. Prognosis depends on factors like age, incubation period, and vaccination history.
Chicken pox, measles
This document summarizes chickenpox and mumps. Chickenpox is caused by the varicella-zoster virus and spreads through direct or respiratory contact. It causes a rash that starts on the face and trunk as vesicles that eventually crust over. Complications can include bacterial infections, neurological issues, or pneumonia. Mumps is caused by a paramyxovirus and spreads through droplets. It causes swelling of the parotid glands, usually bilaterally. Complications can include meningitis, orchitis, or pancreatitis. Both are vaccine preventable.
Mumps
This ppt contains all information about epidemiology of mumps. It is useful for students of medical field learning preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), nursing and everyone who is interested in knowing about it.
Common Viral Skin Diseases
Viral skin diseases are common and include infections caused by herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster virus, and human papillomavirus. Herpes simplex virus causes lesions such as cold sores, genital herpes, and eczema herpeticum. Varicella zoster virus causes chickenpox and shingles. Human papillomavirus causes warts, including common warts, flat warts, plantar warts, and genital warts. These viral infections are generally self-limiting but can be treated with antivirals to reduce symptoms and duration of infection.
Mumps
Mumps is an acute viral infection caused by the mumps virus, which typically involves swelling of the parotid glands. It is spread through direct contact, airborne droplets, or fomites contaminated by saliva. While complications are rare, they can include meningoencephalitis, orchitis, oophoritis, pancreatitis, and myocarditis. Diagnosis is usually based on clinical symptoms and confirmed through serologic testing or virus isolation. Treatment is supportive, and vaccination provides effective prevention against mumps infection and its complications.
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Fever is defined as a body temperature above the normal range due to an increase in the body's temperature set point. There are different types of fevers classified by their temperature patterns, including continuous, intermittent, remittent, and hyperpyrexia (extreme fever over 106.7°F). Fever has many potential causes, including infections by viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi, as well as non-infectious conditions like autoimmune diseases, cancers, and metabolic disorders. Treatment focuses on reducing fever through conservative measures like rest, fluids, and antipyretic medications like acetaminophen and ibuprofen.
Mumps
Mumps is caused by a paramyxovirus that typically presents as swelling of the parotid or other salivary glands. It is spread through respiratory droplets and saliva. While most infections are asymptomatic or mild, complications can include orchitis, meningitis, and deafness. Diagnosis is made through PCR detection of viral RNA or serology. Treatment is supportive and includes analgesics. Vaccination with the live attenuated Jeryl Lynn strain as part of the MMR vaccine provides around 90% protection with two doses and has significantly reduced mumps cases worldwide.
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Brief and easily understandable description on measles along with images for undergraduate students. this presentation would help in picturising what measles is.
Chronic tonsillitis
Chronic tonsillitis has several causes including complications from acute sinusitis or subclinical infections of the tonsils or sinuses. It most commonly affects children and young adults. There are three main types: chronic follicular tonsillitis where the tonsillar crypts are full of infected material; chronic parenchymatous tonsillitis with enlarged lymphoid tissue; and chronic fibroid tonsillitis where the tonsils are small but infected. Clinical features include recurrent sore throats, throat irritation, bad breath, and difficulty swallowing. Examination may show enlarged or small tonsils with pus or debris. Complications can include peritonsillar abscess, tonsilloliths, or intratonsillar
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Scarlet fever is a bacterial illness that arises from a streptococcal infection, specifically the group A Streptococcus bacteria. This infection often follows strep throat, pharyngitis, or tonsillitis. Characterized by a distinct red rash, which feels like sandpaper, scarlet fever commonly affects children. The rash typically starts on the chest and spreads across the body. Accompanying symptoms include a high fever and a sore throat. If untreated, scarlet fever can lead to serious complications such as rheumatic fever. Prompt treatment with antibiotics is crucial to manage the infection and prevent further health issues.
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Scarlet fever
- 1. To streptococcal scarlet fever presenter: abdullah raafic
- 2. Streptococcal scarlet fever • Definition: is an upper respiratory infection associated with a characteristic rash, • Etiology: – GAS(group A streptococcal infection) – Specially streptococcal pyogen – Common individuals who do not have antitoxin antibodies.
- 3. • Epidemiology: common in children aged 4-8years . common in late winter & early spring , Has 3-6 day Incubation period. males & females are affected equally. • Transmission: – Highly contagious – streptococcal bacteria can spread from person to person by breathing in airborne droplet from infected person’s coughing or sneezing . – contact of sharing contaminated Streptococcal scarlet fever
- 4. Streptococcal scarlet fever • Pathogenesis : Adherence to epithelial cells. Erythrogenic toxin, Streptokinase Hyaluronidase M protein • Sing and symptoms : – Fever: 39 c0, 1 week – vomiting & headache – pharyngitis: red exudation sore. – 24hr after fever, diffuse erythema – Dysphagia
- 5. Streptococcal scarlet fever • Combined signs :- Circumoral pallor Pastia’s lines raspberry tongue strawberry Tachycardia desquamation Exanthema
- 6. Streptococcal scarlet fever Diagnose: – clinically – Throat culture . – Serology o Positive antistreptolycin0 – CBC o leukocytes – Dick test Differential diagnose: •Measles •rubella •Kawasaki disease • EBV
Editor's Notes
- c